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PubMed1986

Fatty fish-induced changes in membrane lipid composition and viscosity of human erythrocyte suspensions.

The effect of a daily supplement of 75-100 g fatty fish, providing 3 g of omega 3 fatty acids, on the lipid composition and deformability of erythrocytes was studied in six healthy male subjects. After 4 weeks of the fish supplementation the mean degree of unsaturation, expressed as double bond index, of erythrocyte phosphatidyl choline (PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) had increased significantly by 10% and 4%, respectively. The mean cholesterol/phospholipid ratio (C/P ratio) in the membranes had increased by 28% (p less than 0.001). No change was seen in the distribution of the four major phospholipid classes. After withdrawal of the supplement for 4 weeks the changes in PC were reversed, but the changes in PE persisted and the mean C/P ratio still was higher than basal by 16% (p less than 0.01). The effect on the C/P ratio by the fatty fish is in contrast with the previously observed lack in effect of cod-liver oil. The viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions with a packed cell volume fraction of 0.80 and measured at shear rates less than or equal to 8.11 s-1 was decreased after the fish. We suggest that the fall in the viscosity of erythrocyte suspensions, reflecting increased cell deformability, is probably due to the change in the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte PC.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Does smoking aggravate musculoskeletal pain?

The present study was based on data from the Norwegian Health Survey 1985, a nationwide interview survey with members of a representative sample of households. Our sample comprised all adult respondents who had reported musculoskeletal pain (n = 4490). Smokers experienced more intense pain than nonsmokers. The association between smoking and considerable/intense pain was, however, only seen in persons younger than 67 years. In this age group, smoking was related to intense pain in a logistic regression analysis (OR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.24-2.00; p < 0.001), adjusting for age, gender, socioeconomic status, civil status, having children under 16, physical exercise, the presence of a musculoskeletal disease, and mental distress. The association remained significant after adjusting for workplace factors, social network factors, alcohol consumption, and intake of cod liver oil as dietary supplement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Serum cholesterol levels and the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid as an indicator of lipid metabolism in rat liver.

Tne dietary effects of phytosterol and polyunsaturated fat (PUFA-fat) on the cholesterol and fatty acids levels in serum and liver of female rats were studied, with the following results. (1) Addition of 1% cholesterol with 0.25% cholic acid to a 10% butter diet increased cholesterol levels and decreased the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) to saturated fatty acid (SFA) in the serum and liver. These changes diminished upon additions of phytosterol and PUFA-fat (cod liver oil) to the 10% butter-cholesterol diet. (2) While the cholesterol-rich diet increased the fatty acid content of the liver, addition of phytosterol to the butter-cholesterol diet depressed this increase. On the other hand, addition of PUFA-fat to the butter-cholesterol diet caused an increase of total fatty acid in the liver. (3) A negative relationship was found between the cholesterol level and the ratio of PUFA to SFA in serum (r = -0.810) and also in liver (r = -0.548). There were significant positive correlations between the values for the serum and liver cholesterol levels (r = 0.720) and also between the respective values in the ratios of PUFA to SFA (r = 0.521). These results indicate that dietary phytosterol and PUFA-fat modulate the levels of cholesterol in proportion to the increase in the ratio of PUFA to SFA in both serum and liver with the cholesterol diet, and show that the changes in the values for the serum reflected in changes in the liver.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Disease caused by lack of sunlight: rickets and osteomalacia].

In three patients, a 12-year-old Muslim Moroccan girl with polyarthralgia and a wobbling gait, a 47-year-old emaciated Hindustani man with muscle weakness and on antiepileptic drugs, and a heavily-veiled native Dutch woman aged 34 years with polyarthralgia and psoriasis, clinical, laboratory and radiologic examination led to the diagnoses of rickets (the first patient) and of osteomalacia (the other two). They recovered after calcium and vitamin D suppletion. After the discovery of vitamin D and the beneficial effects of sunlight and cod liver oil rickets and osteomalacia became rare. Recently these diseases have to be considered more often again because of changes in the composition of the Dutch population: more immigrants and (institutionalized) elderly who are prone to develop a vitamin D deficiency. Dietary and clothing habits should be investigated when a patient complains about diffuse (bone) pains. In case of minimal exposure to sunlight and a diet low in vitamin D the symptoms may be explained easily by a vitamin D deficiency. Once hypovitaminosis D is diagnosed, the therapy is simple and effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Lipoperoxides in organs of vitamin E deficient rats fed large amounts of highly unsaturated fats.

