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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Finger motion, wrist motion and tendon travel as a function of keyboard angles.

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the impact of keyboard angles (in terms of Pitch, Roll and Yaw) on tendon travel and wrist and finger joint kinematics for the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis.DESIGN. A repeated measures, laboratory study was conducted. Independent variables were three Pitch angles, three Roll angles, three Yaw angles, and three keyboard separation distances. Dependent variables were tendon travel, wrist deviation, wrist and finger joint kinematics, and Borg comfort rating. BACKGROUND: The increased usage of computers and the risk of cumulative trauma disorders have led to the development of alternate keyboards. This study is a biomechanical assessment of several keyboard designs.METHODS. Lightweight wrist and finger goniometers were used to measure motion of the wrist in three planes, and for three finger joints. Fifteen experienced typists (eight women, seven men) typed a standard text on 30 keyboard conditions. Regression equations were used to calculate tendon travel from joint positions. RESULTS: Tendon travel is sensitive to changes in Pitch, Roll and Yaw angles with approximately 13% difference between the minimal and maximal tendon travel. A flat keyboard produced more tendon travel than keyboards with greater Pitch and Roll angles.CONCLUSIONS. There is a trade-off between wrist and finger positions; as the wrist extends more, the finger joints flex more to compensate. Keyboards imposed different trade-offs between the wrist and finger positions, affecting the overall tendon travel. Relevance Alternate keyboard designs can significantly affect tendon travel and may address reduced repetitiveness in typing by reducing the amount of tendon travel.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of computer keyboard slope and height on wrist extension angle.

The goal of this study was to determine the systematic effect that varying the slope angle of a computer keyboard along with varying keyboard height (relative to elbow height) have on wrist extension angle while typing. Thirty participants typed on a keyboard whose slope was adjusted to +15 degrees, +7.5 degrees, 0 degrees, -7.5 degrees, and -15 degrees. The height of the keyboard was set up such that participants' wrists were at the same height as their elbows, above their elbows, and four cm below their elbows. Results showed that as keyboard slope angle moved downward from +15 degrees to -15 degrees, mean wrist extension decreased approximately 13 degrees (22 degrees at +15 degrees slope to 9 degrees at -15 degrees slope). Keyboard height had a similar effect with mean wrist extension decreasing from 21.8 degrees when the keyboard was lower than elbow height, to 7.3 degrees when the keyboard was higher than elbow height. Potential application of this research includes the downward sloping of computer keyboards, which could possibly be beneficial in the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders affecting the wrist.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the distribution of neuromuscular junctions in the thyroarytenoid muscle.

Microinjections of botulinum toxin have recently been shown to be effective in the treatment of strabismus, and it has also been suggested that microinjections of this myoneural blocking agent might be of value in the treatment of spastic dysphonia. The success of such a microinjection technique would rely on a precise knowledge of the distribution of myoneural junctions in the thyroarytenoid muscle. In view of this potential application as well as the need for such information in reinnervation procedures, we have used computer graphics to reconstruct the three-dimensional distribution of motor end-plates in the thyroarytenoid muscle. Three cat and one human (fresh autopsy specimen) larynges were frozen and sectioned on a cryostat. Serial sections were then processed for the histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase activity to demarcate the neuromuscular junctions. An X-Y digitizer was used to reference the position of the motor end-plates in each serial section, and the three-dimensional distribution of the neuromuscular junctions was reconstructed on a computer graphics terminal. The results are discussed in regard to their applicability to clinical treatment of spastic dysphonia and other disorders of phonation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Detectability decreases with off-normal viewing in medical liquid crystal displays.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To quantify the reduction in detection performance of subtle signals at off-normal viewing directions in medical active-matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCDs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty synthetic image pairs per viewing condition (a total of 350) were used in a two-alternative forced-choice experiment in which 11 trained observers viewed images at 0, 30, and 45 degrees from the display normal, along the diagonal axis of a 5 million pixel in-plane switching monochrome AMLCD. The images were generated using white-noise backgrounds. A Gaussian signal was added to the signal-present set with three different signal amplitudes (4, 8, and 12 gray levels in a 10-bit scale). RESULTS: The average percent correct achieved for a signal of 4 gray levels was 79.6 (95% confidence intervals based on reader and case variability: 71.6-86.9), 63.4 (CI 56.0-71.3), and 55.3 (CI 48.4-62.0), for 0, 30 and 45 degrees from the display normal, respectively. When the signal amplitude was increased by a factor of two, the performance was 76.9 and 57.0 for 30 and 45 degrees, respectively, and 95.3 and 85.3 when the amplitude was increased by a factor of three. The observers took on average about twice as long and as much as seven times as long to reach decisions in off-normal viewing. CONCLUSIONS: Off-normal viewing of diagnostic images in AMLCDs significantly reduces the detection of low-contrast abnormalities. Increased off-normal signal amplitudes were required to regain the detection performance measured for normal viewing. We observed this decrease in detection performance for off-normal viewing even when measured decision times were about twice as long as for normal viewing.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed1993

