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PubMed2004

Census of orthologous genes and self-organizing maps of biologically relevant transcriptional patterns in chickens (Gallus gallus).

The launch of large-scale chicken expressed sequence tags (EST) projects has placed the chicken in the lead for the number of EST sequences in agriculturally important animals. More than 451,000 chicken ESTs derived from over 158 libraries have been deposited in the NCBI dbEST database as of December 2003. But how many genes these ESTs represent and how they are expressed in different chicken tissues/organs remain undetermined. In the present research, we developed a human gene-based strategy for census of chicken orthologous genes and identification of their expression patterns. Among 34,157 human coding genes used in the study, BLAST analysis revealed that 11,066 genes provisionally matched 248,628 chicken ESTs. Based on the average EST abundance of the orthologous genes, the current public repository of chicken ESTs could represent approximately 20,000 provisional genes. Analysis of gene expression in 14 single tissues/organs showed that approximately 15% of genes were expressed exclusively in single tissue/organ whereas the remaining approximately 85% of genes were co-expressed in two or more tissues/organs. A majority (91.15%) of genes expressed in chicken embryos were also expressed at post-hatch stages, indicating that most genes activated in chicken embryos could serve housekeeping functions. Self-organizing maps (SOM) analysis organized 8807 provisional genes in selected chicken tissues into 98 clusters with each cluster being indicative of common regulatory factors and pathways. A total of 969 provisional orthologous genes were identified as preferentially expressed genes (PEGs) in various chicken tissues/organs (LOD>3.0). No doubt, the present study on gene expression patterns will provide insight into dynamics of metabolic pathways and tissue/organ programming and reprogramming in chickens.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

A census of mammalian imprinting.

Genomic imprinting, the parent-of-origin-specific silencing of a small proportion of genes, introduces a paradoxical vulnerability of hemizygosity into the diploid mammalian genome. To facilitate the evaluation of the biological and evolutionary significance of imprinting, we have collated a census of known imprinted genes, listing 83 transcriptional units of which 29 are imprinted in both humans and mice. There is a high level of discordance of imprinting status between the mouse and human, even when cases in which the orthologue is absent from one species are excluded. A high proportion of imprinted genes are noncoding RNAs or genes derived by retrotransposition. Accumulation of functional and comparative data for these genes will improve our understanding of imprinting and its contribution to mammalian evolution.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[French neurosurgical practice in neurooncology (national survey--part II). Census of current research protocols on brain tumors in France].

OBJECTIVE: This second part of the inquiry of the NeuroOncolgy Group of the French Neurosurgical Society was undertaken to evaluate the involvement of French neurosurgeons in brain tumor research. METHODS: In December 2003, A questionnaire called "Census of current and future research studies about brain tumors in your center" has been mailed to every French neurosurgical department. For each protocol, responders were asked to mention: the title of the protocol, its mono- or multi-centric design, the name of the principal investigator, the name of the neurosurgeon(s) involved in the study, the topic of the study (epidemiology, imaging, biology, genetics, therapy), tumor histology, financial support, and partners. RESULTS: Twenty-three centers responded. Sixty-three studies were described. There were 6 epidemiological studies, 7 imaging studies, 27 biological or genetic studies and 15 clinical trials concerning glial tumors, and 8 biological studies concerning non glial tumors. Each study is described in the text with the data previously mentioned. CONCLUSION: Despite the fact that several centers did not answer, this inquiry confirmed the strong involvement of French neurosurgeons in brain tumor research.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Using census information to estimate GP practice morbidity.

This paper shows how small area census data can be used to estimate the socio-demographic characteristics of GP practices. It provides information on the likely accuracy of the technique by applying it to estimates of the proportion of elderly patients within a practice (a statistic known from other sources) and produces evidence which suggests that the method is most successful where practices serve a high proportion of patients within their catchment.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Age- and sex-differentials in morbidity at the start of an epidemiological transition: returns from the 1880 U.S. Census.