Rats were fed diets containing 10% cod liver oil with and without a supplement of tocopherol acetate for 32 weeks. The determination of peroxides in lipid extracts of adipose tissue, liver, heart and skeletal muscle by different methods was attempted. High amounts of peroxides were found only in adipose tissue of vitamin E deficient animals. Small values were found in other tissues of both groups. The problem whether the organs contain true lipoperoxides, or some other substances are responsible for the peroxide estimates, is discussed.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

[The AD-drops can be replaced by D-drops].

Since 1932, when vitamin A and D supplementation, in the form of cod liver oil, was introduced in Sweden, rickets has been a rare diagnosis among Swedish infants. In 1978, the National Board of Health and Welfare issued recommendations of daily supplementation with 300 micrograms (1000 IU) of vitamin A and 10 micrograms (400 IU) of vitamin D. This has recently been under review by the Paediatric Committee on Nutrition and Health, of the Swedish Paediatric Association and the National Food Administration, who concluded that there is no reason to retain vitamin A supplementation, but that vitamin D supplementation should continue to be recommended at the same daily dose (400 IU).

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Knowledge and attitudes of folate, and use of dietary supplements among women of reproductive age in Norway 1998.

BACKGROUND: Authorities in many countries, including Norway from March 1998, recommend that women consume supplemental folate before and early in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects. The aim of this survey was to establish Norwegian baseline data on knowledge, use and attitudes of folate and dietary supplements before implementing national campaigns on folate and pregnancy. METHOD: A telephone survey was carried out in late 1998 among 1,146 Norwegian women of reproductive age. The women were recruited from a nationally representative stratified random sample. RESULTS: Among the women aged 18-45 years, 50.4% had heard about folate, 32.9% knew about its role in pregnancy and 9.5% that it may prevent a malformation. Only 4.0% of the women knew that the critical period for folate supplementation to prevent a neural tube defect is before and early in pregnancy. The strongest determinants of knowledge were closeness to a pregnancy and educational level. Dietary supplements were used daily or almost daily by 53.3% of the women. The most commonly used types were multivitamin supplements and cod liver oil while only 0.9% of the women reported current use of supplemental folate. The women were also asked about use of folate and dietary supplements before or early in their last pregnancy: 44.3% reported that they had used a dietary supplement and 2.4% had used folate. Among the few women who had been pregnant within the last year of the interview, 10.3% reported use of a folate supplement. Overall, 56.0% of the women stated that they would use a folate supplement in a future pregnancy and 66.7% that they wanted more information about folate. CONCLUSIONS: Although about half of Norwegian women had heard about folate in 1998, just below 10% knew that it could prevent a malformation. Use of folate supplements was low in 1998, but more than half of the women stated that they would use folate supplements in a future pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[The punishment of a pharmacist in Istanbul in 1853].

Yakop who ran a pharmacy in Istanbul was accused of malpractice in 1853. The pharmacist had prepared a bottle of cod liver oil for a patient and a bottle of croton oil for another one. He had neglected to label the bottles which were administered by mistake to the patients by his apprentice. The patient who drank a spoonful of croton oil was intoxicated immediately and died. As soon as the event was reported, the police asked the deceased person's family if they intended to sue the pharmacist. They did not. However, the police forces started an investigation and asked the School of Medicine whether the pharmacist was guilty. The School answered that the pharmacist had neglected to label the bottles and was found guilty of causing the death. The Supreme Court took up the matter and sentenced Mr. Yakop to six months imprisonment and decided to close his pharmacy. The decision was published in Takvim-i Vekayi, the official newspaper of the State.

Drug Labeling↗
PubMed2001

[Vitamin D deficiency in a multicultural setting].

