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PubMed1985

[Studies on the occupational maladjustment syndrome (Part 2). In reference to relationship between psychophysiological characters and clinical features].

In a previous report (Natsume et al., Jpn. J. Ind. Health, Vol. 24) on the occupational maladjustment syndrome (O.M.A.S.), on the basis of clinical data, we classified patients with O.M.A.S. into 5 subcategories; core, drop-out, transient reaction, special job maladjustment and other. The core and drop-out types are typical of O.M.A.S. In order to test our hypothesis regarding the clinical and psychophysiological character of patients with O.M.A.S., 39 subjects (25 core type and 14 drop-out type) were studied by polygraphic techniques such as EEG, EMG of facial muscles and electrooculogram, and the results were compared with those of 16 normal subjects. We were specifically interested in their behavior in mental arithmetic and at rest. The results are summarized as follows: At rest, less frequent irregular rapid eye movement (especially "r-type") and smaller amplitudes of the corrugator supercilii muscle characterized the patients compared to the normals. During mental arithmetic these two indicators showed a greater tendency to increase in the core type than in the normals, but they remained unchanged in the drop-out group. In the core type subjects, the increased levels in these indicators persisted briefly after the arithmetic sessions. We discuss the relationship between the clinical character of the two types and the above results. We consider that the psychophysiological character of the two types may play an important role in the pathogenetic mechanism of O.M.A.S.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1996

Comparison of prototype and rote instruction of English names for Chinese visual characters.

This study compared prototype and rote instruction of English names for Chinese visual characters. In the prototype condition, participants were taught the meaning of the prototype that served as the distinctive feature of multicomponent characters. In the rote condition, participants traced the character and wrote its translation. Participants learned more rapidly and maintained more words in the prototype condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Ratio of male and female characters in a dream series.

The present study investigated the change in gender ratio of dream characters in relation to the dreamer's environment in waking-life and found a preponderance of male characters in the subject's dream while living in a 'male' environment which was not present while living in a 'female' environment. The results support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming and stress the importance of situational factors rather than personality factors in the explanation of the gender ratio of dream characters.

Dreams↗
PubMed2003

Sign language and Chinese characters on visual-spatial memory: a literature review.

Long-term use of a sign language may enhance visual abilities. Deaf signers consistently outscore their hearing nonsigning counterparts on visual memory tests. In a similar vein, the long-term use of a logographic script, Chinese characters appears to boost visual memory. Both learning a sign language and mastering Chinese characters involve a relatively complex task of visual recognition and memory. This review of the literature suggests that daily use of either a sign language, one not based on sound, or Chinese characters, a script which maps language at the word level rather than at the phonemic level, may facilitate recall of visual forms.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Articulatory planning in naming single word-kanji characters.

Yamazaki, et al. (1997) rejected word length measured by number of syllables as not significant in accounting for naming latencies for Japanese kanji characters. This study reexamined Yamazaki, et al.'s data and found that monosyllabic characters were named slower than two- and three-syllable characters. This finding is taken as suggesting the presence of an articulatory planning stage in speech production in Japanese.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Production characters of first-generation cows of a five-breed diallel: reproduction of young cows and preweaning performance of inter se calves.

Data from cows of a five-breed diallel involving Angus, Brahman, Hereford, Holstein and Jersey were analyzed. Females were used in inter se matings to produce three second-generation parturitions per cow. Crossbred (CB) cows were 43 d younger (P less than .05), 14 kg heavier (P less than .05) and 2 cm taller (P less than .05) at first calving than straightbred (SB) cows; however, no differences were detected (P greater than .10) between the two groups for pelvic measurements. Although large differences among breed types existed for gestation length, crossbreds generally did not differ from straightbreds for this character. Crossbred cows exhibited a 7.5 d shorter (P less than .05) interval from parturition to first service, but did not exhibit a shorter interval from parturition to conception (P greater than .10). The dairy breeds (Holstein and Jersey) and their crosses exhibited similar postpartum and calving intervals as Angus, while Brahman and their crosses had longer intervals. Crossbred calves were 1.3 kg heavier (P less than .01) and had greater (P less than .01) shoulder and hip dimensions at birth than SB calves, but no difference in the amount of calving difficulty was detected (P greater than .10) between the two groups. Higher (P less than .01) rates of survival to 24 h (3.7%) and to weaning (8.7%) were observed for CB calves compared with SB calves. Heterotic effects for weaning weight (15.2 kg), weaning height (2 cm) and preweaning average daily gain (68 g) were large and illustrate the importance of individual and maternal heterosis for these characters. These results suggest that substantial amounts of heterosis may be retained for survival and weaning characters of calves in early generations of inter se mating of CB.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1996

A preliminary study on inherited tooth morphology characters of Japanese and Chinese young adults--with special reference to the Carabelli tubercle.

