Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Chlorhexidine”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Effect of Peroxyl mouthrinse on chlorhexidine staining of teeth.

The efficacy of Peroxyl mouthrinse in reducing the extrinsic stain produced by Peridex, a chlorhexidine mouthrinse, was evaluated in a double-blind, three-month clinical study. Intraoral safety, extrinsic tooth stain and plaque accumulation scores were determined on 119 healthy adult subjects at baseline and at 30-, 60- and 90-day intervals following use of Peroxyl or placebo formulations in combination with the Peridex product. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The test group used the chlorhexidine mouthrinse plus Peroxyl mouthrinse, while the control group used the chlorhexidine mouthrinse plus a placebo mouthrinse. All participants were given an oral prophylaxis prior to use of the mouthrinses. The assigned mouthrinse combinations were used by 58 test and 61 control subjects, who followed specific toothbrushing and mouthrinse regimens throughout the three-month period. Both the examiner and the subjects were unaware of the identities of the products tested. Use of Peroxyl mouthrinse significantly reduced extrinsic tooth stain produced by chlorhexidine rinsing. The mean stain scores for all teeth were significantly lower for the Peroxyl/chlorhexidine group, at 60 and 90 days of use, compared to the placebo/chlorhexidine group. At all three time points, the mean stain scores of the anterior teeth of the individuals using Peroxyl/chlorhexidine rinses had significantly less stain compared to the placebo/chlorhexidine rinse group means. No intraoral soft tissue side effects, attributed to product use, were observed or reported throughout the study.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Effect of chlorhexidine on bacterial fibrinolytic and collagenolytic activity].

Destructive periodontal diseases are characterized by tissue breakdown partly mediated by various enzymes originating from bacteria and/or tissue. Collagen and fibronectin are two of the main substrates available for enzyme activity. Since chlorhexidine is largely used during and after periodontal therapy, we have investigated the effects of chlorhexidine upon some bacterial proteases. Our data indicate that chlorhexidine inhibits, on a dose-dependent manner, both fibronectin and collagen hydrolysis mediated by either bacteroides (porphyromonas) gingivalis or bacteroides intermedius. Thus, it might be hypothesized that a side from its bactericidal activity, chlorhexidine helps to prevent periodontal tissue destruction directly by enzyme inhibition.

Bacteroides↗
PubMed1990

[In vitro prompt killing by chlorhexidine of human colorectal carcinoma cell lines].

Cell lines of human colorectal carcinoma were used to test the prompt killing effect of chlorhexidine in several concentrations of normal saline or distilled water 0.25g/L 5-fluorouracil in normal saline was used as positive control. Normal saline was used as negative control. It was found that chlorhexidine were more effective than 5-fluorouracil as shown by the proliferation of cells, the mitotic index and the morphology of cells. New passages of cells failed to proliferate and died in 19 days after chlorhexidine treatment. The authors came to the conclusion that 0.2g/L chlorhexidine in distilled water can be used for irrigation of the peritoneal and pelvic cavities on the end of colorectal carcinoma resection to prevent implantation metastasis and infection.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Effectiveness of oral chlorhexidine for reducing stomatitis in a pediatric bone marrow transplant population.

Disruption of the oral mucosal lining and the lack of normal defense mechanisms predispose bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients to life-threatening infections, often caused by oral flora. Chlorhexidine, used as an oral antiseptic, appears promising in limiting oral bacteria and fungi, and therefore, may decrease oral complications associated with BMT. The purpose of this study was to determine in pediatric BMT recipients if a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse, used as an adjunct to normal in-hospital oral care regimens, would decrease the severity of oral mucositis as measured by oral ulcerations, bacteremia, and length of hospital stay. Forty-seven pediatric BMT subjects were included in this double-blind study. Subjects were instructed to use 15 ml of a mouthrinse 3 times daily to be swished and gargled for 30 sec. Each subject had 7 oral sites scored for the percentage of ulcerated mucosa twice weekly until day +35 or hospital discharge or death. Blood was cultured daily during neutropenia. Additionally, the number of days from onset of cytoreduction to hospital discharge or death was recorded for each subject. Alpha was set at .05. There was no significant difference in the severity of oral ulceration between the chlorhexidine and placebo groups (P = .18). Chlorhexidine did not reduce the development of bacteremia (P greater than .5), nor did it significantly decrease the length of hospital stay (P = .68).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of two commercially available chlorhexidine mouthrinses: II. Effects on plaque reformation, gingivitis, and tooth staining.

