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PubMed2005

Bleaching-induced colour change in plastic filling materials.

The purpose of this in vitro study is to compare the colour changes of five different tooth-coloured restoratives: Ormocer (Definite/Degussa), compomer (Dyract AP/Dentsply De Tray), packable composite (Filtek P60/3M), flowable composite (Filtek Flow/3M) and hybrid composite (Filtek Z250/3M) after two different bleaching regimens [Vivastyle (10% carbamide peroxide)/Vivadent and Crest Professional Whitestrips (6.5% hydrogen peroxide strip bands)/Procter & Gamble]. Fifteen specimens of 30 x 30 x 2mm(3) size were fabricated from each material and randomly divided into three groups of five. Specimens in group one were stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for two weeks and served as control. Group two specimens were treated with Vivastyle for two hours per day for two weeks and group three specimens were treated with Whitestrips for 30 min twice daily for two weeks. During the test period the specimens were kept at 37 C and in 100% relative humidity. At the end of the bleaching regimens colour measurements of the control and test groups were made with UV visible recording spectrophotometer. Colour changes were calculated with the use of the CIE-LAB uniform colour scale and compared by the use of Kruskall-Wallis test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Control, Vivastyle and Whitestrips L*, a* and b* values differed significantly for all materials except Filtek Z250 (p < 0.05). All restorative materials demonstrated significantly higher colour change (DeltaE) with Whitestrips (p < 0.05). Dyract AP demonstrated the highest colour change both for the bleaching regimens followed by Filtek Flow, Definite, Filtek P60, and Filtek Z250 showed the smallest colour change. Colour change of plastic restorative materials during bleaching is both filling material and bleach specific.

Color↗
PubMed2006

In vitro evaluation of microleakage of different materials used as pit-and-fissure sealants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the marginal microleakage of different materials used as pit-and-fissure sealants (Delton, Filtek Flow, Dyract Flow and Vitremer). Fifty-six extracted sound human third molars were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=14). After sealant placement, the teeth were thermocycled (500 cycles; 5 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 55 degrees C), isolated, immersed in 2% buffered methylene blue dye for 4 h, included in acrylic resin and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. The sections were analyzed for leakage using an stereomicroscope. A 4-criteria ranked scale was used to score dye penetration. All materials exhibited dye penetration to some extension and no statistically significant difference was observed among the groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the findings of this study showed that a flowable composite resin, a flowable compomer and resin-modified glass ionomer placed on occlusal pits and fissures had similar marginal sealing as the unfilled self-cured resin-based sealant.

Dental Leakage↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Comparative study of microleakage in class V restorations].

The aim of this study was to analyze the laboratorial performance of dentin-bonding agents, glass ionomer cements and compomers, regarding the sealing of the gingival margins of class V cavities, prepared on the cementoenamel junction. Standardized class V cavities (4 x 3 x 2 mm) were prepared on the buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of 20 extracted human third molars. Forty cavities were restored with different combinations of materials, as follows: group 1 (G1)--Vitremer (3M); group 2 (G2)--Vitremer (3M) and Syntac Sprint/Tetric Ceram (Vivadent); Group 3 (G3)--Syntac Sprint/Tetric Ceram (Vivadent); Group 4 (G4)--Prime & Bond 2.1/Variglass (Dentsply). After thermocycling in methylene blue dye, the specimens were longitudinally sectioned and analyzed with a stereoscopic lens in order to evaluate the leakage on the gingival margin. The obtained data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney test, and the results revealed significantly better sealing (p = 0.05) in G1, when compared with G4. No significant differences were seen between the other groups. Under the given conditions, Vitremer offered better sealing of the gingival margin than the system Prime & Bond 2.1/Variglass.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2002