A comparative study on inherited tooth morphology characters, in particular the incidence of Carabelli tubercles in the maxillary dentition, was conducted on standardized stone casts obtained from 240 Japanese (124 males (male) and 116 females (females)) and 160 Chinese (74 male, 86 female) young adults. The following results were obtained: 1) No significant differences in the incidence of Carabelli tubercles according to sex or body height were found between the two groups. 2) However, significant differences in the incidence of Carabelli tubercles according to sex were found in both groups. The tubercles occurred more frequently in males. 3) Significant differences between the bilateral and unilateral occurrence of Carabelli tubercles were observed in both the Japanese (p < 0.05) and Chinese (p < 0.01) groups; Carabelli tubercles on upper first molars were always bilateral. 4) The highest incidence of Carabelli tubercles was found in individuals with a body height of 166 approximately 175 cm in both groups, and a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the 156 approximately 165 cm and 166 approximately 175 cm groups was particularly evident in the Japanese adults. The authors postulate that bilateral occurrence of Carabelli tubercles was originally an inherited character in the molar region, but that the character was inhibited during the process of evolution of the masticatory system and regression of the molar dentition.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Children's, adolescents', and young adults' reward allocations to hypothetical siblings and fairness judgments: effects of actor gender, character type, and allocation pattern.

The authors studied the reward allocation patterns, reasoning, and fairness judgments of 112 participants at 4 grade levels: kindergarten, 3rd grade, 9th grade, and college. Three story characters (an oldest, the most productive, and the physically disadvantaged) were depicted as siblings of the same gender, either sisters or brothers, who poured lemonade at a school picnic. Kindergartners' pattern of reward allocations indicated the use of an equality and productivity-based equity rule, whereas most of the older participants integrated considerations of both productivity and physical disadvantage in their allocations. Reasoning data were generally consistent with the allocation patterns. Reward allocations differed significantly by the gender of the characters, and fairness ratings differed significantly by the gender of the characters and the gender of the participant. Conclusions discuss the increasing coordination and consideration of more than one claim to the reward with development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinese characters: evidence against early phonological activation.

In two primed-naming experiments involving Chinese character recognition, one with native Mandarin-speaking subjects and another with native Cantonese-speaking subjects, we varied both the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) and the prime-target similarity along various lexical dimensions. Across both experiments, the results were as follows: (1) Relatively strong and reliable semantic priming appeared very early across various SOAs, and its onset was not affected by meaning precision, (2) either homophonic priming had negligible effects on target naming or the effects appeared relatively late (only at 57 msec), and (3) graphic inhibition was found across different SOAs. Since the same set of stimuli and procedure were adopted as those in the study of Perfetti and Tan (1998), the present findings raise questions about the reliability and validity of the results from their study that have been used to support the notion that phonology is a constitutive element of character recognition and precedes meaning access in the identification process. Instead, the present results suggest that phonology is optional for accessing meaning in Chinese character recognition among skilled adult readers.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Quantitative structure-activity relationships. IV. Non-linear dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character: a new model.

