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PubMed1977

[Acquired colour-vision-deficiencies caused by side-effects of pharmacotherapy (author's transl)].

Acquired colour-vision deficiencies are an early indicator for drug-induced retinopathy as well as drug-induced retrobulbar neuritis. Koellner's rule, which says, that damage of the retina induces a tritan-defect, and damage of the optic nerve induce a red-green-defect is also valid for defects secondary to drug-toxicity. Pseudoisochromatic plates, anomaloscope and other tests (Panel D-15-test) have to be selected correspondingly to use them as screening-methods.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1976

A consideration of the racial incidence of congenital dyschromats in males and females.

The female incidence of congenital dyschromats corresponds to the square of the males in the Northern European populations, but this relation is not always true in the non-white races. The above-mentioned facts in the non-white races which are theoretically strange are considered to be caused by an anti-glare factor of pigment epithelium in their eyes, on the assumption that the abnormal color sense of color defectives may be a special form of visual dysfunction glare pointed out by IINUMA.

Asian People↗
PubMed1978

On the incidence of unilateral and bilateral colour blindness in heterozygous females.

In 303 mothers of colour-blind sons, both eyes were tested with pseudoisochromatic plates and with the anomaloscope. Two hundred thirty healthy normal and 56 colour-blind males served as controls. In good agreement with the expected proportion of homozygotes in our sample, 17 colour-blind mothers were detected. Eight others had difficulty reading pseudoisochromatic plates and were conspicuous at the anomaloscope. In these, both eyes were affected to a very similar, moderate degree. Monocular disturbances of colour vision were not observed in the entire series. Our data suggest that (1) in most (if not all) of the carriers with colour vision impairment, there is no complete lack of normal retina cones, and (2) the proportion of defective retina cones is remarkably similar in both eyes of individual heterozygotes. The latter observation may indicate that at the time of X-differentiation there is a common primordial cell pool for both retinas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

The UWCDot colour vision test and low vision.

PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown that colour vision defects are common in the low vision population even when properly designed tests are used. However, there are very few clinical tests available that are suitable for this group of patients. One of the more common is the Jumbo D-15 (JD15). Although this test uses caps more suitable for the reduced acuity, it requires the patient to have some knowledge of colour order and sufficient dexterity to manipulate the caps. We compared the JD15 with the University of Waterloo Colored Dot test (UWCDot), which has neither of these requirements, to determine whether the UWCDot test could be used as a substitute for the JD15. METHODS: The colour vision of 40 consecutive low vision patients was evaluated with both tests. Acuities ranged from 6/6 to 6/1600 with a median value of 6/30. RESULTS: All subjects could perform both tests. The kappa coefficient of agreement between tests was high at 0.85 when any major crossing was a failure on the JD15 and any mistake was a failure on the UWCDot. Classification of the type of defect was also reasonable when the defect was relatively severe. CONCLUSIONS: The UWCDot can be used as a substitute for the JD15 in the low vision clinic. Both tests identify individuals with moderate-to-severe deficiencies, but the UWCDot does not require any manual dexterity and it does not require knowledge of colour-order.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Congenital color blindness.

The term "color blind" is encountered frequently in areas pertaining to health, commerce, art, and entertainment, but in these cases it is generally not appropriate. Complete color blindness or achromasy is rare, but weakness or absence of discrimination to certain colors can be found in at least 8% of the male population. The most useful description of these color defects is in terms of hue and saturation, thresholds of which can be plotted as polar coordinates on a circular diagram. Plotting color thresholds with the chromagraph reveals more clearly than other clinical systems the true nature of color defects, as well as some inconsistencies in the traditional terminology and test methods. Fifty strongly color-defective subjects were tested by five different methods and the results compared. Normal values are also indicated.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed2003

An A-71C substitution in a green gene at the second position in the red/green visual-pigment gene array is associated with deutan color-vision deficiency.

We studied 247 Japanese males with congenital deutan color-vision deficiency and found that 37 subjects (15.0%) had a normal genotype of a single red gene followed by a green gene(s). Two of them had missense mutations in the green gene(s), but the other 35 subjects had no mutations in either the exons or their flanking introns. However, 32 of the 35 subjects, including all 8 subjects with pigment-color defect, a special category of deuteranomaly, had a nucleotide substitution, A-71C, in the promoter of a green gene at the second position in the red/green visual-pigment gene array. Although the -71C substitution was also present in color-normal Japanese males at a frequency of 24.3%, it was never at the second position but always found further downstream. The substitution was found in 19.4% of Chinese males and 7.7% of Thai males but rarely in Caucasians or African Americans. These results suggest that the A-71C substitution in the green gene at the second position is closely associated with deutan color-vision deficiency. In Japanese and presumably other Asian populations further downstream genes with -71C comprise a reservoir of the visual-pigment genes that cause deutan color-vision deficiency by unequal crossing over between the intergenic regions.

