Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cefadroxil”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Comparison of antibiotic dosage regimens using pharmacokinetic and microbiologic factors.

A pharmacokinetic meta-analysis was performed for 33 antibiotics used in treating infections caused by microorganisms for which the antibiotics are considered to be agents of first choice or primary alternatives. The pharmacokinetic indices assessed were the following components of the steady-state blood concentration-time profile: the magnitude of the peak antibiotic serum concentration at steady state compared with the minimum inhibitory concentration (CSSmax/MIC) and the intensity index, a dimensionless term that reflects the contribution of the peak serum antibiotic concentration and the duration that this concentration is above the MIC. Substantial differences in CSSmax/MIC and intensity-index values were observed among antibiotics within an antibiotic class for individual microorganisms and for groups of microorganisms. Piperacillin, amikacin, and tetracycline showed the best mean performances of the ureido penicillins, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines, respectively. For the cephalosporins, cefadroxil displayed the highest mean values of the first-generation cephalosporins; cefuroxime and cefotetan showed the greatest measures for the second-generation agents; and all third-generation cephalosporins demonstrated very high mean performance indices. Meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic performance factors is a useful technique for making intergroup and intragroup comparisons of antibiotics.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1985

Susceptibility of clinical isolates of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms to cefatrizine.

The in vitro activity of cefatrizine was evaluated against 294 Gram-positive and 270 Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Cefatrizine had excellent activity against Gram-positive cocci, inhibiting all except enterococci at minimal inhibitory concentrations below 1 mcg/ml. Moreover, cefatrizine was an effective antibacterial agent for most major Gram-negative species. Cefatrizine activity was tested against 34 strains of H. influenzae and 37 strains of K. pneumoniae and compared with that of other orally administered cephalosporins. Cefatrizine MIC50 values were much lower than those recorded for cephalexin and cefadroxil.

Cefatrizine↗
PubMed1985

Haemophilus influenzae: the current status of its in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobials.

Continuous surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains of Haemophilus influenzae (H. i.) is part of a routine surveillance of bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics. In this study a major attention was given to the clinically important antimicrobials used in the treatments of H. i. infections, namely ampicillin, chloramphenicol and some cephalosporin preparations. Antimicrobial susceptibility determinations carried out in 1983 and before on H.i. strains isolated in different Czech regions show a clear-cut tendency towards the higher incidence of strains resistant to ampicillin and its derivative amoxycillin. The rise in resistance to erythromycin was also observed. Susceptibility to chloramphenicol continues to remain unchanged. Of the cephalosporin antimicrobials tested (cephalothin, ceftriaxone, cefaperazone, cefsulodine and cefadroxil) the most active were ceftriaxone and cefaperazone. The need of a further continuation of surveillance of H.i. drug susceptibility patterns is strongly emphasized; to ensure effective treatment results antibiograms should be done in each case of H.i. infection.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1985

[Computerized analysis of activity profiles of beta-lactams].

This study was designed to compare the in vitro activities of recent cephalosporins and other beta-lactams. One of our objectives was to determine whether the microbiologist could use a single cephalosporin for routine antibiotic sensitivity testing. All the strains studied were recovered from outpatients. Sensitivity and/or resistance were evaluated by MIC determination, according to a program developed in our laboratory, using a personal computer. Using special programs, patterns of activities of beta-lactams were determined quantitatively and graphically for each bacterial strain tested. For most strains ceftriaxone, and to a lesser extent moxalactam and cefoperazone, exhibited greater antibacterial activity than the other beta-lactams, except against group D streptococci. For Enterobacteriaceae, cefadroxil is satisfactory in screening for in vitro activity of cephalosporins.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1985

Susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents.

In vitro antimicrobic susceptibility patterns of commonly isolated aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens of equine origin were determined, using the agar-plate dilution method. All organisms were recent clinical isolates and included Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, (coagulase positive) Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus sp, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella. In vitro susceptibility levels were outlined for 14 antimicrobics as follows: amikacin less than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/ml, ampicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, amoxicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, cefadroxil less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml, chloramphenicol less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml, erythromycin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, gentamicin less than or equal to 2.0 micrograms/ml, kanamycin less than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/ml, penicillin less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, tetracycline less than or equal to 1.0 microgram/ml, sulfadimethoxine less than or equal to 10.0 micrograms/ml, ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine less than or equal to 0.5/9.5 micrograms/ml, sulfadiazine less than or equal to 10.0 micrograms/ml, and trimethoprim/sulfadiazine less than or equal to 0.5/9.5 micrograms/ml.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1983

Cephalosporin antibiotics.