[A comparative study of marginal microleakage using three different cements in ceramic crowns]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the marginal microleakage of IPS-Empress 2 all-ceramic crowns using three different cements. METHODS: Twenty-four IPS-Empress 2 all-ceramic crowns were built and luted onto standardly prepared human upper third molars using three different cements. All samples were thermocycled then submerged in 2% fuchsin for 24 hours. The marginal microleakage at tooth-cement and ceramic crown-cement interfaces was observed using light stereomicroscopy. RESULTS: The Panavia F adhesive luting system demonstrated the least microleakage(0.90+/-0.75, 0.46+/-0.37). Dyract compomer cement showed an intermediate level of microleakage (4.71+/-1.68, 5.28+/-1.48). Harvard zinc phosphate cement was associated with severe microleakage in all specimens( 6.99+/-0.04, 6.99+/-0.04). THe differences in microleakage among the three cements was highly significant(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Panavia F adhesive luting system was the most effective dental cement to prevent microleakage. It can be used for IPS-Empress 2 posterior all-ceramic crowns.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

A comparative evaluation of four restorative materials to support undermined occlusal enamel of permanent teeth.

The purpose of this study was to test the support to undermined occlusal enamel provided by posterior restorative composite (FiltekTM P60, 3M Dental products USA), polyacid modified resin composite (F2000 compomer, 3M Dental products, USA.), radiopaque silver alloy-glass ionomer cement (Miracle Mix. GC Corp, Tokyo, Japan) and Glass Ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP). To test each material, 20 human permanent mandibular third molars were selected. The lingual cusps were removed and the dentin supporting the facial cusps was cut away, leaving a shell of enamel. Each group of prepared teeth was restored using the materials according to the manufacturer's instructions. All the specimens were thermocycled (250 cycles, 6 degrees C- 60 degrees C, dwell time 30 seconds) and then mounted on an acrylic base. Specimens were loaded evenly across the cusp tips at a crosshead speed of 5 mm /minute in Hounsfield universal testing machine until fracture occurred. Data obtained was analyzed using analysis of variance and Studentized- Newman- Keul's range test. No significant differences were detected in the support provided by P-60, F 2000, Miracle Mix or Fuji IX GP groups. The support provided to undermined occlusal enamel by these materials was intermediate between no support and that provided by sound dentin. Without further development in dental material technology and evidence of its efficacy, restorative materials should not be relied upon to support undermined occlusal enamel to a level comparable to that provided by sound dentin.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Single-use, disposable, presterilized light-activation probe: the future?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare a single-use, disposable, presterilized light activation probe with an equivalent autoclavable probe. Light output, heat generation, and depth of cure were investigated. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Ten disposable and two reusable probe tips were tested. Three maximum light output readings for each tip were recorded with a radiometer. Heat generation at the probe tip was recorded, at 30-second intervals over a five-minute period, with a thermocouple probe placed under a 3-mm-thick glass slide. After light-activated "compomer" was placed in a sectional two-piece stainless steel mold and cured, depth of cure was evaluated using the scrape technique. RESULTS: With respect to light output and depth of cure, there were no statistically significant differences between probe types, but the disposable probe generated significantly less heat. CONCLUSION: The disposable probe performed clinically as well as an autoclavable counterpart with respect to light output, heat generation, and depth of cure.

Dental Instruments↗
PubMed1998

Alternatives to silver amalgam and resin composite in pediatric dentistry.

Silver amalgam has become a less attractive dental restorative material for restoration of primary teeth. After many decades of scientific and nonscientific controversy, use of silver amalgam for primary teeth is waning, not because of its mercury content but because dentistry has come up with more suitable materials. This article reviews the development and use of glass-ionomer silver-cermet cements, resin-modified glass-ionomer cements, and polyacid-modified resin composites (compomers) for restoration of primary teeth.

Cermet Cements↗
PubMed1999

Debonding of adhesively restored deep Class II MOD restorations after functional loading.