This paper uses a new data set, the Public Use file of the 1880 U.S. Census of the Population, to examine national point prevalence rates of adult morbidity over the early phase of the United States epidemiologic transition. These historical data report health status at the individual level and allow the analysis of age and sex differentials in morbidity. Point prevalence rates of morbidity by major cause show that males generally had higher rates of morbidity and long-term disability than females, especially at mid-life and in old age. But large sex differences in the distribution of conditions by major cause occurred over two portions of the life course: in early adulthood and in old age. Age and sex differences in the distribution of adult morbidity reflected the health status divide of the communicable and degenerative conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Attaining health for all through community partnerships: principles of the census-based, impact-oriented (CBIO) approach to primary health care developed in Bolivia, South America.

This article describes a flexible primary health care methodology which was developed by Andean Rural Health Care and its colleagues in Bolivia, South America. This methodology, the census-based, impact-oriented (CBIO) approach to primary health care, involves determining local health priorities as defined both by locally acquired epidemiologic information and by the local people themselves. The CBIO approach to primary health care is now functioning successfully at seven program sites in Bolivia, which together serve 75,000 people in urban and rural communities in three distinct cultural and ecological regions of the country. High levels of coverage of basic health services can be achieved through a system of 'epidemographic' surveillance of all families and through home delivery, when needed, of priority services to those at risk. When the services provided are based on local health priorities, when they are provided in a technically effective manner, and when the community has a strong partnership in planning, implementation and evaluation, then the CBIO approach to primary health care will lead to measurable health improvements as defined by changes in population-based rates of mortality and illness in the community. On the basis of our experience, we believe that the CBIO approach offers great potential for strengthening the effectiveness of local health programs in impoverished communities around the world in a way which fosters community ownership and, hence, long-term sustainability.

Bolivia↗
PubMed2000

Insights from a large rural population laboratory. Health census '89 and '99.

PURPOSE: Data are limited on health status behaviors and use of health services for rural residents. Yet rural areas now have higher rates of chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, than urban areas.METHODS: A population laboratory (Health Census) was established in rural Central NY (Otsego County) to study these variables in this population. HC '89 was a door-to-door enumeration of all permanent households in the country. In 1989, 44,500 adults in 18,000 households provided data on individual health screenings, cancer and cardiovascular risk factors, health behaviors, chronic disease, access to care, preventive services use, health insurance and emergency department utilization. Data collection for HC '99 will identify 10-year trends; it also includes baseline data for children. Also, households in six surrounding rural counties (N = 10,000) were sampled; cost benefits of different survey methods were assessed. Questions about perceived health status, and special health and pediatric preventive care needs were included. After 10 years of social change, many limitations of traditional survey methods became apparent; much more varied and frequent types of follow-up were needed to achieve adequate response rates.RESULTS: The HC '89 final response rate was 86%. There were significant socioeconomic gradients in use of preventive services (blood pressure screening, rectal exams, mammograms and Pap smears). Adults without health insurance or Medicaid had much lower utilization rates of screening tests and higher rates of cigarette smoking and obesity. Several community intervention programs were implemented as a result of HC '89. HC '99 provides additional analyses to examine change in preventive service use, self-reported chronic disease, and health services use; it will likely verify the persistence of socioeconomic gradients. Response rates are similar to '89, but achieved only with more intensive reinforcement.CONCLUSIONS: HC '89 confirmed a lag in positive health indices in rural populations in Central NY. Both newer methodologies now needed and results of HC '99 will serve as guides for smaller rural counties to develop affordable local health surveys and plan intervention strategies.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

The definition, diagnosis, and management of growth-discordant twins: an international census survey.

In order to establish a protocol considering the definition, diagnosis, and management of growth-discordant twin gestations, a questionnaire was sent to 96 authors of twin-related obstetric articles. The views of the 61 responders comprise this international census survey. The data suggest that a clear cut-off value for discordancy is still needed; however, the data indirectly supported a two-grade definition, namely, mild (greater than 15% and less than 25% birth-weight disparity) and severe (greater than 25%) growth discordants. Expectant management was advocated by the majority of participants with out-patient follow-up for mild discordants, while severe discordants may preferably be hospitalized. Follow-up should be done by non-stress testing (daily - 2/wk), biophysical profile (1-2/wk), Doppler velocimetry (1/wk - bi-weekly) and sonographic biometry (bi-weekly). The opinions considering termination of pregnancy because of intertwin growth discordancy were divided; however, discordancy per se, was not considered an indication for cesarean delivery. An adapted management flowchart that summarizes the survey's data is presented and may be used as a standard for future investigations.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1976

A comparative field trial, conducted without pre-treatment census baiting, of the rodenticides zinc phosphide, thallium sulphate and gophacide against Rattus norvegicus.