Video display terminal use during pregnancy and reproductive outcome--a meta-analysis.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to obtain quantitative information from published data on the potential association between video display terminal (VDT) use during pregnancy and the outcome. DESIGN: Results of nine published case-control studies (or cohort studies analysed as case-control) on the relation between VDT exposure during pregnancy and the outcome were sought by reviewing reference lists in relevant reports and by conducting manual and computer searches of the reports published in English. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The nine reviewed reports included information on about 9000 cases of spontaneous miscarriages, 1500 of low birth weight, 2000 of congenital malformation, and 50,000 controls. The results of these studies on each outcome of pregnancy examined were reduced to a single 2 x 2 table (cases/controls--exposed/unexposed). Pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates were computed separately for miscarriage, low birth weight, and congenital malformation. Seven studies analysed the relation between VDT exposure in pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: the estimates' crude OR of spontaneous abortion ranged from 0.9-1.2 and the pooled OR was 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9, 1.0). No consistent evidence of increasing risk with duration of exposure to VDT was found. Two studies analysed the relation between VDT use and risk of having a low birth weight infant: the OR estimates in the individual studies were 1.0 and 1.1. Likewise, no relation emerged from the five studies providing information on congenital malformations and VDT use: the pooled OR was 1.0 (95% CI 0.9, 1.2). No specific malformation pattern emerged. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides reassuring evidence on the absence of any major risk of adverse pregnancy outcome as a result of exposure to a VDT. With the number of cases reviewed, it was possible to exclude excess risk of 20% for spontaneous abortion, low birth weight, and congenital malformations.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1989

Interhemispheric connections differ between symmetrical and asymmetrical brain regions.

Coronal sections from the brains of male Wistar rats that underwent corpus-callosectomy in adulthood were stained with Cresyl Violet for Nissl substance or by the Fink-Heimer method for terminal axonal degeneration. Measurements of volumetric asymmetry of neocortical region SM-I were made, and the per cent of terminal degeneration computed. As in previous studies, there was a negative correlation between asymmetry coefficient and total (right plus left) architectonic volume, indicating that symmetrical brain regions are larger than the average of the corresponding regions in asymmetrical brains. It was also found that as volumetric asymmetry increased, the per cent of axonal termination decreased, partly as a result of a decrease in the number of patches of callosal axonal termination. These results are interpreted in the light of what is known about the ontogenesis of callosal connectivity, and mechanisms for the development of architectonic asymmetry in the cerebral cortex are postulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The influence of eye solutions on blinking and ocular comfort at rest and during work at video display terminals.