Several chlorhexidine mouthwashes are now produced commercially but which differ in concentration and regimen of use. This study compared a 0.1% formulation with a 0.2% formulation for effects on plaque reformation, development of gingivitis, and tooth staining. The investigation was a single blind cross-over design employing 14 volunteers with a high standard of oral hygiene and gingival health. The rinses were used twice a day during two 19 day periods using the regiments recommended by each manufacturer and as a replacement for mechanical oral hygiene practices. A baseline zero plaque score was obtained at the beginning of each period with a 16-day washout allowed between the two periods. Parameters of gingival inflammation were scored at baseline and then, together with plaque and tooth stain scores, at 12 and 19 days. All indices of gingival inflammation and plaque were significantly increased at days 12 and 19 with the 0.1% mouthwash formulation. Little evidence of tooth staining was noted with the 0.1% formulation. The 0.2% mouthwash produced the characteristic staining noted with most chlorhexidine preparations. Based on the findings of this study and a previous laboratory investigation, it is concluded that the reduced antiplaque activity of the 0.1% formulation resulted from inactivation of chlorhexidine within the product rather than from the reduced dose of chlorhexidine used.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of effects of alcohol, chlorhexidine cream, and iodophore cream on venous catheter-associated infections.

The effects of alcohol, chlorhexidine cream and iodophor cream on the infectious complications associated with intravenous catheters were studied. One hundred and fifty patients were randomly allocated into each antiseptic group. Daily cleansing and disinfecting the cut down wounds were done with the above antiseptics. Minor surgical wound infections were found in one patient in the alcohol and iodophor group compared to five in the chlorhexidine group. Phlebitis complicated four patients, two in the iodophor group and one in each of the remaining groups. Only one patient in the chlorhexidine group had septicaemia due to A. antitratus. Thirty-four catheter tips (22.7%) yielded bacteria on culture. Incidence of positive tip cultures was significantly higher in the chlorhexidine group than in the other two. The rates of positive tip cultures correlated with duration of catheterization. It is concluded that alcohol is the antiseptic of choice for cut down wounds. Application of antiseptic cream to the wounds was less effective than alcohol and this practice should be discouraged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The effect of chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sanguis biofilms.

The bactericidal effect of chlorhexidine on Streptococcus sanguis biofilms was investigated and compared with its effect on suspensions of the organism. The biofilms were found to be more resistant to the bactericidal effects of chlorhexidine than the bacterial suspensions in terms of the number of surviving organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) being 25 and 50 micrograms/ml, respectively, for the suspension and the 24 h biofilm. The age of the biofilm had a marked effect on the number of bacteria surviving. Older (72 h) biofilms tended to be more resistant to chlorhexidine than younger (24 h) ones, with the MIC being 200 and 50 micrograms/ml, respectively. Addition of blood to the test system greatly reduced the bactericidal effect of the chlorhexidine, increasing the MIC for the 24 h biofilm from 50 to 200 micrograms/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Anaphylactic symptoms due to chlorhexidine gluconate.

Six patients who developed urticaria, dyspnea, and anaphylactic shock due to topical application of chlorhexidine gluconate solution are described. Chlorhexidine gluconate was confirmed as the causative agent of type I hypersensitivity by intradermal, scratch, and epicutaneous tests. To prevent life-threatening adverse reactions, it seems important to use chlorhexidine gluconate on wound surfaces at a concentration of 0.05%, as recommended by the manufacturer; chlorhexidine gluconate may not be suitable for application to mucous membranes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Effect of preoperative shampoos with chlorhexidine or iodophor on emergence of resident scalp flora in neurosurgery.

Wound contamination with endogenous bacterial scalp flora plays an important role in the pathogenesis of postoperative neurosurgical infections. To assess the effect of preoperative antiseptic shampoos on the emergence of resident scalp flora during surgery and subsequent wound contamination, we randomized 151 neurosurgical procedures into four study groups: group A--preoperative shampoos with chlorhexidine, surgical scalp preparation with chlorhexidine; group B--no shampoos, surgical preparation with chlorhexidine; group C--shampoos with iodophor, surgical preparation with iodophor; group D--no shampoos, surgical preparation with iodophor. Quantitative cultures of the scalp were obtained preoperatively and at the end of surgery, and qualitative wound cultures were taken prior to wound closure. Group A had the lowest concentration of bacteria on the scalp both preoperatively and postoperatively (median range = 30 [0-5.7 x 10(5)] and 0 [0-2.5 x 10(3)] respectively). Group A also had significantly fewer positive postoperative scalp cultures (29%) than groups B (51%), C (58%), and D (53%) (P less than 0.05), as well as fewer positive wound cultures (20% v 25%, 42%, and 30% respectively). A density of bacteria on the scalp of greater than 10(2)/4cm2 best predicted the presence of bacteria in the wound. Repeated preoperative shampoos with chlorhexidine reduce intraoperative emergence of resident skin flora and subsequent contamination of the wound.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells exposed to chlorhexidine gluconate.