The effectiveness of the single-dose poison treatments of farm rat infestations, analysed by comparing the weights of the post-treatment census bait takes in covariance with the weights of the prebait takes, showed that treatments with 2-5% zinc phosphide, 0-3% thallium sulphate or 0-3% gophacide were equally effective and significantly better than were treatments with 1% zinc phosphide or 0-1% thallium sulphate. The methodology and sensitivity of different analyses are also considered.

Amidines↗
PubMed1977

A census study of mental illness in Samsø.

Census data from the Danish island of Samsø have provided information on all but 20% of the population. Fifty per cent of the population with past or present mental illness had been referred to the psychiatric service during the 18-year-period 1957--74; the proportion varied from 85% for patients with psychoses (100% for schizophrenic patients, and 90% for manic-depressive patients) to 43% with non-psychotic disorders. The frequency of past and present mental illness was 24%, higher for women with manic-depressive disorders, psychogenic (reactive) psychoses, and neuroses. The possible reasons for these and other findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Psychotic illness in ethnic minorities: clarification from the 1991 census.

Age and sex-adjusted first admission rates for operationally-defined schizophrenia and other non-affective psychosis in different ethnic groups were calculated over the period 1988-1992 in a defined catchment area in South London. Standardized rates for schizophrenia, corrected for age- and gender-related under-reporting in the 1991 census and a 20% underestimate of the size of the ethnic minority populations in the area, were not only higher in the Afro-Caribbean group (SMR: 3.1; 95% C1:2.0-4.7), but also in the African group (SMR: 4.2; 95% C1: 2.8-6.2). It was further found that higher rates were not specific to schizophrenia. These findings suggest that some common factor associated with ethnic minority membership is important in producing an excess of psychotic illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Selective screening of hospitalized patients for the presence of asymptomatic hepatitis B virus carriage: predictability based on census tract data.

Review of all hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients reported to the county health department over the past 3 years showed that 60% of patients had been diagnosed at our hospital, which serves an inner city, predominantly black, indigent population. Sera from 524 adult patients admitted to the hospital were prospectively collected and tested for hepatitis B surface antigen, eight (1.5%) of which were antigen-positive. Census tract data allowed us to perform selective screening of sera from 95 other patients who were subsequently hospitalized and deemed "high risk" for hepatitis B infection. Nine of 95 (9.5%) selectively screened samples were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, which represented a significantly higher rate of antigen carriage (P less than 0.0001) in hospitalized patients from "high risk" areas than that found in the general population screen. The methodology presented herein may be useful in providing a means of identifying hepatitis B surface antigen-positive patients from adult, urban, indigent care populations.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Evaluating local differences in breast cancer incidence rates: a census-based methodology (United States).

OBJECTIVES: We used readily accessible, existing data to assess whether or not geographic variation in breast cancer incidence rates in the San Francisco Bay Area was related to the unequal distribution of known breast cancer risk factors. METHODS: Cancer registry and 1990 census block-group data were used to look at the associations between breast cancer incidence and known risk factors (including parity, urban/rural status, and socioeconomic indicators) in 25 California counties. Average annual age-adjusted invasive breast cancer incidence rates were calculated for the period 1988-1992, and adjusted morbidity ratios were computed. RESULTS: While breast cancer incidence in Marin County was 9 percent higher than that of the other 24 counties combined (relative risk = 1.09, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.01-1.18), this increase appeared to be due to the unequal distribution of known risk factors. Block-groups that had a high level of any risk factor had higher incidence rates, regardless of geographic location. After multivariate adjustment, breast cancer incidence no longer differed between Marin and the other counties (adjusted morbidity ratio = 1.02). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the unequal distribution of known risk factors was responsible for Marin County's high breast cancer incidence rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The role and self-perceived training needs of nurses employed in general practice: observations from a national census of practice nurses in England and Wales.

