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PubMed2006

Nurses' and nurse students' demands of functions and usability in a PDA.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare organisations are nowadays expecting the support of IT in the daily routines. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) are in use in some healthcare organisations but in an irregular and unplanned way. The aim of the present study was to describe nurses' and nurse students' demands of functions and usability in a PDA. METHODS: Interviews were made with 12 nurses at the County Hospital of Kalmar and a questionnaire was given to nurse students (n=84) in their last, i.e. third, year at the Department of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Kalmar. RESULTS: There was a need for nurses to make the information in general more rich and efficient by means of a PDA. In a PDA, the nurses and nurse students expected access to information about the patients, knowledge resources and functions for their daily work. CONCLUSIONS: The nurses and nurse students had high expectations of a PDA for information retrieval. A PDA has the potential to be accepted as a supportive tool in healthcare organisations if it contains the demanded content which must be adapted to the users' needs and the general IT-system used, and the PDA must have a user friendly design.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Room with a view for the "daughters of pain": 1828 was the beginning of new obstetrics in Erlangen].

The roots of clinical obstetrics at the University of Erlangen go back as far as the end of the 18th century. In 1796, Christian Friedrich Deutsch (1768-1843) was appointed as the first university teacher solely responsible for obstetrics. At the same time, he was also vehemently committed to the creation of a clinical institution for the purpose of training in obstetrics. For several reasons, the opening of a maternity home in a converted private house on the outskirts of town did not take place until 1828 under the leadership of Anton Bayer (1791-1832). In 1854/55, it was possible to move into a new building situated directly next to the university hospital; this new building was planned by Eugen Rosshirt (1798-1872). The increasing number of births and students as well as the introduction of gynecology finally led to the establishment, in 1878, of the first gynecological hospital in the sense understood by us today. The hospital was designed by Karl Schröder (1838-1887) who was the first Erlangen teacher of obstetrics to complete his habilitation in this field and probably has to be considered as the founder of the science of obstetrics at the University of Erlangen.

Female↗
PubMed2006

The structural biology of protein aggregation diseases: Fundamental questions and some answers.

Amyloid fibrils are found in association with at least two dozen fatal diseases. The tendency of numerous proteins to convert into amyloid-like fibrils poses fundamental questions for structural biology and for protein science in general. Among these are the following: What is the structure of the cross-beta spine, common to amyloid-like fibrils? Is there a sequence signature for proteins that form amyloid-like fibrils? What is the nature of the structural conversion from native to amyloid states, and do fibril-forming proteins have two distinct stable states, the native state and the amyloid state? What is the basis of protein complementarity, in which a protein chain can bind to itself? We offer tentative answers here, based on our own recent structural studies.

Amyloid↗
PubMed2004

Effect of bleaching on restorative materials and restorations--a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Internal and external bleaching procedures utilizing 3-35% hydrogen peroxide solutions or hydrogen peroxide releasing agents, such as carbamide peroxide or sodium perborate, can be used for whitening of teeth. The purpose of the review article was to summarize and discuss the available information concerning the effects of peroxide releasing bleaching agents on dental restorative materials and restorations. SOURCES: Information from all original scientific full papers or reviews listed in PubMed or ISI Web of Science (search term: bleaching AND (composite OR amalgam OR glass ionomer OR compomer OR resin OR alloy) were included in the review. DATA: Existing literature reveals that bleaching therapies may have a negative effect on physical properties, marginal integrity, enamel and dentin bond strength, and color of restorative materials as investigated in numerous in vitro studies. However, there are no reports in literature indicating that bleaching may exert a negative impact on existing restorations requiring renewal of the restorations under clinical conditions. CONCLUSION: Bleaching may exert a negative influence on restorations and restorative materials. Advice is provided based on the current literature to minimize the impact of bleaching therapies on restorative materials and restorations.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed2003

[Hans Neuffer (1892-1968). Medical moral philosopher and politician of profession in personal union].