The adhesion of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) exposed to chlorhexidine gluconate either in vivo or in vitro, was studied using BEC obtained from an adult and two children. There was a significant reduction in the adherence of yeasts to BEC collected immediately after an oral rinse of chlorhexidine. Also a significant positive correlation was noted (r = 0.99) between the time which elapsed after a chlorhexidine rinse and yeast adhesion to BEC. In-vitro exposure of BEC from both children and the adult to 0.2%, 0.02%, and 0.002% chlorhexidine, also reduced candidal adhesion to BEC.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1993

The use of intermittent chlorhexidine bladder irrigation in the prevention of post-prostatectomy infective complications.

The efficacy of peri-operative intermittent bladder irrigation with 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate solution in the prevention of post-prostatectomy infective complications was assessed in men with pre-operative indwelling urinary catheters. Thirty-two consecutive patients undergoing transvesical prostatectomy were randomly allocated to the test group (chlorhexidine irrigation) and control group (saline irrigation). Pre-operatively, intermittent chlorhexidine bladder irrigation achieved sterile urine in only 3 of 13 patients, in the rest bacteriuria persisted. However, the irrigation was able to reduce significantly (P < 0.05) the incidence of intra-operative bacteraemia and severe wound infection. Furthermore, septicaemia was absent and post-operative urinary catheter requirements and hospital stay were shortened. Histology of bladder mucosal biopsies revealed that 0.05% chlorhexidine used on intermittent basis caused no injuries.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

[Anaphylactic shock by ophthalmic wash solution containing chlorhexidine].

A 58 year-old male patient developed anaphylactic shock, possibly due to the use of chlorhexidine as ophthalmic wash solution. He was successfully resuscitated without any sequelae. The patient had increased levels of both histamine and tryptase. The skin test for allergy resulted in strong positive to chlorhexidine. There have been many reports regarding severe adverse reactions associated with use of chlorhexidine. It is necessary to pay attention to anaphylactic shock due to chlorhexidine.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1995

Effect of chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash on the plaque microflora in children using intra oral appliances.

The effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth wash (Hexidine) on the plaque microflora was evaluated on children wearing intra oral removable appliances. Plaque samples were collected from the enamel sections, both primary and permanent, mounted on the removable appliances. These appliances were worn by 12 children for one week. Plaque was allowed to accumulate on the in situ test sites and on the adjacent natural dentition. At the end of the experimental period the plaque microflora associated with the enamel sections were compared with that obtained from lingual and interproximal areas of the lower molar teeth. It was also compared with a control group of 12 children without an appliance. In addition, the effect of 0.2% chlorhexidine mouth wash on the plaque microflora for the next 14 days was also determined on both the groups. Although some quantitative difference was found between the proportion of isolates obtained from the different enamel surfaces, it was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant increase in the isolates of plaque microflora after the insertion of removable appliance in children which decreased significantly with the use of 10 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash twice a day. The study indicates that the primary and permanent tooth specimens mounted on the intra-oral device collected plaque microflora similar to that present on the adjacent natural dentition and that chlorhexidine gluconate mouth wash therapy is effective in reducing plaque microflora in children with removable appliances.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1996

The effect of local application of chlorhexidine on plaque and gingivitis.

This study compared the effects on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation, of a 0.2 percent chlorhexidine solution applied with an interdental brush, with the effects of the interdental brush with control solution. Thirty-three subjects with at least one tooth-bounded edentulous space were chosen. The trial was of a double-blind, cross-over design with two, 28-day active periods separated by a 21-day rest period. The experimental solution was 0.2 percent aqueous chelorhexidine, and 0.1 percent quinine solution was used as the control. Prior to the commencement of the trial, plaque accumulation at the sites to be tested was recorded using the Plaque Index. Gingival condition was recorded using the Gingival Index. The surfaces were carefully scaled and cleaned to reduce the Plaque Index to 0. Subjects cleaned the selected tooth surfaces on a day using the interdental brush with the appropriate solution. After 28 days, the Plaque and Gingival Indices were recorded again. Normal oral hygiene was resumed during the rest period. The second trial followed the same format as the first, but with each subject using the alternative solution. Results were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for matched pairs. 1. The mean Plaque and Gingival Index scores were reduced over the 28-day trial period for both experimental and control groups. 2. Although the Plaque Index scores were slightly lower after treatment with chlorhexidine when compared with the control, the difference was not statistically significant. 3. The reduction in Gingival Index was significantly greater for the chlorhexidine group than for the control group. The results indicated that 0.2 percent aqueous chlorhexidine, applied with an interdental brush to tooth surfaces adjacent to edentulous spaces, produced a significantly greater improvement in gingival health than the interdental brush with a placebo quinine solution, but the reductions in plaque accumulation were similar with the two solutions.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

Multivariate analysis of surface physico-chemical properties controlling biofilm formation on orthodontic adhesives prior to and after fluoride and chlorhexidine treatment.