Asian People↗
PubMed1981

The influence of selected light intensities on color perception within the color range of natural teeth.

A study was undertaken to evaluate the influence of light intensity on the ability to discriminate color differences within the color range of natural teeth. The results show that shade selection is not significantly affected within the range of 75 to 300 fc. Neither the specialty of the dentist nor the amount of time in practice appeared to be a factor in making color discriminations. However, 7 of the 50 dentists serving as subjects were found to be color defective, and a difference was found between their color discrimination abilities and those of normal persons. This suggests that color-defective dentists should obtain assistance when matching tooth shades.

Color↗
PubMed1984

Assessment of children's colour vision using the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope.

The colour vision of 439 boys, aged 4-11 years, was measured by the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope and four pseudoisochromatic tests. Matching range and dispersion of mid match point were found to be larger than adult values, but did not decrease with age. However, younger children took longer to establish matching range. Twenty-eight (6.4%) colour defectives were found and it is concluded that the Pickford-Nicolson anomaloscope gives valid results with children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

A simple eyesight screening programme for dental undergraduates: results after 7 years.

This paper reports the results of a simple eyesight screening programme for dental undergraduates which has been used for 7 years. Examinations were performed by orthoptists at a general hospital associated with the dental school. Defects in visual acuity, squints, limitations of convergence, defective stereopsis and colour vision were found. Many students were unaware of their visual defects, and the findings support the continued use of visual screening to identify and encourage those with defects to seek professional treatment at an early opportunity. Many of the defects were correctable or could be improved with help. Those with defective colour-vision were encouraged to seek assistance with shade selection during their clinical careers. The value of visual screening and the significance of the findings are discussed.

Color Vision Defects↗
PubMed2001

Clinical features and a follow-up study in a family with X-linked progressive cone-rod dystrophy.

PURPOSE: To study a large family with X-linked progressive cone-rod dystrophy. METHODS: There were 128 members in the family. Of these, 45 had an ophthalmological examination and 3 gave their permission to use the results of their recent ophthalmological examination. In addition to the usual eye examination, visual fields, colour vision, dark adaptation and electroretinogram (ERG) were examined. RESULTS: Ten affected men aged 6 to 81 years were found in the family. The visual acuities varied from counting fingers (cf) 10 cm to 0.5 in the right eye (RE) and from cf 30 cm to 0.4 in the left eye (LE). The refraction was myopic in all affected members, varying from -1.5 to -24.0 D (RE) and from -2.0 to -20.25 D (LE). In visual functions, central scotomas and concentric constriction in the visual fields, red or red-green defects in colour vision, abnormal cone and rod dark adaptation and affected cone response in ERG were found. The 6 obligate carriers were aged 17 to 77 years. Their visual acuities varied from 0.05 (strabismic amblyopia) to 1.25(RE) and from 0.7 to 1.25 (LE), and refraction from +/-0 to +6.0 D (RE) and from -0.5 to +5.0 D (LE). Their visual fields and colour vision were normal. The non-affected men were aged 13 to 55 years, their visual acuity was normal in both eyes, and refraction varied from -5.0 to +1.5 D (RE) and from -5.5 to +1.75 (LE). The result of the eye examination was normal except in colour vision: two men were congenitally deuteranomalous. The women who were not obligate carriers were aged 10 to 77 years, their visual acuity was from 0.3 to 1.6 in both eyes, and refraction from -5.5 to +4.75 (RE) and from -5.25 to +4.0 (LE). Two women had one amblyopic eye. Otherwise the eye examination was normal. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical diagnosis of X-linked cone dystrophy 1 (COD1) is based on progressive loss of visual acuity, moderate or high myopia, red colour vision defect and affected cone response or cone and rod response in ERG. The future identification of the COD1 gene will confirm the diagnosis of the disease and help in genetic counseling of the family.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Autosomal dominant cone-rod retinal dystrophy (CORD6) from heterozygous mutation of GUCY2D, which encodes retinal guanylate cyclase.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features of autosomal dominant cone-rod retinal dystrophy (CRD) in a British family mapping to chromosome 17p12-p13 (CORD6), with a heterozygous mutation (Glu837Asp/ Arg838Ser) of GUCY2D. DESIGN: A prospective, clinical family survey. PATIENTS: Ten affected members of a family with autosomal dominant CRD. METHODS: Full clinical examinations were undertaken. Selected affected family members underwent electrophysiologic evaluation, scotopic static perimetry, dark adaptometry, and color vision assessment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical appearance and electroretinographic responses. RESULTS: Typical clinical and electroretinographic features of childhood-onset CRD were recorded. In addition, moderate myopia and pendular nystagmus were seen in affected individuals. Color vision assessment in the youngest affected individual showed no color discrimination on a tritan axis, but retention of significant red-green discrimination. Electronegative electroretinogram responses were seen on electrophysiology in the only young family member examined. CONCLUSIONS: The phenotype associated with GUCY2D CRD is clinically distinct from that associated with other dominant CRD loci. Unusual electroretinographic responses may indicate that this mutation of GUCY2D is associated with early defects in photoreceptor synaptic transmission to second-order neurons.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Increment threshold and purity discrimination spectral sensitivities of X-chromosome-linked color-defective observers.