PURPOSE: To assess debonding due to functional loading at the cervical dentin margins of deep Class II MOD restorations prepared with a variety of adhesive restoratives in endodontically-treated teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MOD preparations and endodontic treatment were carried out on extracted sound maxillary premolars. The cavities were restored with seven material combinations: Three different resin-based composites (RBC) (Z100, Herculite XRV or Clearfil RP with their respective bonding systems); two bonded amalgam combinations (Valiant with Superbond D or with Panavia 21) and two sandwich combinations [the RBC Tetric with the polyacid-modified RBC (compomer) Compoglass or Z100 with the resin-modified glass ionomer Fuji II LC]. For each group, half of the samples were exposed to mechanical functional loading and the other half served as control. Imperfect bond formation and debonding due to loading was determined by dye penetration. In addition, the dye penetration scores were correlated with the cusp fracture strengths of similarly prepared restorations of a previous study. RESULTS: After functional loading, the RBC in combination with hybridizing dentin bonding agents showed better preservation of marginal integrity than the sandwich restorations, which in turn performed better than the amalgam restorations (P < 0.05). Debonding correlated with reduction in fracture resistance. Under the conditions of this study, debonding of adhesive MOD restorations by functional loading can best be prevented by using RBC in combination with hybridizing dentin-bonding systems.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

[Effect of fluoride release on flexural strength of fluoride-containing composites].

OBJECTIVE: To study fluoride release and its impact on flexural strength of fluoride-containing composites. METHODS: Experimental composite resins containing 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2% fluoride (w/w) respectively and non-fluoride control composites were selected, including a compomer and its control composites. The amount of fluoride release in vitro was determined with fluoride ion-sensitive electrode in a 30 day consecutive period. The flexural strength was measured by Autograph Machine before and after releasing fluoride in water. RESULTS: The amount of fluoride release increased (0, 21.98, 43.98 and 99.91 micrograms.cm-2 respectively) and the flexural strength decreased (101.70, 94.29, 82.03 and 79.84 MPa respectively) while fluoride-contents in resins increased (0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2% respectively). With fluoride release, the flexural strength decreased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Fluoride release affects mechanical properties of fluoride-containing composites.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2000

[A study of fluoride-containing composite resins: fluoride release, water sorption and dissolution].

OBJECTIVE: To study fluoride release and its impact on the basic properties. METHODS: Fluoride releasing was determined by F-electrodes, water sorption and dissolution of the materials were determined by weight/volume loss technique. RESULTS: The profile of fluoride release from fluoride-containing composites was different from that of compomer. Meanwhile, fluoride-containing materials showed larger values of water sorption (13.05-31.64 micrograms/mm3) and dissolution(5.88-24.80 micrograms/mm3) than controls. CONCLUSIONS: The F- releasing may affect physical and mechanical properties of fluoride-containing composites.

Composite Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of amalgam in pediatric dentistry.

Amalgam has been widely utilized to restore posterior teeth in pediatric dentistry, and is still taught as the material of choice for Class I and Class II restorations in many dental schools in the United States and Canada. Results of clinical trials are difficult to compare due to their heterogenicity, mainly due to differences in caries risk, operator skills, study duration, or patients' age. Thus, the different studies report failure rates of amalgams ranging from 12% to over 70%. Treatment of caries should meet the needs of each particular patient, based on his/her caries risk. In general, for small occlusal lesions, a conservative preventive resin restoration, using composite or compomer in conjunction with sealant, would be more appropriate than the classic Class I amalgam preparation. For proximal lesions, amalgam would be indicated for 2-surface Class II preparations that do not extend beyond the line angles of primary teeth. This recommendation might not be appropriate for high-risk patients or for restoring first primary molars in children 4 years of age and younger where stainless steel crowns have demonstrated better longevity. Currently, amalgam demonstrates the best clinical success for Class II restorations that extend beyond the proximal line angles of permanent molars.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Outcomes two, three and four years after comprehensive care under general anaesthesia.