The discovery of the antirachitic properties of sunlight and cod liver oil led to the disappearance of rickets as a common disease in western countries. However, this view has had to be readjusted as immigrants to western countries from those countries closer to the equator have been shown to suffer from symptomatic vitamin D deficiency. Immigrants from Africa in particular have several risk factors, such as dark skin, the tendency to stay out of the sun, wearing well-covering clothes, and a diet which is low in dairy products. The vitamin D deficiency is manifested by pain in the legs and muscle weakness. In particular, stair climbing becomes difficult. In a multicultural society such as in the Netherlands, advice regarding vitamin D (for example that provide by the Dutch Health Council) should take into account the above-mentioned risk factors.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Influence of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, exercise and other risk factors on endothelial function in healthy individuals.

Cardiovascular disease has a multifactorial aetiology that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Endothelial dysfunction is a key event in the pathogenesis of vascular disease that occurs before structural vascular changes or clinical symptoms are evident. Conventional risk factors, for example hypertension and diabetes mellitus, are associated with endothelial dysfunction, but the influence of other putative risk factors is not clear. The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype, a common polymorphism that induces hyperhomocysteinaemia, has been proposed as being a genetic risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A total of 126 healthy adults recruited by MTHFR C677T genotype (42 of each genotype, i.e. CC, CT and TT) underwent assessment of endothelial function. Brachial artery endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured using high-resolution ultrasonic vessel "wall-tracking". Using multiple regression analysis, MTHFR genotype and 21 other subject and subject-lifestyle variables were investigated as potential predictors of endothelial function. FMD was influenced positively by frequency of aerobic exercise and by hormone replacement therapy, and negatively by increases in systolic blood pressure. MTHFR C677T genotype and the associated variation in plasma homocysteine levels did not influence FMD. Additionally, other factors, including plasma cholesterol and self-supplementation with either antioxidant vitamins or cod liver oil, showed no significant relationship with FMD, although these findings are compromised by the narrow range studied for cholesterol and the small number of subjects taking supplements. These observations have implications for risk factor management in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in healthy individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Autism, an extreme challenge to integrative medicine. Part 2: medical management.

Autism and allied autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) present myriad behavioral, clinical, and biochemical abnormalities. Parental participation, advanced testing protocols, and eclectic treatment strategies have driven progress toward cure. Behavioral modification and structured education are beneficial but insufficient. Dietary restrictions, including removal of milk and other casein dairy products, wheat and other gluten sources, sugar, chocolate, preservatives, and food coloring are beneficial and prerequisite to benefit from other interventions. Individualized IgG or IgE testing can identify other troublesome foods but not non-immune mediated food sensitivities. Gastrointestinal improvement rests on controlling Candida and other parasites, and using probiotic bacteria and nutrients to correct dysbiosis and decrease gut permeability. Detoxification of mercury and other heavy metals by DMSA/DMPS chelation can have marked benefit. Documented sulfoxidation-sulfation inadequacies call for sulfur-sulfhydryl repletion and other liver p450 support. Many nutrient supplements are beneficial and well tolerated, including dimethylglycine (DMG) and a combination of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and magnesium, both of which benefit roughly half of ASD cases. Vitamins A, B3, C, and folic acid; the minerals calcium and zinc; cod liver oil; and digestive enzymes, all offer benefit. Secretin, a triggering factor for digestion, is presently under investigation. Immune therapies (pentoxifyllin, intravenous immunoglobulin, transfer factor, and colostrum) benefit selected cases. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids offer great promise. Current pharmaceuticals fail to benefit the primary symptoms and can have marked adverse effects. Individualized, in-depth clinical and laboratory assessments and integrative parent-physician-scientist cooperation are the keys to successful ASD management.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Encapsulation of a lipid precursor, the eicosapentaenoic acid, to study the development of the Crassostrea gigas oyster flavours.

The present study is part of a larger project whose aim is to understand how the oyster Crassostrea gigas develops its aromas from a lipid precursor, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in glyceride form. The objective of this study is, therefore, to prepare an encapsulation process that will enable the bivalve to be supplied with this lipid precursor. The complex coacervation method was chosen as it gave the best compatible microcapsules with respect to the nutritional aspects of oyster (i.e. digestibility) and the environmental constraints (i.e. behaviour and stability in seawater). The aim of this study is to manufacture and optimize a process of complex coacervation, to obtain capsules made of gelatin and acacia gum with a size under 100 microm in diameter and containing very small drops of cod liver oil (rich in EPA). The preservation of these microcapsules in seawater has been confirmed.