The goal of the study was to evaluate spectral opponency in nine X-chromosome-linked color-defective observers. The tasks included increment threshold spectral sensitivity on an achromatic background, heterochromatic flicker photometry, and colorimetric purity discrimination. With a task of heterochromatic flicker photometry, the anomalous trichromatic observers showed spectral sensitivity of the corresponding dichromat. The increment threshold spectral sensitivity and colorimetric purity discrimination data were analyzed using the concept of standard cone photopigment spectral sensitivities for normal and defective vision, and a model that postulates one cone-additive and two cone-antagonistic systems. The model incorporated a shift of the peak spectral sensitivity of the long-wavelength-sensitive (LWS) pigment (for protan observers) or of the middle-wavelength-sensitive (MWS) pigment (for deutan observers). Two dichromats and two anomalous trichromats did not show clear evidence of LWS vs MWS cone antagonism. Five anomalous trichromats showed such cone antagonism. Molecular genetic analysis of the opsin genes is presented for eight of the observers.

Color Vision Defects↗
PubMed1992

A new way to use the Ishihara test.

The Ishihara plates are widely used as a test for colour vision. Originally designed for the purpose of detecting congenital red-green colour blindness, the test also has some value in demonstrating acquired colour vision defects. There are, however, several disadvantages in the present arrangement of the plates. A modification of the test, involving the rearrangement of the order of the plates, is presented which, together with a new recording chart, simplifies both the administration and the interpretation of the test.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1992

The use of colour difference vectors in diagnosing congenital colour vision deficiencies with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test.

Colour difference vector analysis provides useful and meaningful information in scoring the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-hue test. However, the FM 100-hue test is limited in its ability to diagnose type and severity of congenital colour vision defect. Type classification for all subjects is incorrect in 21% of cases, and for deuteranomals the misclassification rate is 38%. Visual inspection of the plots yields a similar misclassification rate and classification of plots with few errors (under 180) is generally less reliable. The FM 100-hue test has a limited ability to separate dichromats from anomalous trichromats. A test protocol based on joint D15 and FM 100-hue tests should pass 36% of anomalous trichromats and 26% of all colour defectives yet fail all dichromatic observers. We conclude that administering the FM 100-hue test is of less value than a combination of D15 panels (Standard D15 and L'Anthony's desaturated D15) in the clinical diagnosis of congenital colour defective observers. Our results for the FM 100-hue panel are similar to those reported previously by other investigators.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Late onset dominant cone dystrophy with early blue cone involvement.

A dominant cone dystrophy spanning seven generations was found in a pedigree from the Netherlands. The onset of the decline of visual acuity started after the age of 20, while a near complete absence of blue cone function (a so-called tritan defect) already existed before the presence of any ophthalmological abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Keratoconus associated with cone-rod dystrophy: a case report.

A 31-year-old man with bilateral keratoconus associated with apical corneal scarring underwent uneventful penetrating keratoplasty in his left eye. Postoperatively his best-corrected visual acuity did not improve beyond 20/120. Examination of the fundus revealed features suggestive of bull's eye maculopathy. On performing an electroretinogram study of both eyes, grossly delayed implicit time with reduced amplitudes of the rod response and extinguished cone waveforms were noted, indicating cone-rod dystrophy. Color blindness was also noted on testing with Ishihara's pseudoisochromatic plates. Genetic counseling showed this to be an isolated defect with negative family history. Preoperative electrophysiologic studies may have a prognostic role in these cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A family with acquired and inherited blue-yellow axis.

The pedigree of a family with a blue-yellow axis in the Farnsworth 100-Hue is reported. The fact that a blue-yellow axis corresponds to an inherited defect in 6 subjects and to an acquired defect in 1 subject is discussed. Methodological conditions necessary for making the differential diagnosis between an inherited and an acquired blue-yellow defect are recalled.

Adult↗