Hans Neuffer had a well established, civil familiary background. He was raised according to Christian values and remained a practising Christian until the end of his life. Before 1945 he was no person in public life. In spite of the fact that he disapproved the Nazi rule, he did not practise open resistance. After World War Two politically guiltless physicians were needed. Neuffer had this quality and on top of that he had a talent for organisation. In the beginning he was medical functionary in his swabian hometown Stuttgart. In 1949 he took over tasks as medical functionary nationwide. Under his leadership the German physicians succeeded in creating the structures of self administration, that still exist today. Big improvements in income were achieved. The German physicians profited from this until the seventy years of the last century. In addition to this the German doctors managed to become fully accepted members of the World Medical Association (WMA). Besides his work as medical functionary, Neuffer was occupied with ethical questions. The premise of Neuffer's medical ethics were the physician's close ties to God. The responsibility to God was more important than responsibility to conscience, science, the people or the government. One of the foundations of Neuffer's ethics lies in the doctor's personality. Like an artist the "true" physician felt an inner calling. He possessed high mental capacity and had special psychological abilities. Such high moral, mental and psychological demands could only be fulfilled in freedom. Freedom required an adequate income and physicians' self administration. This kind of medical ethics fitted well to the political aims of West Germany's General Medical Council. The freedom of the medical profession and independence from society or government were crucial positions. Hans Neuffer was a politically and morally guiltless medical functionary. At the end of his presidency in 1959, West Germany's physicians had achieved all important aims of their political program.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed2005

The significance of the concept of sin for bioethics.

After a period during which the theological categories of sin and forgiveness were ignored or trivialized, presently these notions are being rediscovered. What could their impact be on bioethics, either in the narrow sense of medical ethics, or in the more encompassing sense of the ethics of the life sciences? This essay begins with describing the processes of transcending and ethitization, which gave rise to the biblical notion of sin. It portrays the theological foundation of sin in terms of a twofold refusal of proper relations to God and other humans. Through the practise of confession in the face of God (coram deo), sin is placed into a horizon of hope for forgiveness and reconciliation. The heuristic and hermeneutical significance of these categories results from their introducing a "surplus value," which transcends biological and ethical considerations. This additional dimension is illustrated in view of care (cura) for the injured, and in view of individual as well as collective willingness to forgive.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1994

Reflections on change in science and religion.

Science and the Catholic church are both conservative, slow-to-change institutions. However, science has institutionalized procedures that ensure that ample amounts of criticism of currently accepted theories and methodologies will always be present. This arrangement of continuous conjectures and refutation in science ensures often slow but steady change. Because supporters often think of religions as trafficking in timeless truths, criticism of church beliefs and practices (even when intended to stimulate reflection and improvement) is frequently seen as being disloyal to the institution. Because of the growing crises caused by world overpopulation, I argue that the Catholic church's opposition to all artificial methods of birth control now lacks whatever moral force it might have had when originally promulgated. By highlighting theological perspectives that might be appropriate for the ecological realities of the 21st century, I hope the church will see the wisdom of reevaluating many of its positions in the light of rapidly approaching ecological imperatives.

Catholicism↗
PubMed2005

Implementations of translational medicine.

New developments in science are rapidly influencing and shaping basic and clinical research and medicine. This has led to the emergence of multiple opportunities and challenges on many levels in the bio-medical and other associated fields. To face these opportunities and challenges, new concepts and strategies are needed. These can be provided by translational research/medicine as an integrative concept based on a multidirectional understanding of research and medicine embedded in a socio-economical environment. Although the implementation of translational research/medicine faces many obstacles, some of its goals have already been part of new programs in local institutions and in medical or scientific societies. These implementations are important in creating a unified national and international system of translational research/medicine.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[Corpus Hermeticum in history].

The originator and founder of hermetism was the mythical Hermes Trismegistos, a deity of the syncretic Hellenistic religion that came into being through the identification of the Greek god Hermes with the Egyptian god Thot. In later Hellenistsic times various hermetic writers considered Hermes Trismegistos to have been a historical personage, a king, prophet and philosopher (physician), as well as author of many widely disseminated writings that made up the so-called Corpus Hermeticum (eighteen separate treatises from the 2nd-4th centuries AD) and the so-called Emerald Table (Tabula Smaragdina). The Corpus Hermeticum is a collection of treatises of a philosophical, religious, theological as well as theosophical nature. The collection played an important role in the development of the philosophy of alchemy and hermetism, and formed the basis for an alchemist philosophy of nature. There are currently two views among scholars on the origins of hermetism. According to one, hermetism derived directly from Egypt, while according to the other it orginated in Greece. In the years 1945-46 a number of hermetic texts forming part of the now famous gnostic "library" were discovered in Nag-Hammadi (Chenosboskion) in Upper Egypt. The Coptic texts from Nag-Hammadi date from the middle of the 4th century AD, and according to experts are translations from the Greek. Some authors (R. Reitzenstein and T. Zieliński) have suggested that along with the appearance in Egypt of the Hermetic Books, attributed to Hermes Trismegistos, there also appeared a new god in Egypt, Poimandres, and a new religion was established, hermetism, which competed for influence with Christianity. The present article discusses the main of the hermetic treatises, including Poimandres, which contains an account of the creation of the world. The article also discusses the reasons for the decline of hermetism as a religion and stresses that in spite of this decline the doctrine managed to survive in the form of alchemic hermetism, which played an important role in the culture of the Renaissance. The article also cites the voluminous work by W. Scott and A. S. Ferguson (1924-1936), and A. D. Nock and A. -J. Festugiére (1945-1964), which contains contemporary, English and French, commentaries on and translations of the Corpus Hermeticum texts.