Cephalosporin antibiotics are bactericidal against most gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli of clinical importance. They are relatively nontoxic but like the penicillins may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Agents with clinically advantageous pharmacokinetics include cefazolin, moxalactam, and cefadroxil. First-generation cephalosporins are indicated for surgical prophylaxis and for treatment of most staphylococcal and streptococcal infections in patients who are allergic to penicillins. Activity against gram-negative bacilli increases from first- to third-generation drugs, but sensitive isolates should be treated with first-generation agents to prevent resistance to newer cephalosporins and to minimize the expense for the patient. Treatment of Bacteroides fragilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections is not entirely satisfactory with currently available agents. No cephalosporin is active against the enterococci, and superinfection with these organisms has occurred during treatment with moxalactam. Some experimental cephalosporins have improved activity against P. aeruginosa and gram-negative bacilli that are resistant to multiple drugs. A few of these agents have a very long half-life. It is likely that cephalosporin antibiotics will continue to proliferate.

Acinetobacter↗
PubMed1983

Compared sensitivities of 532 bacterial strains to six cephalosporins.

In this study measurements were made of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 6 cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefadroxil, cefoxatin and cefotaxime in comparison with cefalothin) against 532 bacterial strains isolated at the Regional Hospital Centre, Nantes, France, between 15.12.1977 and 15.3.1978. There were 163 Gram-positive bacteria of 2 species and 369 Gram-negative bacilli of 11 species and different genera. The results have been produced in the form of cumulative curves, in percentage for the most numerous genera or species. Cefalothin remained the most active on S. aureus and Listeria. Cefamandole came second. The action of the four other cephalosporins was very closely related to that in relation to S. aureus. For all the Gram-negative bacilli, Cefotaxime was the most active. Its MIC's can be up to more than 100 times lower than those of the other cephalosporins. Of the others, cefamandole appeared the best. It was difficult to classify the last four, as the MIC's may vary from one bacterial species to another. The bacterial activity (MBC) in a liquid medium was found for 178 of the strains (10 genera or species) of which one was Gram-positive (S. aureus). The ratio MBC/MIC (the measurements were taken in a liquid medium in all cases) confirmed the fact that all the cephalosporins are clearly bactericidal (the ratio was most often equal to 1 and sometimes to 2) for all the Gram-negative bacilli. Cefalothin and cefotaxime appeared the most bactericidal and cefamandole the least.

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacokinetic and microbiologic evaluation of antibiotic dosage regimens.

A retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis was performed for 165 antibiotic dosage regimens used in treating 15 microorganisms for which the antibiotics are considered to be agents of first choice or primary alternatives. The pharmacokinetic indices assessed were the three components of the steady-state temporal blood concentration profile: (1) the magnitude of the peak blood level at steady state compared with the minimum inhibitory concentration (Cmaxss/MIC); (2) the duration of the blood level above the MIC during each 72-hour period (number of hours per 72-hour period above MIC); and (3) the product of 1 and 2 (the intensity index). Considering the pharmacokinetic indices and antibiotics studied, ampicillin, cefadroxil (p.o.), cefazolin (i.v.), clindamycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline demonstrated the best pharmacokinetic performances for the penicillin, cephalosporin, macrolide-like, aminoglycoside, and tetracycline groups, respectively. The data suggest that some antibiotics may be effective at lower doses than commonly used, while others may need to be used more aggressively. Antibiotics with 80% or greater protein binding show no substantially reduced performance in the pharmacokinetic indices evaluated as compared with antibiotics bound less than 80%. Substantial differences are demonstrated in pharmacokinetic indices for dosage regimens used in treating specific microorganisms for which the antibiotics are considered the agents of choice or primary alternatives.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1995

Cephalosporin binding sites to human serum albumin and the relation with the N-B transition of this protein.

The binding of some cephalosporins to human serum albumin was studied using probes for the so-called I, II, bilirubin and fatty acids binding sites. The results showed that cephradine and cefsulodin bind to site II, cefaclor, cefamandole, cefsulodin, cephaloglycin and cefadroxil bind to the bilirubin binding site, while cefaclor does it to the fatty acid binding site. No binding of these cephalosporins to site I of albumin was found. The binding produced a perturbation on the N-B equilibrium of albumin, stabilizing the N conformational form, which suggests that the N form of albumin has more affinity with the cephalosporins than the B form. This finding gives support to the assumption that the binding of cephalosporins to site II, bilirubin and fatty acids binding sites affects the N-B transition of albumin.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1994

[Multicenter evaluation of oral antibiotics: resistance behavior in 5 Swiss centers].