OBJECTIVES: The objective was to review the outcomes for three groups of children after two, three and four years following comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia (GA) for 292 children aged 1.8 to 5.9 years of age. DESIGN: The study was a retrospective review of ongoing dental treatment needs following treatment under GA. METHODS: Information including the individual tooth treatments carried out, ongoing care, fluoride status, socioeconomic status and ethnicity was obtained from dental records from the School of Dentistry and the Otago District Health Board School Dental Service. The accuracy of the records was evaluated by clinically examining 10 percent of the children. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of the treated children were followed up. Fifty-five percent had new caries recorded. For the treatments provided, amalgam had a mean success of 57.1 percent, composite 73.4 percent, compomer 85.2 percent, stainless steel crowns 92.8 percent and pulpotomies 84.6 percent. The majority of replaced restorations were because of new carious lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that most of the restorative procedures and materials used have very successful outcomes in these high-risk children. Ongoing risk of dental caries is high despite current preventive approaches. Other preventive approaches should be investigated.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Flexural properties of eight flowable light-cured restorative materials, in immediate vs 24-hour water storage.

This study evaluated the flexural strength, flexural modulus, modulus of resilience and water sorption of eight flowable light-cured restorative materials compared with two conventional restoratives (as control). Forty specimens of each material were made. Twenty specimens were immediately flexural tested, while the remaining 20 were weight-measured and immersed in distilled water in a 37 degrees C incubator. After 24 hours, the samples were weight-measured again to identify water sorption and they were flexural tested. The findings were statistically analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Tukey test and Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation. The results of the flexural strength test were also analyzed using Weibull statistic. All flowable light-cured restorative materials except Palfique Estelite Low Flow exhibited immediate flexural strength values between the conventional ones. All flowable light-cured restorative materials showed 24-hour flexural strength values between the conventional ones. The Weibull modulus for immediate flexural strength of the materials varied from 6.37 to 15.23, while for 24-hour flexural strength, the strength varied from 8.10 to 14.30. In both conditions, all flowable light-cured resin composites showed lower flexural moduli but higher modulus of resilience than the conventional ones. The water sorption of all resin composites was lower than the flowable light-cured compomer. There was a distinct relation (r=-0.84, p<0.01) between the increasing ratio in modulus of resilience and the amount of water sorption.

Absorption↗
PubMed2006

Microtensile bond strength testing and failure analysis of hybrid and flowable composites.

PURPOSE: Few studies have been performed on the cohesive tensile strength of flowable resin composites and hybrids, or on the coupling strength of flowables to hybrid composites. Thus, the purpose of this study was to measure interfacial microtensile bond strengths between hybrid resin composite and flowable resin composite/compomer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A polyvinyl siloxane mold was used to fabricate specimens for 9 groups, each consisting of 15 rectangular beams (2 x 2 x 20 mm). Flowable and hybrid resin composites and their paired couplings with each manufacturer's product line were tested. Materials include Heliomolarflow, Revolution, and Dyractflow as representative flowable resin composites and compomer. Heliomolar HB, Prodigy, and Esthet X were selected as representive hybrid resin composites. Resin specimens were cured for a total of 80 s and immersed in water for 7 days. A microspecimen former was used to trim rectangular specimens into specimens with a circular cross section (diameter = 1.0 mm) with a 2 mm gauge length. Specimens were subjected to tensile forces in a passive-gripping space mounted on a Vitrodyne machine. RESULTS: The results are expressed in MPa. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks demonstrated significant differences in microtensile bond strength among groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The cohesive tensile strength of resin composites were material dependent. Flowable and hybrid composites from the same manufacturer have comparable cohesive tensile strengths. The coupling strength of flowable/hybrid combinations were comparable to cohesive strength of the hybrid composites with the exception of Esthet X/Dyractflow, where the coupling was stronger than the cohesive strength of either resin composite alone.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2006