A new model is derived for the dependence of biological activity on hydrophobic character from a simple hypothetical system. Unlike the parabolic Hansch model this model can explain the peculiar effect that for homologous series of compounds the logarithms of biological activities of the lower homologs are linearly dependent on hydrophobic character, while for the higher homologs the relationship between biological activities and hydrophobic character changes to a parabola. Although these relationships are known and several appropriate models were proposed, the bilinear model presented in this paper is the first which can be described by a simple and generally valid equation: log 1/C = a log P--b log (beta - P + 1) + c While the parameters a, b and c can be calculated by linear multiple regression analysis, the non-linear term beta must be derived by a stepwise iteration process or ty Taylor series iteration. Examples are given for comparison of the bilinear model and the parabolic Hansch model.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1999

[Studies of the genetic characters of four isonucleus-alloplasmic lines of common wheat] [In Process Citation]

NC-hybird D2-CA8057 with D2-type cytoplasm and the nucleus of common wheat CA8057, cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) line msD2-CA8057 resulting from the variation of D2-type cytoplasm and CMS line msA-CA8057 resulting from the variation of CA8057 cytoplasm were bred. The genetic characters of the four isonucleus-alloplasmic line were studied, and the main results are as follows: (1) there were good genetic effects of cytoplasms on productive and qualitative characters of common wheat, the alloplasmic lines had the potential of NC-heterosis. (2) CMS line msD2-CA8057 and msA-CA8057 had different degenerative characters of anthers and pollen grains, msD2-CA8057 degenerated from the later uninucleus-pollen stage to the binucleus-pollen stage and the pollen grains had starch grains, msA-CA8057 degenerated at the later uninucleus-pollen stage and the pollen grains had no starch grains. (3) msD2-CA8057 and msA-CA8057 were easily maintained but different in the fertility behaviors, the former had wider restoring sources and high digree of restoing, the latter had few restoring sources but there were strains with high restoring ability. The application value of alloplasmic lines and the two new CMS-patterns were evaluated from various aspects, the possible reasons of cytoplasmic variation and the relativity between degenerative pattern of pollen grain and the fertility behavior were discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

[Quantitative analysis for inheritance of quality characters in indica hybrid rice].

Nine quality characters of 3 sterile lines, 10 restorers and their 30 indica hybrid rice by NC II genetic design were studied. The results showed as follows: (1) No genetic segregation occurred in F2 grains in grain length, grain width, grain weight, brown rice% and head rice%, which indicated these traits are completely controlled by maternal plant genotypes. (2) Significant genetic segregation occurred in F2 grains in chalkiness score, amylose content, gelatinization temperature and gel consistency, which indicated the genetic expression of these traits is mainly controlled by endosperm genotypes. (3) The quality characters have relatively high heritabilities except brown rice % and chalkiness score. The genetic variation of quality characters was mainly caused by additive effect except grain weight.

Hybridization, Genetic↗
PubMed2001

Transgressive character expression in a hybrid sunflower species.

Diploid hybrid lineages often are ecologically distinct from their parental species. However, it is unclear whether this niche divergence is typically achieved via hybrid intermediacy, a mixture of parental traits, and/or the evolution of extreme (transgressive) morphological and ecophysiological features. Here we compare an extensively studied hybrid sunflower species, Helianthus anomalus, with its putative parents, H. annuus and H. petiolaris, for 41 morphological and 12 ecophysiological traits. Helianthus anomalus was morphologically intermediate for one trait (2.4%), parental-like for 23 traits (56.1%), and transgressive for 17 traits (41.5%). For ecophysiological traits, H. anomalus was not significantly different from one or both parents for nine traits (75%), and was transgressive for the remaining three (25%). Thus, H. anomalus appears to be a mosaic of parental-like and transgressive phenotypes. Although the fitness effects of the transgressive characters are not yet known, many of these characters are consistent with adaptations reported for other sand dune plants. Genetic studies are currently underway to ascertain whether these extreme characters arose as a direct byproduct of hybridization or whether they evolved via mutational divergence.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

The effect of maternal and paternal environments on seed characters in the herbaceous plant Campanula Americana (Campanulaceae).

Maternal environments typically influence the phenotype of their offspring. However, the effect of the paternal environment or the potential for joint effects of both parental environments on offspring characters is poorly understood. Two populations of Campanula americana, a woodland herb with a variable life history, were used to determine the influence of maternal and paternal light and nutrient environments on offspring seed characters. Families were grown in the greenhouse in three levels of light or three levels of nutrients. Crosses were conducted within each environmental gradient to produce seeds with all combinations of maternal and paternal environments. On average, increasing maternal nutrient and light levels increased seed mass and decreased percentage germination. The paternal environment affected seed mass, germination time, and percentage germination. However, the influence of the paternal environment varied across maternal environments, suggesting that paternal environmental effects should be evaluated in the context of maternal environments. Significant interactions between family and the parental environments for offspring characters suggest that parental environmental effects are genetically variable. In C. americana, the timing of germination determines life history. Therefore parental environmental effects on germination timing, and genetic variation in those parental effects, suggest that parental environments may influence life history evolution in this system.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Construction of a linkage map of the Rennell Island Tall coconut type (Cocos nucifera L.) and QTL analysis for yield characters.

