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PubMed1981

A computer program for calculating respiratory anatomic dead space.

The Fowler technique for estimating anatomic dead space (VD -- the volume of the airway conducting system) on the basis of CO2 changes in the expired air of a single breath was adapted to computer analysis. The areas above and below the sigmoid CO2 curve in the region of transition from inspired to alveolar concentration were simultaneously integrated (forward and backward) on a time base until the sum of the two integrated values equalled the total area representing the transition. The point on the CO2 curve was defined as the CO2 midpoint. Expiratory flow was then integrated with time from its beginning to the CO2 midpoint, and the resultant volume represented VD for that breath. The computer program was able to compensate for differences in response time between the gas monitor and the flow measuring device and was able to integrate the areas rapidly. The program provided a rapid calculation of VD, which compared well with values calculated by tedious, manual methods.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1997

The urological management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms, recorded using an interactive computer program.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the level of agreement among urologists from the industrialized world in the management of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). METHODS: Thirty-three urological departments participated in the study. A computer program was used to provide an unbiased format of 18 simulated cases of men with LUTS which individual urologists then evaluated diagnostically and made therapeutic decisions about their management. The management of the patients was assessed for the probability that a diagnostic test was used, that a therapy was offered to a particular patient, the first-choice therapies selected, the mean cost and range for the diagnostic process per patient and the number of first-choice therapies offered by one urologist for all the patients. Various discriminators for these therapeutic decisions were evaluated, analysing the correlations between the information provided by the diagnostic tests and the probability of a particular therapy. RESULTS: For the 18 patients, the urologists, as a first choice, treated a mean (SD, range) of 8.3 (3.4, 3-16) patients with TURP, 3.9 (3.6, 0-11) with alpha-blockers, 2.3 (1.7, 0-6) with watchful waiting and 1.7 (2.4, 0-9) with finasteride. The other therapy options were only offered as a first choice by a few of the urologists in a few of the cases. The mean (SD, range) cost per patient of the diagnostic process was US$ 594 (209, 326-1350). CONCLUSION: There was considerable disagreement among the urologists about the management of men with LUTS, which included both the choice of diagnostic tests and the criteria for offering therapy to patients. If such disagreement prevails generally, it may be detrimental for the outcome of patients seeking medical attention for LUTS, and the cost of the medical care of these patients will be unnecessarily high.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed2002

[Comparison of determination methods and application of a computer program using a screening coordinate system to interpret hemoglobin A1c in patients with diabetes types 1 and 2].

The aim of the work is to compare methods of hemoglobin A1c determination in ratio with basic metabolism indices using computer program with graphic interpretation of results in patients with diabetes of 1 and 2 types. It was found out that more specific hemoglobin determination by isoelectrofocusing method more completely reflects the state of carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic patients. The importance of hemoglobin A1c determination in case of 2 type diabetes is particularly emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Unbiased and flexible iterative computer program to achieve glucose clamping.

Glucose clamping has become a widely used test for assessing insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. We present a new method of achieving a reliable and unbiased clamp using an iterative computer program. After initial parameter estimation, the program uses no fixed algorithm or physiological preconceptions but makes predictions according to previous glycemic responses to infusion rates. The program can be used for human or animal studies and for euglycemic or hyperglycemic clamps. The program has flexible data entry, graphic display, running statistics of mean infusion data, and mean glucose levels and their standard deviations. These form part of the criteria for the assessment of glucose clamping, which includes the sampling interval, the duration of the clamp, the achieved glucose concentration (together with its coefficient of variation), and the percent change of glucose infused at the end of the clamp. Data for 151 consecutive clamp studies were analyzed. Median coefficient of variation of glucose values at the end of the clamp was 2%.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1984

Analysis of reference transactions using packaged computer programs.

Motivated by a continuing education class attended by the authors on the measurement of reference desk activities, the reference department at Scott Memorial Library initiated a project to gather data on reference desk transactions and to analyze the data by using packaged computer programs. The programs utilized for the project were SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and SAS (Statistical Analysis System). The planning, implementation and development of the project are described.

Computers↗
PubMed1997

PromFD 1.0: a computer program that predicts eukaryotic pol II promoters using strings and IMD matrices.