The aim of this work was to study blink frequency changes and levels of ocular discomfort during work at a video display terminal, and the effects on these parameters of augmented or reduced humidification of the ocular surface. Blink rate was measured from recordings of the electrical signal evoked by the contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Blink rate and interblink intervals were analyzed at rest and during performance of a task with a computer (playing a card game) for 10 or 30 min in steady environmental conditions and during application of a continuous stream of air to the face. In two separate sessions, the effect of pretreatment with humidifying ocular solutions of different elastoviscosity (balanced salt solution or elastoviscous 0.1% Hylan A solution) was assayed. At the end of each experimental period, the subjects marked the level of ocular discomfort experienced on a 0-10 cm visual analogue scale. The blink frequency at rest (12.4+/-1.2 blinks min-1) was reduced significantly (to 10.3+/-1.1 blinks min-1) by pretreatment with elastoviscous eyedrops both with and without air applied to the face. This effect was not obtained with balanced salt solution. During performance of the visual task for 10 or 30 min, basal blink rate decreased significantly, to about 40% of the control value. Neither application of an air jet on the face nor application of eye solutions of different viscosity modified this reduced blink rate.A low degree of ocular discomfort developed after performance of the visual task that was enhanced by air application to the face. This discomfort was reduced by pretreatment with ocular solutions, the elastoviscous eye solution being more efficient than the balanced salt solution. Interblink interval duration was also more regular after treatment with the elastoviscous solution. These data suggest that blink rate at rest is maintained in part by activation of sensory receptors of the cornea and conjunctiva, which are stimulated by desiccation of the ocular surface. Reduction of eye blink frequency elicited by the performance of a visual task with a computer appears to depend on central neural mechanisms that are quite independent of peripheral sensory inputs. The reduction of blink frequency consecutive to computer use was associated with a sensation of discomfort that was attenuated more effectively by elastoviscous eyedrops than by regular balanced salt solution.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Conserved economics of transcription termination in eubacteria.

A secondary structure in the nascent RNA followed by a trail of U residues is believed to be necessary and sufficient to terminate transcription. Such structures represent an extremely economical mechanism of transcription termination since they function in the absence of any additional protein factors. We have developed a new algorithm, GeSTer, to identify putative terminators and analysed all available complete bacterial genomes. The algorithm classifies the structures into five classes. We find that potential secondary structure sequences are concentrated downstream of coding regions in most bacterial genomes. Interestingly, many of these structures are not followed by a discernible U-trail. However, irrespective of the nature of the trail sequence, the structures show a similar distribution, indicating that they serve the same purpose. In contrast, such a distribution is absent in archaeal genomes, indicating that they employ a distinct mechanism for transcription termination. The present algorithm represents the fastest and most accurate algorithm for identifying terminators in eubacterial genomes without being restricted by the classical Escherichia coli paradigm.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1993

An X Window system for statlab results reporting.

We have developed a system that receives "stat" results encoded in Health Level Seven from the Laboratory Information System, prints a report in destination Intensive Care Units (ICUs), and captures the data for review in a custom spreadsheet format at color X-terminals located in ICUs. Available services include a reference nomogram plot of arterial blood gas data, printed summaries, automated access to the Clinical Information System and a Medline database, electronic mail, a simulated electronic calculator, and general news and information. Security mechanisms include an audit trail of user activities on the system. Noteworthy technical aspects and non-technical factors impacting success are discussed.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1994

Video display terminal operators: technology's biopsychosocial stressors.

1. Professional nurses can contribute significantly to the implementation of a multidisciplinary team to solve biopsychosocial stress issues in the "high tech" workplace. 2. Educating workers about risk factors, ergonomics, and self management measures is one of the most important aspects of preventing video display terminal related disorders. 3. The evaluation of biopsychosocial stress involves examination of workers' physical health, psychological demands, decision latitude, social support, workstation design, and other special considerations such as electronic performance monitoring.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed1998