Biofilm formation on orthodontic adhesives is a serious clinical problem, as it leads to enamel demineralization around fixed orthodontic appliances, often leaving white spot lesions after their removal. The aim of this work was to determine the influence of surface physico-chemical properties of four commonly used orthodontic adhesives (Concise, Fuji ORTHO LC, Ketac Cem mu, and Transbond XT) on early bacterial biofilm formation. In addition, effects of two commercially available mouthrinses (0.05% sodium fluoride and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate) on these properties and biofilm formation were determined. Water contact angles on the adhesives decreased after fluoride and chlorhexidine treatment, concurrent with an increase in carbon and a decrease in oxygen surface concentrations, except for Transbond, as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. No fluorine was detected on any of the adhesive surfaces after fluoride treatment, while all surfaces showed chlorine after chlorhexidine treatment. Surface roughness of the adhesives measured using three-dimensional optical profilometry was around 4 microm and found not to be a factor governing early biofilm formation. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that early biofilm formation by Streptococcus sanguis could be explained in a model comprising hydrophobicity and the prevalence of oxygen- and nitrogen-rich components on the adhesive surfaces.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2000

Usefulness of an alcohol solution of N-duopropenide for the surgical antisepsis of the hands compared with handwashing with iodine-povidone and chlorhexidine: clinical essay.

BACKGROUND: The usual surgical antisepsis involves scrubbing the skin with antiseptic solutions. This procedure can damage the skin, with the subsequent risk of infection for the patient. There are several efficient and quick-acting antiseptic alcohol solutions that require no scrubbing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compare four alcohol solutions with the classic surgical handwashing products (chlorhexidine and iodine-povidone), in both in vitro (pigskin germ carriers) and in vivo studies. The latter (clinical essays) were done with healthy volunteers (crossed design) as well as with 154 surgical team members (Plastic Surgery or Traumatology), whose hand microbial flora were measured before and after scrubbing up and after surgery. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Because of its efficiency in the germ carrier, we chose a solution of N-duopropenide in 60 degrees alcohol with emollients for further comparison with the standard surgical scrub: 4% chlorhexidine and 7.5% iodine-povidone. The quantitative, semiquantitative, and qualitative results obtained with N-duopropenide without scrubbing were better in the healthy volunteers and surgical teams. This product reduced hand microorganisms by more than 2 log, and maintained the reduction for the entire study period. Four percent chlorhexidine initially reduced colonization more than 2 log but lost part of its effect over time during the surgical intervention. Last, 7.5% iodine-povidone reduced the germs by 1 log but at the end of surgery there were even more germs than before washing. CONCLUSION: Because of its efficacy, persistent effect, and skin protection, we advise that scrubbing with classic antiseptic solutions be replaced with gentle washing with an alcohol solution such as N-duopropenide in alcohol.

Aldehydes↗
PubMed1986

The diffusion in vitro of fluoride and chlorhexidine in the enamel of human deciduous and permanent teeth.

The permeability of human dental enamel was studied by following the diffusion of [51Cr]-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), F and [14C]-chlorhexidine using two-chamber diffusion cells. The [51Cr]-EDTA served as a marker to control the change in enamel permeability during the diffusion process. An average increase in enamel permeability of about 1.6-fold was recorded following the initial diffusion of the test compounds in the deciduous and permanent enamel. The permeability of deciduous enamel was much higher than that of permanent enamel. For [51Cr]-EDTA and [14C]-chlorhexidine, the average diffusion coefficient was about 30-fold more than in permanent enamel; for F it was 150-fold more. The difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Co-administration of F and [14C]-chlorhexidine showed a higher diffusion rate for each compound than when separately diffused. Whether this is due to a synergetic effect or to increased enamel permeability following the initial diffusion of the compound, or both, is still uncertain.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition of human subgingival plaque protease activity by chlorhexidine.

Subgingival plaque samples from three discrete sites in each of eight patients with adult chronic periodontitis were used to determine the ability of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mM chlorhexidine to inhibit bacterial proteolytic activity. This activity was measured by monitoring the increase in relative fluorescence (excitation and emission wavelengths of 495 and 525 nm, respectively) accompanying the degradation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled bovine serum albumin or FITC-labelled transferrin. Chlorhexidine at concentrations of as low as 0.01 mM inhibited the proteolytic degradation of both substrates by more than 50%. As the growth of dental plaque bacteria is dependent upon the liberation of nutrients (amino acids, peptides and carbohydrates) from host-derived macromolecules, similar effects in vivo might explain the ability of chlorhexidine to inhibit plaque formation at subminimal inhibitory concentrations.

Bacteria↗