Acacia↗
PubMed1953

Infant malnutrition in Indonesia.

Infant malnutrition, resulting frequently in the death of children of pre-school age, is a problem requiring urgent solution in Indonesia. Children suffering from malnutrition show a variety of symptoms, the most characteristic being emaciation, growth retardation, liver changes, dyspigmentation of skin and hair, other skin lesions, oedema, muscular wasting, anaemia, and xerophthalmia. The indicative value of xerophthalmia, which often leads to the development of keratomalacia, in the diagnosis of malnutrition is stressed by the author. Further research is required to determine the causes-and particularly the part played by diet-of the clinical differences observed in malnutrition cases. Far greater interest in the problem of malnutrition must be shown by the entire medical profession in Indonesia if treatment is to be carried out successfully. The specific symptom, xerophthalmia, is easily curable with cod-liver oil. General malnutrition can be prevented only if sufficient amounts, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of protein, vitamin A, and calories are provided for every child. The Indonesian must be taught, by practical example, the necessity of adequate feeding, and be encouraged to make maximum use of locally available foods. It is hoped that the centres to deal with malnutrition, envisaged by the Ministry of Health, will provide both curative and preventive treatment and facilities for propaganda and research.

Child↗
PubMed1954

The second international standard for vitamin D: crystalline vitamin D3.

This report was presented to the Subcommittee on Fat-Soluble Vitamins of the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 1949 by the Vitamin D Sub-Committee of the Accessory Food Factors Committee of the Medical Research Council of Great Britain and formed the evidence on which the first-mentioned subcommittee based its recommendation of the adoption of crystalline vitamin D(3) as the International Standard for Vitamin D, replacing the solution of irradiated ergosterol which had been adopted as Standard in 1931.The Vitamin D Sub-Committee organized a collaborative assay in which 32 laboratories in seven countries participated. In addition to 29g of crystalline vitamin D(3) generously contributed by five firms, the following preparations were compared for vitamin D activity by biological tests on rats or chicks or both: the then current International Standard, a preparation of the purest calciferol obtainable, the British Standards Institution (BSI) Standard, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Cod Liver Oil, and the Swedish provisional standard.Altogether 29 rat assays and 25 chick assays were carried out, and the results were subjected to standard methods of analysis. The BSI Standard and the pure calciferol were found less potent than the Old Standard (potency ratios: 0.916 and 0.933, respectively); and the New Standard may be slightly less potent (0.981), but it is more potent than the BSI Standard (1.071). The USP Reference Oil is less potent than the BSI Standard (0.949), the Old Standard (0.896), and the New Standard (0.886). The fiducial range is generally less than 10%, but even where it is greater, it is still satisfactory for a biological test.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Proliferation and apoptosis in tongue epithelium of mice bearing salivary tumors induced by dimetilbenzantraceno (DMBA) and modulated by dietary lipids].

INTRODUCTION: According to the concept of field defects during the carcinogenesis process, excessive epithelial proliferation/apoptosis may exist in areas near tumors. Proliferation or apoptosis could be modified by dietary lipids. PURPOSE: The present study was designed to analyze proliferation and apoptosis in tongue epithelium of mice fed diets based on different lipids followed by induction of salivary tumors with DMBA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-five days after weaning, ten BALB/c mice were assigned to two diets: corn oil (CO) and fish oil (cod liver, FO). Two weeks later, DMBA was injected in the submandibular area. Animals were sacrificed at the 13th post-injection week. Samples of tongue were fixed in formalin-ethanol and immunohistochemically stained for proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (Bax). By light microscopy, the number of nuclei positive for these markers were counted out of three-hundred total interphase cells both in dorsal and in ventral tongue surfaces. Results were analyzed through Analysis of Variance and t Test. RESULTS: Cell proliferation was greater in dorsal than in ventral tongue surfaces (p < 0.0001) with no diet difference. Apoptosis was significantly greater in mice fed FO than CO, particularly in tongue dorsal epithelia (p < 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that FO diet induces higher levels of apoptosis in tongue epithelia suggesting a tissue defensive mechanism when exposed to a carcinogenic-tumoral agent.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2006

[The photobiology of vitamin D--a topic of renewed focus].