The susceptibility of 2196 fresh clinical isolates to twelve different oral compounds was assessed in five Swiss microbiology institutions during summer 1992. A standardized microdilution system including all other material necessary was employed to assess the antibacterial activity of penicillin G, ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, amoxycillin + clavulanic acid, cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefetamet, doxycycline, erythromycin and clindamycin. The aminopenicillins (including the beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations) were highly active against the streptococci, in combination with a beta-lactamase inhibitor they covered the majority of the bla+ E. coli and Proteus mirabilis and between 60 to 80% of the Klebsiella spp. and Proteus vulgaris isolates. All the cephalosporins exhibited good activity against the streptococci, they were active against Gram-negative fermentative rods to a varying degree. Cefetamet was also active against many cefaclor and cefuroxime-resistant isolates. A considerable part of the species studied exhibited resistance to doxycycline; the observed resistance of S. agalactia, P. mirabilis, and Morganella morganii agreed with previous findings. Most of the Streptococcus spp. were inhibited by erythromycin and clindamycin. There were only single penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae isolates in the five Swiss centers. Taking account of the above particulars the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in Switzerland can be considered satisfactory.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute renal insufficiency in Kawasaki disease].

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease is an acute inflammatory condition characterized by various combinations of features but renal involvement is rare. This report is of a case of Kawasaki disease complicated by acute kidney failure. CASE REPORT: A 10 year-old girl was admitted because of acute renal failure with fever. She developed a high fever, and her general condition was poor; she had developed a macular erythematous rash 10 days earlier for which she was given cefadroxil. At admission, she remained febrile and had strawberry tongue, pharyngitis, dry erythematous lips, bilateral conjunctivitis, cervical lymphadenopathy and desquamation of the skin on her hands. She was anemic (hemoglobin = 9.6 g%), leukocytotic (33,100/mm3), but with no burr, fragmented red blood cells or thrombocytopenia. Her plasma C-reactive protein level was 236 mg/l; her blood urea was 9.5 mmol/l, her creatininemia 288 mumol/l and proteinuria was 0.5 g/l without hematuria. Urine cultures did not grow. Her blood transaminase and gammaglutamyltransferase activities were elevated. Ultrasonography of kidneys and coronary arteries was normal. Kidney biopsy performed one day after admission showed no vascular or glomerular changes, but renal tubular necrosis, indicating urinary excretion of pigments. Tests for myoglobinemia, myoglobinuria and blood muscle enzyme activities were all positive. The renal failure disappeared within 10 days but the fever and inflammatory manifestations persisted for 1 1/2-2 months despite two treatments of intravenous gammaglobulins and continuous salicylate administration. The patient developed arthralgias at the end of the first month of disease, but recovered without renal or vascular complications. CONCLUSIONS: Several cases of renal involvement have been reported during the course of Kawasaki disease. They have been rarely documented by histological examination so that the vascular origin of changes has not been demonstrated. Myoglobinuria, as seen in muscular crush injury, and in our case possibly due to malignant hyperthermia, may be responsible for the transient acute renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Detection of beta-lactamase production and enzyme profiles in Enterobacteriaceae isolated in Moldova.

In our study, out of 449 Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated between 1985 and 1990, 16 strains (3 Proteus, 6 nontyphoidal Salmonella, 7 Escherichia coli) were resistant both to Ampicillin- Sulbactam and Amoxycillin-Clavulanic acid associations. The activity profiles of the beta-lactamases produced by these resistant strains are described. Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 was used as test strain. The effect of the enzymatic filtrate against beta-lactam antibiotics: Ampicillin, Cloxacillin, Cefadroxil, Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, was followed up. The enzyme types were established according to the ability of inactivating the tested antibiotics. Penicillins and cephalosporins were inactivated by these enzymes, except for Carbenicillin and Oxacillin. These beta-lactamases were resistant to Sulbactam and Clavulanic acid. In the studied Salmonella strains they are plasmidic codified, demonstrating that they belong to a new beta-lactamase class.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanism of dipeptide stimulation of its own transport in a human intestinal cell line.