The relationship between head and neck posture and VDT screen height in keyboard operators.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of change in video display terminal (VDT) height from desktop height (96.5 cm [38 in]) to an elevated position (109.2 cm [43 in]) on postural angles of the head and neck and the effect on cervical spine flexion moments. SUBJECTS: Twenty-seven persons (3 male, 24 female) who spent at least 3 hours per day using a computer while seated were the subjects. The subjects had a mean age of 36.7 years (SD=6.0, range=25-47). METHODS: Subjects were photographed over two 10-minute periods while seated using a computer with the VDT at two different heights. Later, a goniometer was used over images to record angles. RESULTS: There was no difference in cervical flexion moment between the two screen positions. Several postural angles of the head and neck showed changes, but the clinical relevance of these changes is questionable. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: Changing the VDT height from 96.5 to 109.2 cm (floor to midscreen) has no effect on flexion moment on the cervical spine during short periods of VDT operation. If flexion moment is considered a biomechanical indicator of postural stress, it does not appear that the elevated screen position reduces postural stress on the cervical spine during short periods of VDT operation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Redundant leading and following zeros in comparative numerical judgment.

The objective was to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how people make numerical comparative judgments when digits are contained in numbers with redundant leading or following zeros, e.g., 00080 and 800.000. These sequences of numbers often appear on computer display terminals (VDT) as line numbers, but surprisingly little research has been done on this. The experiment manipulated three aspects of numerical stimuli: (1) redundant leading zeros, (2) redundant following zeros, and (3) length of string of digits. The subjects were to push one of the two button-switches to respond whether two stimulus numbers shown on the computer screen were equal or unequal. The target stimuli contained several forms of redundant zeros, and each performance was assessed by response RT of the subjects. Analysis indicated five significant findings: (1) Redundant leading zeros hindered performance, (2) The effect of redundant following zeros depended on the stimulus type, (3) Over-all, longer digits took more processing time, (4) The RTs for the second-block trials were significantly faster than the first, and (5) Task performance was facilitated when the redundant zero representations were identical in both stimuli of a pair. Nonlexicographic processing seems to occur when feature identification can be used for numerical identification, that is, when the format is consistent. The research has implications for those in computer science to provide numerical formats which make comparative judgments as easy as possible.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

PACS in Osaka University Hospital.

To develop the hospital information system, the radiological information system, and the picture archiving and communication system for our new hospital, we analysed the data volume at each step of the flow in our present film-based system. After that, we used a small PACS, and it indicated the problems in it. From the analysis of the data volume of the film-based system, it was found out that digital data should be compressed, and prefetching techniques should be employed for digital PACS. Several types of display terminals had been proved to be necessary for different purposes. An RIS connection was thought to be obligatory to avoid incorrect input of ID on the image. Image input terminals should have edit functions for easy recognition of the image information. Taking account of these requirements for digital PACS, we are developing an actual total PACS.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identifying the savings potential of bedside terminals.

Savings estimates from using bedside terminal systems must be unit and shift-specific to properly determine which functional areas offer savings potential, the potential savings on different shifts, and which nursing units have the greatest savings potential.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMed1999

The Regenstrief Medical Record System: a quarter century experience.

Entrusted with the records for more than 1.5 million patients, the Regenstrief Medical Record System (RMRS) has evolved into a fast and comprehensive data repository used extensively at three hospitals on the Indiana University Medical Center campus and more than 30 Indianapolis clinics. The RMRS routinely captures laboratory results, narrative reports, orders, medications, radiology reports, registration information, nursing assessments, vital signs, EKGs and other clinical data. In this paper, we describe the RMRS data model, file structures and architecture, as well as recent necessary changes to these as we coordinate a collaborative effort among all major Indianapolis hospital systems, improving patient care by capturing city-wide laboratory and encounter data. We believe that our success represents persistent efforts to build interfaces directly to multiple independent instruments and other data collection systems, using medical standards such as HL7, LOINC, and DICOM. Inpatient and outpatient order entry systems, instruments for visit notes and on-line questionnaires that replace hardcopy forms, and intelligent use of coded data entry supplement the RMRS. Physicians happily enter orders, problems, allergies, visit notes, and discharge summaries into our locally developed Gopher order entry system, as we provide them with convenient output forms, choice lists, defaults, templates, reminders, drug interaction information, charge information, and on-line articles and textbooks. To prepare for the future, we have begun wrapping our system in Web browser technology, testing voice dictation and understanding, and employing wireless technology.

Computer Terminals↗