This paper outlines the results of a national census of practice nurses in England and Wales. It not only shows that the numbers of practice nurses have increased dramatically in recent years but also demonstrates how their role has evolved. Many practice nurses are now involved in health promotion, and home visiting, as well as advice and counselling. The findings also indicate that many practice nurses express a need for training. Continuing education for practice nurses is important in ensuring practice nurses are fully qualified and trained for the tasks they undertake. In addition, it also enables them to develop their role and work alongside other community health professionals.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Social class and census-based deprivation scores: which is the best predictor of stillbirth rates?

This study investigates whether social class or a census-based deprivation score is a better predictor of stillbirth rates using data for 1993-5 for residents of South Thames (West) Region. Social class is routinely coded for 10% of live births and 100% of stillbirths. A Townsend deprivation score was assigned to each stillbirth and each live birth with a social class code, according to their electoral ward of residence. In unifactorial analyses of stillbirth rate the relationship was stronger with social class (P = 0.008) than with Townsend score (P = 0.11). Both relationships were strengthened by including those births recorded as social class 'other' ['other' vs. social class I odds ratio (OR) = 2.27, P < 0.001; lower vs. upper septile deprivation score OR = 1.45, P = 0.07)]. When social class and Townsend score were analysed together, the ORs for social class remained similar to before, but the Townsend ORs were reduced and non-significant overall. We conclude that social class, which is based on data on each individual, is a better predictor of stillbirth than Townsend score, which is based on data from the area of residence. We recommend further investigation of the stillbirth risk in the subgroups that make up the 'other' social class.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

The 4th quinquennial national community mental health nursing census of England and Wales.

Since 1980, a survey of community mental health nursing has been conducted in the United Kingdom, at five-yearly intervals. These three data sets have been uniquely useful in plotting trends in Community Mental Health Nursing (CMHN) activity over time. Substantial administrative changes to the National Health Service have taken place in England and Wales since 1990, however, and these have impacted on the nature of mental health service provision. These changes have implications for all mental health service personnel and, in particular, the work of community mental health nurses. This article presents selected findings from the national census, conducted between 1996 and 1997. It sets these findings within the context of data derived from the three previous national studies in the series and within the contemporary national policy context and discusses the substantive implications which flow from the changes detected over time in the practice, organisation and management, and education of community mental health nurses in England and Wales.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed2000

Inequitable distribution of general practitioners in Australia: analysis by state and territory using census data.

The objective of this study was to describe the distribution of general practitioners in each State and Territory, stratified by statistical division and adjusted for estimated community need. The location of general practitioners was obtained from the 1996 Census of Population and Housing. Community need was estimated from crude death rates supplied by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. On average there are 920 people per full-time general practitioner in Australia. Three States are relatively oversupplied by up to 5% (Australian Capital Territory) and the rest are relatively undersupplied by up to 12% (Western Australia). Adjusted for estimated need, the Australian Capital Territory is oversupplied by 71% compared with all of Australia, while Western Australia is undersupplied by 15%. More marked differences occur within the States, with the statistical division containing each capital city in each State that is relatively overserved. The greatest oversupply is in Sydney, where 33% fewer people share a full-time general practitioner than the whole of New South Wales (adjusted for need, oversupply in Sydney is 63%). Relative undersupply is greatest in Queensland, with 133% more people sharing each general practitioner in the north-west statistical division compared with the whole State. The distribution of general practitioners between and within States and Territories is unequal and inequitable. In each State, capital cities tend to be relatively oversupplied compared with more rural areas. While these data do not inform the absolute level of service needed in a community; they do suggest that strategies to redress the inequitable distribution are required.

Australia↗
PubMed1997

Using the 1991 Census SAR in a multilevel analysis of male unemployment.

"The Sample of Anonymised Records drawn from the 1991 [United Kingdom] Census is used to model geographical, demographic, and socioeconomic variations in male unemployment by means of multilevel logit models. The underlying structure of the problem is such that cells in a multiway cross-tabulation of individual characteristics (level 1) are nested within places (level 2). Geographical variations in male unemployment are found even after allowing for age, marital status, ethnicity, higher education qualifications, social class, and industry."

Developed Countries↗