AFLP and SSR DNA markers were used to construct a linkage map in the coconut (Cocos nucifera L.; 2n = 32) type Rennell Island Tall (RIT). A total of 227 markers were arranged into 16 linkage groups. The total genome length corresponded to 1971 cM for the RIT map, with 5-23 markers per linkage group. QTL analysis for yield characters in two consecutive sampling periods identified nine loci. Three and two QTLs were detected for number of bunches and one and three QTLs for number of nuts. The correlation of trait values between characters and evaluation periods is partially reflected in identical QTLs. The QTLs represent characters that are important in coconut breeding. The cosegregation of markers with these QTLs provides an opportunity for marker-assisted selection in coconut breeding programmes.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biometric analysis of phenotypic characters of potato shoot-tips recovered from tissue culture, dimethyl sulphoxide treatment and cryopreservation.

A biometric approach partly involving principal component analysis has been used to examine the changes in phenotypic characters of shoot-tip derived potato plants recovered from tissue culture, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and cryopreservation in comparison with field-grown tuber-derived plants. There were significant differences in the quantitative characters height and tuber weight in the cryopreserved plants compared to those derived from DMSO treatment and tissue culture. These three experimental groups were shown to significantly differ from field-grown plants in the characters, tuber weight followed by height and length of petiole. The use of biometrics as an analytical approach in genetic stability assessments of plants recovered from cryopreservation to relatively small sample sizes is discussed.

Biometry↗
PubMed2002

[A study on the morphological characters of immortalized mandibular condylar chondrocyte].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the morphological character between immortalized mandibular condylar chondrocyte (IMCC) and primarily cultured mandibular condylar chondrocyte (MCC). METHODS: The phase contrast microscope, photomicroscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe the morphological character of IMCC and MCC. The highresolution pathological image and word report system-1000 (HPIAS-1000) was used to compare the size of IMCC and MCC. RESULTS: The phase contrast micrography showed that MCCs in primary culture underwent distinct morphological changes with respect to shape, size, and density of the cells. The majority of MCCs were in polygonal shape earlier in culture, while more fusi-form and spindle-shaped cells were found after 4-5 passages. While IMCCs were polygonal-shaped, similar to MCCs. Subculture, freezing and recovering had no effect on cellular shape of IMCC. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that MCC had chondrocyte-like phenotype, while IMCC looked like prechondroblast or immature chondrocyte. Some of IMCCs had irregular nucleus, and the proportion of nucleus/cytoplasm changed. By analysis of HPIAS-1000, the diameter and area of IMCC were obvious smaller than those of MCC (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: IMCC retain the main morphological character of MCC, and also keep a stable phenotype, which belong to immature chondrocytes, similar to cells in the proliferative zone.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Primary culture and biologic characters of human laryngeal papillomavirus positive epithelial cells in children].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biologic characters of HPV positive laryngeal epithelial cells in vitro. METHODS: To draw a cell growth curve by observing the biologic characters of HPV positive cells' growth pattern, PCR and nuclear acid hybridization were applied before and after culture for confirming HPV positive cells DNA. RESULTS: Primary HPV positive cells often remain viable in culture for more than six weeks, there have HPV DNA before and after culture. We found that in these cells had common characters: lag phase, growth phase and plateau phase. The cells culture showed that the first to forth day there have many cells emigration from tissue pieces. The fifth to Seventh day was latent phase, it was mainly adhere growth in this period, proliferation of culture cells wasn't active. The eighth to eighteenth day was growth phase, cells number was increased quickly, speed of growth was faster. Then cells growth entered to plateau phase, cells number was increased slowly, cells showed vacuoles obviously. It indicated that these cells came to die. CONCLUSION: Cells derives from HPV positive laryngeal epithelial have been successfully cultured, but to establish an animal model for HPV infection is difficult.

Child↗