Clinical and histological evaluation of white ProRoot MTA in direct pulp capping.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical, radiographical and histological findings in human third molars in which mechanical pulp exposures were capped with white ProRoot mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA). METHODS: Forty-eight human third molars, caries-free or with incipient caries, scheduled to be extracted, were used and randomly divided into two groups: Group A: (n= 24) received WMTA and control Group B: (n= 24) received chemical set calcium hydroxide (Dycal). The teeth were isolated with rubber dam and Class I cavities prepared. Pulp exposure was performed using a sterile diamond bur and confirmed by frank bleeding. A sterile cotton pellet dipped in saline solution was placed over the exposure for 60 seconds. The preparation was then lightly rinsed with water and gently air-dried. WMTA or CH was placed over the exposure site followed by a small amount of a light-cured compomer. After etching with 35% phosphoric acid gel for 15 seconds, rinsing and blot drying, Prime and Bond NT adhesive was applied and light-cured. The cavity was then restored with a resin composite and light-cured. Evaluations were performed by phone after 7 days and clinically at 30 +/- 5 and 136 +/- 24 days, using standardized tests and radiographs. The teeth were extracted after 136 +/- 24 days; the roots were cut +/- 4-5 mm from the apex to allow for rapid fixation in 10% neutral buffered formalin. They were then processed for routine histological evaluation, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Brown and Brenn for recognition of bacteria. Statistical analyses were performed using a Mann-Whitney U-test, a Chi-square test, a Fisher's exact test and an ANOVA. RESULTS: No significant differences in post-operative sensitivity were reported after 7 days between the two materials (P> 0.05). Clinical examination demonstrated no significant differences at 30 +/- 5 days (P> 0.05) and at 136 +/- 24 days (P> 0.05). Histological findings: 45 of 48 teeth were suitable for microscopic evaluation (22 with WMTA and 23 with CH). Twenty from the WMTA and 18 from the CH group had developed a bridge. No statistically significant differences were found for superficial and deep inflammatory cell response (P> 0.05), presence of a dentin bridge (P> 0.01), and pulp vitality (P> 0.01), between WMTA and calcium hydroxide. A statistically significant difference was found for the diameter of exposure (P< or = 0.05) between WMTA (x= 0.35 +/- 0.19 mm) and CH (x= 0.25 +/- 0.09 mm). Only a minimal association between clinical and histological findings could be established for either material.

Aluminum Compounds↗
PubMed2004

[Release of fluoride ions into saliva from some dental materials].

The aim of the study was to evaluate fluoride release from dental materials: resin composites--Tetric Ceram and Degufill Mineral, fissure sealants--Conseal F and Admira seal, compomer--Freedom and glass-ionomer cement--Vitremer. Release to the patient's unstimulated mixed saliva was studied after treatment with the material. The study group comprised 72 patients and fluoride concentrations were measured with an ion-selective electrode (Orion). The following release of fluoride in decreasing order was found: Vitremer (6.03 microM), Degufill Mineral (2.79 microM), Teric Ceram (2.54 microM), Freedom (2.52 microM), Admira seal (1.85 microM) and Conseal F (1.80 microM).

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1996

Directly placed esthetic restorative materials--the continuum.

Because new restorative materials have had little clinical testing, it is difficult to make specific material recommendations for the esthetic restoration of carious teeth. Although fluoride-releasing materials have long been used successfully to restore carious teeth, little clinical documentation has been presented to support their use to inhibit recurrent caries, and their use as an effective restorative material may be questioned. Glass ionomers, compomers, and resin-modified glass ionomers are esthetic fluoride-releasing materials designed to restore teeth by bonding to tooth structure. This article describes the continuum of directly placed esthetic dental restorative materials, the efficacy of amalgam replacement restorative materials, and the role that fluoride-releasing materials may play in the inhibition of recurrent caries in vitro and in vivo.

Composite Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Resin-modified glass ionomer cements (RM GICs) implications for use in pediatric dentistry.

The changing face of restorative dentistry has resulted in the introduction of numerous materials. The emphasis on durability, strength, and esthetics led to the introduction of glass ionomer based formulations. The latest entrants into this arena are the resin-based glass ionomer cements. The combined properties of enhanced strength and fluoride release make this material an attractive choice for most restorative procedures. For the pediatric dentist, this material has special value due to its preventive characteristics, ease of placement and esthetics. The amalgam controversy has led practitioners and patients to opt for non-amalgam based restorations. The introduction of "compomers" provides an exciting alternative to amalgam. The purpose of this article is to highlight the properties of these "new age" materials and present a case report on the use of one such commercially available resin/ionomer cement.

Cariostatic Agents↗