The sun is our most important source of vitamin D. Exposure to solaria, in sub-erythemogenic doses, also gives large amounts of this vitamin. The ultraviolet radiation in these sources converts 7-dihydrocholesterol to previtamin D3 in the skin. Furthermore, heat isomerization to vitamin D3 takes place, then transport to the liver and hydroxylation to calcidiol, which is transported to the kidneys and hydroxylated to the active hormone calcitriol. The vitamin D3 status of the body is supposed to be reliably imaged by calcidiol measurements. Calcidiol levels above 12.5 nmol/l prevent rickets and osteomalacia, but optimal levels are probably higher, in the range 100-250 nmol/l. A daily food intake of 100-200 microg vitamin D3 (50-100 g cod-liver oil), or a weekly exposure to two minimal erythemal doses of ultraviolet radiation (20 to 40 minutes whole body exposure to midday midsummer sun in Oslo, Norway), will give this level. An adequate supply of vitamin D3 seems to reduce the incidence rates or improve the prognosis of several cancer forms, including prostate, breast and colon cancer, as well as of lymphomas. Several other diseases are related to a low vitamin D3 status: heart diseases, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and arthritis. The action mechanisms of vitamin D are thought to be mainly related to its known cell-differentiating and immuno-modulating effects. Even though most of the 250 annual death cases from skin cancer in Norway are caused by sun exposure, we should, in view of the health effects of ultraviolet radiation, consider modifying our restrictive attitude towards sun exposure and use of solaria.

Calcifediol↗
PubMed2006

Prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium in rowers: effect of a single dose of vitamin E.

AIM: The purpose of this research was to explain whether a single dose of vitamin E influences on disturbances of pro-oxidant-antioxidant equilibrium induced a laboratory 2,000 m rowing test. METHODS: The athletes were divided into two groups: vitamin E (1.000 mg alfa-tocopherol acetate) and P (placebo: cod-liver oil) supplemented 3 h before exercise. In the subjects' blood levels of following parameters were estimated: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) and protein carbonyls (PC). Creatine kinase (CK) and beta-glucuronidase (betaG) activities were also measured as markers of muscle damage. RESULTS: The applied exercise at maximal intensity (lactate: vitamin E=14.39+/-1.77 mmol/L, P=14.09+/-1.4 mmol/L) caused significant changes in the tested parameters in both groups: SOD (vitamin E Ø30%, P Ø50%), CAT (vitamin 70%, P 12%), GPx (vitamin 49%, P 45%), TBARS (vitamin 70%, P 71%), PC (vitamin 41%, P 78%), CK (vitamin 19%, P 32%), betaG (vitamin 42%, P 47%). The P/A ratio (TBARS/SOD+CAT+GPx) was significantly lower in vitamin E in comparison with placebo, but after 30 min and 24 h restitution it returned to pre-exercise level. Between P/A ratio and PC concentration there was observed positive correlation (P<0.001). No effect of vitamin E on CK and betaG activities were observed. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of 1,000 mg vitamin E enhances oxidative defense thus attenuates oxidative damage but it is not so much relevant to recommend the antioxidant supplementation by rowers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in man: effect of essential fatty acids on fatty acid composition.

Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency (ALAD) is described in five adults receiving long-term gastric tube feeding with a commercially available powdered formula mixed with water and/or skimmed milk. Three patients receiving the same powder mixed with whole milk showed no signs of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD). The patients showed scaly dermatitis and skin atrophy. In four patients, supplementing with cod liver oil and soya oil for 4 weeks normalized n-3 acids in plasma and red cells, while n-6 acids remained unchanged or decreased slightly. At the same time, skin changes were normalized. In the fifth patient, supplementing with ethyl linolenate started to normalize skin changes within 5 days, and after 2 weeks had increased the red cell concentration of 22:6n-3 threefold. Simultaneously, 20:4n-6 increased twofold, to above control level. Minimal daily requirement of alpha-linolenic acid and of long-chain n-3 acids is estimated to be 0.2% to 0.4% and 0.1% to 0.2% of calories, respectively.

Adult↗