MOTIVATION: A large number of new DNA sequences with virtually unknown functions are generated as the Human Genome Project progresses. Therefore, it is essential to develop computer algorithms that can predict the functionality of DNA segments according to their primary sequences, including algorithms that can predict promoters. Although several promoter-predicting algorithms are available, they have high false-positive detections and the rate of promoter detection needs to be improved further. RESULTS: In this research, PromFD, a computer program to recognize vertebrate RNA polymerase II promoters, has been developed. Both vertebrate promoters and non-promoter sequences are used in the analysis. The promoters are obtained from the Eukaryotic Promoter Database. Promoters are divided into a training set and a test set. Non-promoter sequences are obtained from the GenBank sequence databank, and are also divided into a training set and a test set. The first step is to search out, among all possible permutations, patterns of strings 5-10 bp long, that are significantly over-represented in the promoter set. The program also searches IMD (Information Matrix Database) matrices that have a significantly higher presence in the promoter set. The results of the searches are stored in the PromFD database, and the program PromFD scores input DNA sequences according to their content of the database entries. PromFD predicts promoters-their locations and the location of potential TATA boxes, if found. The program can detect 71% of promoters in the training set with a false-positive rate of under 1 in every 13,000 bp, and 47% of promoters in the test set with a false-positive rate of under 1 in every 9800 bp. PromFD uses a new approach and its false-positive identification rate is better compared with other available promoter recognition algorithms. The source code for PromFD is in the 'c+2' language.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1983

Computer programs in cytology reporting and record keeping.

Large numbers of specimens are handled by cytology laboratories. There is great variation in their origin, a need for a name and disease index and for statistical data about the source and nature of the specimens. A computer program was devised to reduce this workload and to improve the accuracy of record keeping. Much of the tedium of this important aspect of laboratory function can thus be removed.

Computers↗
PubMed2006

Computer programs for population genetics data analysis: a survival guide.

The analysis of genetic diversity within species is vital for understanding evolutionary processes at the population level and at the genomic level. A large quantity of data can now be produced at an unprecedented rate, requiring the use of dedicated computer programs to extract all embedded information. Several statistical packages have been recently developed, which offer a panel of standard and more sophisticated analyses. We describe here the functionalities, special features and assumptions of more than 20 such programs, indicate how they can interoperate, and discuss new directions that could lead to improved software and analyses.

Computers↗
PubMed2006

Effects of a tailored interactive multimedia computer program on determinants of colorectal cancer screening: a randomized controlled pilot study in physician offices.

OBJECTIVE: Screening reduces colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality and is cost-effective, yet uptake is suboptimal. We developed and evaluated a personally tailored interactive multimedia computer program (IMCP) to encourage CRC screening. METHODS: Randomized controlled pilot trial evaluating the effects of the personally tailored CRC screening IMCP as compared with a non-tailored IMCP ("electronic leaflet") control. The IMCP was tailored to patient preference, self-efficacy, barriers, and readiness and deployed in busy primary care offices before scheduled doctor visits. Main outcomes were: CRC screening knowledge, self-efficacy, benefits and barriers, and stage of readiness. RESULTS: We enrolled 54 subjects; software glitches occurred in 5, leaving 49 subjects for analysis. In adjusted analyses, compared with control, the experimental group had a significant increase in CRC screening self-efficacy (p=0.049), a significantly greater likelihood of moving to a more advanced stage of readiness for screening (p=0.034), a trend toward fewer perceived barriers to screening (p=0.149), and no difference in perceived benefits or knowledge of screening. CONCLUSION: Our personally tailored IMCP was significantly more effective than control in bolstering CRC screening readiness and self-efficacy. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: If further streamlined, personally tailored IMCPs might be usefully deployed in busy primary care offices to improve uptake of CRC screening.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

HeatBalance, a computer program to determine optimum incubator air temperature and humidity. A comparison against nurse settings for infants less than 29 weeks gestation.

BACKGROUND: Very immature newborn infants need close control of their thermal environment. Decisions on incubator temperature and humidity settings can be difficult and available charts are not readily applicable to these babies. A computer program (HeatBalance) using basic principles to calculate heat gains and losses has been developed. The program recommends incubator temperature and humidity settings to keep babies in thermal balance. AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the program on temperature control of infants <29 weeks gestation with that achieved by experienced nurses. METHOD: Twenty consecutive babies were studied over the first 5 days of life, all nursed in incubators using air mode control. The first 10 had temperature and humidity set by the nurses while the next 10 had incubator settings determined by the program. Nurses could alter the parameters if the babies were too hot or cold. Incubator temperature and humidity data along with central and peripheral temperatures from the babies were collected autonomicallly onto a cotside computer system. RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups in mean central temperatures or the periods of time the babies were either too hot (central temperature T(c)>37.5) or too cold (T(c)<36.5). In the control group, the nurses often altered incubator temperature because of changes in the infant's temperature on the monitors. On each day of the study, the nurses deviated from the HeatBalance recommendations between 11% and 22% of the time. CONCLUSIONS: The HeatBalance program and the nurses achieved similar results in temperature stability for these immature infants. Whichever method was used to determine the initial incubator settings, this study highlighted the importance of continuous monitoring of central and peripheral temperatures in these infants.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1982

Experiences with an interactive computer program for recording biometrical health screening data.