The initial objective of this study was to investigate whether the presence of dipeptide in the culture medium stimulates the uptake of dipeptide by a human intestinal cell line that expresses the oligopeptide transporter (Pept-1). The results showed that addition of glycylsarcosine (Gly-Sar) for 24 hr to the culture medium significantly increased the rate of glycylglutamine (Gly-Gln) uptake by Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, this stimulation in transport was also observed when Cefadroxil (beta-lactam antibiotic) instead of Gly-Gln was used as a probe but did not occur when Gly-Sar was added to the culture medium for only 2 hr or when Gly-Sar was substituted by a corresponding mixture of glycine plus sarcosine. The subsequent objective of the study was to investigate the mechanism of stimulation in transport described earlier. The results showed that the addition of Gly-Sar for 24 hr to the culture medium: (1) increased the Vmax of Gly-Gln transport by two-fold without affecting its Km, (2) increased the protein mass of Pept-1 by more than two-fold, (3) increased the abundance of Pept-1 mRNA by three-fold, and (4) had no effect on Gly-Gln transport when an inhibitor of trans-Golgi network (brefeldin) was added to the culture medium, but still increased the abundance of Pept-1 mRNA. In conclusion, the results show that dipeptides stimulate their own transport by increasing the membrane population of Pept-1. The molecular mechanism appears to be an increase in expression of the gene encoding Pept-1. A therapeutic application of the present results is that if bioavailability of orally administered peptidomimetic drugs is limited, patients may be tried on a high-protein diet to enhance their absorption.

Biological Transport, Active↗
PubMed1988

The group A streptococcal carrier state. A reexamination.

Streptococcal infection usually is defined as a positive throat culture with a serologic response to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and a patient with a positive throat culture and no serologic response is a streptococcal carrier. Studies suggest that streptococcal carriers should show little clinical response to antibiotic therapy when compared with patients with true streptococcal infections. Patients with acute pharyngitis were divided into three groups: group 1--38 patients with negative throat cultures; group 2--72 patients with a positive throat culture and a significant rise in streptococcal antibody titers; and group 3--77 patients with positive throat cultures and no significant rise in streptococcal antibody titers. Patients in group 2 and group 3 had a comparable and dramatic clinical response to antibiotic therapy that was considerably greater than the clinical response in the patients in group 1. These findings raise questions about the appropriateness of using streptococcal antibody responses to distinguish between the streptococcal carrier state and a true streptococcal infection.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Separation and identification of some cephalosporins on impregnated TLC plates.

Ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid disodium salt dihydrate was used as an impregnating reagent to resolve some cephalosporins. Both changes in the concentration of the impregnating reagent and in the composition of the mobile phase influenced the resolution. Three new solvent systems (I) propionic acid:2-propanol:water (6:3:3, v/v/v), (II) 2-prapanol:water:ethyl acetate (5:3:3, v/v/v) and (III) n-butanol:water:acetic acid (5:4:2, v/v/v) were found to be successful.

Cefaclor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cephadroxil promotes vaginal colonization with Escherichia coli.

The aim of this study was to examine whether a vaginal Escherichia coli colonization, mimicking the one seen in UTI-prone females, could be induced by local cephadroxil administration. When five adult cynomolgus monkeys were given a vaginal flush with a P-fimbriated E. coli strain, none became persistently colonized. When such colonization attempts were preceded by cephadroxil administration a persistent colonization occurred in 9/10 experiments. Cephadroxil also promoted a spread of fecal E. coli strains to the vagina. Reduction of the anaerobic vaginal flora can explain the breakdown of the colonization resistance. Clinical observations suggest that accumulation of E. coli around the urethral orifice increases the risk of UTI. Therefore antibiotics which promote such colonization may increase the risk for UTI in susceptible patients. From this point of view antibiotics such as cephadroxil may be less suitable for treatment of UTI-susceptible patients.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1988

Bacteriological and serological aspects of group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis caused by group A streptococci.

Several bacteriological and serological variables were studied in connection with a clinical treatment trial in 212 patients with group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Anaerobic incubation was not superior to incubation in 5% CO2 in air for the detection of group A streptococci. Saliva cultures were inferior to conventional throat cultures in detecting group A streptococci. No strains from patients with recurrences were found to be tolerant to penicillin. In several patients (all asymptomatic), group C and G streptococci were found in follow-up cultures. Group A streptococci serology was more often positive after two months than after one month, also in patients without recurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Lateral sinus thrombosis after untreated otitis media. A clinical problem--again?

Antimicrobial agents have greatly reduced the incidence of intracranial complications of infections of the middle ear and mastoid. Too many prescriptions and overconsumption of antibiotics when otitis media is suspected has caused resistance to many antibiotics, leading to a pronounced and justifiable desire to reduce the widespread excessive use of antibiotics. The possible untoward consequences of a too restricted antibiotic policy, however, is illustrated by the following case of a 14-year-old boy who, after non-treatment of an ear infection, fell ill with one-sided headache and vomiting caused by a lateral sinus thrombosis. After intravenous treatment with antibiotics, anticoagulants and ventilation of the middle ear, the infection was cured without complications. This case calls attention to the symptoms of otitic complications arising outside the temporal bone. The physician must always bear in mind the possibility of an unusual event. The general treatment of endocranial complications is outlined, giving details of the treatment given in this special case. We stress that one should not be too cautious in prescribing antibiotics in otitis media.

Adolescent↗