Alchemy↗
PubMed1990

[Correspondence theory: an empirical scientific position in relation to mind-body relations in psychosomatic medicine].

This paper presents a proposal regarding a concept of mind-body relationships which can be employed in clinical psychosomatics. Taking into account advances in the empirical sciences, it is termed nominalistic or constructivistic correspondence theory. Arguments are developed on the basis of several assertions: a) The "problem" has shifted from an ontologic to an epistemologic one; b) Psychical and somatic spheres are ways of dealing with experiences of an observer-agent which constitute "theories" to account for them; c) Both domains exhibit causal regularities, albeit of a different nature, and their elements show a "semiotic correspondence", not a material interaction. Their bonds stem from relational constructs developed in action, interaction and reflection. The discourses so created can be integrated into theories dealing with clinical phenomena. Differences between the outlined approach and others are pointed out, along with some of its advantages, shortcomings, and applications.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Overseeing organizations: configuring action and its environment.

Despite the widespread deployment of CCTV through most major cities and towns in great Britain, and the importance of surveillance to contemporary debates within the social sciences, there remains relatively little detailed research concerned with the practical use of these technologies in the workplace. In this paper, we examine how personnel in the operation rooms in London Underground use CCTV and related equipment to identify problems and events and to develop a co-ordinated response. In particular, we consider how personnel configure scenes to make sense of and interpret the conduct of the travelling public in organizationally relevant ways, and how they shape the ways in which both passengers and staff see and respond to each others' actions. In addressing how personnel constitute the sense and significance of CCTV images, we reflect on the development of information processing systems which are designed to automatically detect conduct and events.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

[Dangerous liasions - Swedish-German contacts in Nazi medicine 1933-1945].

Sweden and Germany have developed extensive scientific, economical and cultural contacts since many centuries. During the nazi period in Germany 1933-1945 several Swedish physicians, although still a minority, were influences by the ideology of nazi medicine, often following an outspoken admiration for German science and culture in the first place. THe most prominent representative of Swedish nazi-oriented physicians was Ake Berglund (1898-1976), Alsten, Stockholm. He was working as a general practitioner and became the writer of several papers and pamphlets on questions related to the development in Germany and issues of public health. His interest in social medicine was combined with the ideology of racial biology and selection on health grounds. DUring the war years, Berglund was active in different nazi organisations and therefore under surveillance by the Swedish security police, which resulted in several classified reports on his political activities. In 1954, Berglund tried to defend an academic thesis on his ideological visions of a social medicine serving the race and the people. This thesis was however rejected by the Board of Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, due to shortcomings and ideological biases. In retrospect it seems as if Ake Berglund was a complicated man and physician travelling a hard road on his way to nazi political ideology, marked by problems and heated debates with political antagonists. At the end of his life, Berglund turned into a Christian believer, and defended things that might not have been the case during his earlier years. Further studies will explore other Swedish-German contacts in medicine during this period.

Family Practice↗
PubMed2002

Automatic ontology construction from the literature.

Detailed classifications, controlled vocabularies and organised terminology are widely used in different areas of science and technology. Their relatively recent introduction in molecular biology has been crucial for progress in the analysis of genonics and massive proteomics experiments. Unfortunately the construction of the ontologies, including terminology, classification and entity relations requires considerable effort, including the analysis of massive amounts of literature. We propose here a method that automatically generates classifications of gene-product functions using bibliographic information. The corresponding classification structures mirror the ones constructed by human experts. The analysis of a large structure built for yeast gene-products, and the detailed inspection of various examples, show encouraging properties. In particular, the comparison with the well accepted GO ontology points to different situations in which the automatically derived classification can be useful for assisting human experts in the annotation of ontologies.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed2004

Parasite genome databases and web-based resources.