The nurses' measurements of biometrical health screening data comprise the central elements in our multiphasic preventive medical investigation in Malmö. It is also vitally important for the information processing, evaluation and actions of the screening that all test values and other data can be supplied to a uniform computer bank without delay in terms of secondary transferral routines. In our ongoing population investigation projectin Malmö, this has been accomplished by on-line computer programs for the different components of the screening. Here we describe the practical experiences with the subroutine use by the nurses to feed the biometrical test results to the computer bank.

Biometry↗
PubMed1998

POLYAN: a computer program for polyparametric analysis of cardio-respiratory variability signals.

A polyparametric approach to the study of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, with the analysis of several simultaneously recorded signals and of their mutual relationships, is essential for the assessment of autonomic regulation. A computer program which implements all the procedures used in this investigative context and also makes the approach easy for researchers without an engineering background is described. Spectral techniques (univariate and bivariate), time domain techniques and non invasive baroreflex sensitivity assessment are available and integrated in the same package. In order to allow the flexibility and easy expandability required in a research tool, POLYAN was written in Matlab. POLYAN is currently used in our Hospital by several research groups and is a fundamental research tool for the interdisciplinary assessment of the autonomic nervous system. Establishing a common analysis framework, POLYAN has made sharing new findings and co-operating in research work much easier.

Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

A computer program to estimate power and relative efficiency of flexibly matched case-control studies.

OBJECTIVES: We recently introduced the concept of flexible matching strategies with varying proportions of a dichotomous matching factor among controls to increase power and efficiency of case-control studies. We now present a method and a computer program to calculate power and relative efficiency compared to an unmatched design varying the proportion of the matching factor in controls over all possible values from 0 to 100 percent. METHODS: For all these values, the program calculates the expected variance of the combined Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio and determines the power using the standard error of the expected combined Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio under the null hypothesis as derived from the Mantel-Haenszel test statistic without continuity correction. RESULTS: Thereby, the program allows estimating the optimal prevalence of the matching factor in selected controls for a given scenario which often differs from the prevalence in cases. It furthermore allows to estimate loss in power and efficiency compared to optimal matching by suboptimal matching. CONCLUSIONS: Estimations like these are helpful with respect to the decision when to stop efforts to optimize the degree of matching during the recruitment of controls. Our program will strongly facilitate assessing the benefits of flexible matching strategies.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1998

A computer program for aligning a cDNA sequence with a genomic DNA sequence.

We address the problem of efficiently aligning a transcribed and spliced DNA sequence with a genomic sequence containing that gene, allowing for introns in the genomic sequence and a relatively small number of sequencing errors. A freely available computer program, described herein, solves the problem for a 100-kb genomic sequence in a few seconds on a workstation.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1990

Power and sample size calculations. A review and computer program.

Methods of sample size and power calculations are reviewed for the most common study designs. The sample size and power equations for these designs are shown to be special cases of two generic formulae for sample size and power calculations. A computer program is available that can be used for studies with dichotomous, continuous, or survival response measures. The alternative hypotheses of interest may be specified either in terms of differing response rates, means, or survival times, or in terms of relative risks or odds ratios. Studies with dichotomous or continuous outcomes may involve either a matched or independent study design. The program can determine the sample size needed to detect a specified alternative hypothesis with the required power, the power with which a specific alternative hypothesis can be detected with a given sample size, or the specific alternative hypotheses that can be detected with a given power and sample size. The program can generate help messages on request that facilitate the use of this software. It writes a log file of all calculated estimates and can produce an output file for plotting power curves. It is written in FORTRAN-77 and is in the public domain.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1997

A computer program using disposition decomposition analysis in pharmacodynamics.

A personal computer based program (DDAPD1) was developed for calculating or determining the apparent distribution function of a drug to a possibly heterogeneous biophase, the mean transit time of a drug at the biophase, the ratio of distribution clearance to biophase volume of distribution, the drug concentration-time function at the biophase (Cb(t)), and a function which reflects the relationship between the pharmacodynamic response and Cb(t) of the drug. This program uses an approach based on disposition decomposition analysis and the hysteresis minimization principle. The application of the program is demonstrated using published data for heptabarbital.

Barbiturates↗