In the last decade, high-throughput genome sequencing and complementary techniques such as microarray and proteomics have generated, and will continue to generate, ever-increasing amounts of data. These technologies of gene discovery, expression, and functional analysis have been applied to a vast array of organisms, including parasites. In most instances, the data are freely available via the Internet, and researchers are becoming increasingly reliant on up-to-date, centralized data repositories to complement wet bench science. This chapter presents an overview of resources relevant to researchers with an interest in para-site genomics and biology. After briefly touching on some of the publicly available nucleotide and protein sequence as well as domain databases, the focus turns to parasite genome projects and associated Web-based resources. A list of parasite sequencing projects current at the time of writing, including relevant Web site addresses, is provided. The available resources range from network sites and project pages at sequencing institutes to databases that integrate and curate sequence data and associated annotation with diverse biological datasets. Particular attention is given to three databases, GeneDB (http://www.genedb.org/), PlasmoDB (http://plasmodb. org/), and tigr db, detailing the scope of each database and the tools available for data querying and retrieval.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

World War II-veteran male twins who are discordant for alcohol consumption: 24-year mortality.

The role of genetic and shared environmental influences in the association of alcohol with mortality was studied by using the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council World War II-veteran male twin registry. An epidemiologic questionnaire administered from 1967 through 1969 permitted identification of twin pairs discordant for alcohol consumption. The subsequent 24 years of mortality follow-up yielded data on time and cause of death. Analyzing the first or only death in drinking-discordant pairs, we observed 27 deaths in abstainer twins and 14 deaths in their light- to moderate-drinker cotwins (relative risk [RR] = 1.93). Excess mortality in twin abstainers was also indicated for deaths from cardiovascular diseases (RR = 2.0) and other causes of death excluding cancers (RR = 3.2). The protective effect, however, of light to moderate drinking did not persist in twins who were smokers at baseline.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed2005

Reduction of biological properties by means of functional sub-types.

The general aim of this paper is to propose a reductionist strategy to higher-level property types. Starting from a common ground in the philosophy of science, I shall elaborate on possible realizer differences of higher-level property types. Because of the realizer types' causal heterogeneity, an introduction of functional subtypes of higher-level properties will be suggested. Each higher-level functional sub-type corresponds to one realizer type. This means that there is the theoretical possibility to reach some kind of type-identity and this opens up the way for theory reduction in a more complete manner. This kind of type-identity will go beyond the common ground of the identity of tokens and their reductive explanation. In the second part of the paper, this reductionist strategy will be applied to a specific debate in the philosophy of biology--the reductionist approach to classical genetics from a molecular point of view.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular electronics: some views on transport junctions and beyond.

The field of molecular electronics comprises a fundamental set of issues concerning the electronic response of molecules as parts of a mesoscopic structure and a technology-facing area of science. We will overview some important aspects of these subfields. The most advanced ideas in the field involve the use of molecules as individual logic or memory units and are broadly based on using the quantum state space of the molecule. Current work in molecular electronics usually addresses molecular junction transport, where the molecule acts as a barrier for incoming electrons: This is the fundamental Landauer idea of "conduction as scattering" generalized to molecular junction structures. Another point of view in terms of superexchange as a guiding mechanism for coherent electron transfer through the molecular bridge is discussed. Molecules generally exhibit relatively strong vibronic coupling. The last section of this overview focuses on vibronic effects, including inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy, hysteresis in junction charge transport, and negative differential resistance in molecular transport junctions.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2001

[The laboratory animal - measuring device and/or fellow-creature?].

The Animal Protection Law is oriented anthropocentrically and is trying to preserve human interests in animal utilisation, as well as doing justice to the indisputable responsibility towards the animals. The law is using the term "fellow-creature" but at the same time, it is regulating the objectification and exploitation of the animals. Both views can be derived largely from the Judeo-Christian tradition in the West. Today, the ambivalent attitude towards animals has reached extreme proportions. Large numbers of animals are being valued as man's companion or even as members of the family and, at the same time, are being utilised on a massive scale as industrial products or instruments of research. The conflicts arising out of this ambiguous contact with animals are being dealt with by those concerned, scientists in animal experimentation or animal keepers, in various ways. They are developing individual strategies and, in this, are being supported by the animal protection legislation. The question remains if true fellowship between humans and animals wouldn't be - finally - more beneficial and salutary for mankind, even if animal exploitation certainly has some advantage.

Animal Welfare↗