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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A model transgenic cereal plant with detoxification activity for the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone.

Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by the necrotrophic cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. This mycotoxin is detoxified by ZHD101, a lactonohydrolase from Clonostachys rosea, or EGFP:ZHD101, its fusion to the C-terminus of an enhanced green fluorescence protein. We previously showed that egfp:zhd101 is efficiently expressed in T(0) leaves of rice. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of in planta detoxification of the mycotoxin using progeny. When protein extract from T(1) leaves was incubated with ZEN, the amount of the toxin decreased significantly as measured by HPLC. ZEN degradation activity was also detected in vivo in transgenic T(2) seeds. These results suggest that zhd101 can be exploited as an efficient and cost-effective system for protection of important cereals that are more susceptible to the pathogen (e.g., wheat and maize) from contamination with the estrogenic mycotoxin.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of cereal proteins toxic in coeliac disease.

Coeliac disease is revealed by polypeptides in the prolamin fraction of wheat, barley, rye and oats. Recovery depends on adherence to a strict cereal-free diet. A few methods for quantitation of the wheat prolamin, gliadin, have been described. In order to assess the suitability of food products for inclusion in the coeliac diet an assay should measure the total amount of potentially toxic cereal proteins. An inhibition ELISA was developed, by use of a purified, polyclonal prolamin-antibody, reacting with gliadin and gliadin-like polypeptides. The antibody did not react with maize, millet, rice or soya prolamins. The assay had a detection limit of 1 ng antigen with a very high degree of accuracy. The interassay coefficient of variation including the day-to-day variation, was close to 30%, which is acceptable for the clinical applications of the assay. The flour of buckwheat was analyzed for antigen content. An amount of 39.5 micrograms gliadin-like polypeptides/g flour was measured, which corresponds to 0.06% of the gliadin content in wheat flour.

Celiac Disease↗
PubMed1992

Determination of alpha- and beta-zearalenol and zearalenone in cereals by gas chromatography with ion-trap detection.

A method for determination of estrogenic mycotoxins, alpha- and beta-zearalenol and zearalenone, in cereals (wheat, barley, oats, corn) is described. After extraction with ethylacetate, clean-up involved a base treatment and partition with water; derivatization was by trimethylsilylation. For quantitation and confirmation a capillary gas chromatograph combined with a selective mass detector (ion trap), working in the electron impact-mode was used. The detection limit for the complete method is 1 microgram/kg for each of the three mycotoxins in full scan. Recoveries from spiked cereals were 82-86%.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Survival of Campylobacter jejuni and pathogenic Escherichia coli in mahewu, a fermented cereal gruel.

The survival of strains of Campylobacter jejuni and enteropathogenic and enterotoxigenic (LT) Escherichia coli was investigated in mahewu, a traditional fermented cereal gruel. The mahewu was inoculated with 10(6) to 10(7) colony forming units of the bacterial cells per ml of the cereal gruel. None of the strains of C. jejuni were detected 30 min after inoculation. All the strains of E. coli were detected after 24 h in mahewu but did not show any increase in numbers of surviving cells. The enterotoxigenic E. coli strains showed a more marked decrease in numbers than did enteropathogenic E. coli strains during the 24 h period after inoculation in the mahewu. This suggests that mahewu has some antimicrobial qualities and is unlikely to play a major role in the transmission of these 2 enteric pathogens.

Campylobacter jejuni↗
PubMed1981

The effect of copper and protein on iron metabolism in rats fed a cereal diet.

Weanling male white rats were fed a diet containing a commercially available breakfast cereal. In 28 days they developed a mild anemia coupled with an increased amount of iron in the liver. In parallel work, this same diet was supplemented in a factorial fashion with casein, iron, copper and zinc. The zinc had no effect. Copper supplementation increased the hemoglobin level. Casein decreased liver iron. The copper and casein, when fed together, produced results approaching normal control levels. Supplementation of the diet with additional iron did not increase the hemoglobin or hematocrit but it did further increase iron storage in the liver. It is suggested that cereal enrichment programs might do well to consider copper and protein rather than focus total attention to additional iron and zinc.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Determination of selenium in cereals, legumes and dry fruits from southeastern Spain for calculation of daily dietary intake.

Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine selenium content in cereals, legumes and dry fruits from the coast of the province of Granada (southeastern Spain). Accuracy was assured using both a NIST SRM 1572 and recovery experiments. The precision expressed as relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) varied between 6.50% for seeds and 15.98% for bread. The highest selenium concentrations were found for dry fruits (294.6 ng/g), followed by legumes (111.8 ng/g), and the lowest for cereals (27.8 ng/g). Considering the average daily individual consumption of these foods in Andalusia (southern Spain), the daily dietary intake of selenium supplied by this source is 15.36 micrograms/day for an adult. The content of total selenium in corn samples taken from the zone is independent of both human and industrial activities (P > 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Cereals, nitrogen and population: an assessment of the global trends.

In the lecture following the award of his Nobel Prize for Peace in 1970 the eminent agronomist Norman Borlaug remarked: 'If you desire peace, cultivate justice but at the same time cultivate the fields to produce more bread'. This is as true now as it was then. This article analyses trends in the relationship between cereal production and nitrogen fertilizer consumption up to the year 2030. It concludes that a doubling of chemical nitrogen consumption over this period is necessary to maintain world cereal production per capita at its present level.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1990

Ozone episodes in Southern Lower Saxony (FRG) and their impact on the susceptibility of cereals to fungal pathogens.

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were exposed to simulated ozone (O(3)) episodes (7 h day(-1) for 7 days) at maximum concentrations of 120, 180 and 240 microg m(-3) O(3), in comparison to a charcoal-filtered air control. Fumigations were conducted in four closed chambers placed in a climate room. Exposures took place prior to inoculation of the plants with six different facultative leaf pathogens. On wheat, significant enhancement of leaf attack by Septoria nodorum Berk. and S. tritici Rob. ex Desm. appeared, particularly on the older leaves and at the highest level of O(3). The same was true for Gerlachia nivalis W. Gams et E. Müll/Fusarium culmorum (W.F.Sm.) Sacc. on wheat and net blotch (Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoem.) or G. nivalis leaf spots on barley. Disease development was promoted both on leaves with and without visible injury following exposure to O(3). Sporulation of the two Septoria species increased at 120 and 180 microg m(-3) O(3); however, it was reduced to the level of the control, if 240 microg m(-3) were applied. No significant effects of predisposition were observed with Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. (syn. Helminthosporium sativum Pamm., King et Bakke), the causal agent of spot blotch, neither on wheat nor on barley. Doses and peak concentrations applied in the experiments were in good agreement with measurements of ambient ozone in Southern Lower Saxony, FRG. Six years' ozone data (1984-1989) revealed the annual occurrence of between 3 and 11 ozone episodes with potentially harmful effects on cereals (three or more consecutive 'ozone days' with 8-h means above 80 microg m(-3)). The frequency of ozone episodes followed by weather periods favourable for infections by facultative pathogens was higher in years with low O(3) pollution than in ozone-rich years, and varied between one and five cases per season. The number of ozone days during the main growing season of cereals (1 April until 31 August) varied from 25 in 1984 to 98 in 1989. However, only 7.9% of ozone days during the 6 years examined were concurrent with weather conditions suitable for fungal infections. It is concluded that the majority of leaf infections in the field happens under low-level concentrations of photooxidants.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

N-terminal sequences of oat avenins compared to other cereal prolamins.

Like the alcohol-soluble seed storage proteins (also called prolamins) of other cereals, avenins, the oat prolamins, are a series of polymorphic molecules belonging to a multigenic family stored within the protein bodies of the starchy endosperm. Nevertheless, they exhibit some pecularities: among the seed storage proteins, their proportion is low compared to prolamins from other cereal species; their net charge is higher; the amount of Gln + Pro only reaches 49 mol%; they are less polymorphic. We have isolated and purified several avenins and sequenced their N-terminal end. The microheterogeneity and the pecularity of avenins are revealed by the comparison of the N-terminal sequences. Like other prolamins, they exhibit tandem repeats; these repetitive peptides are slightly different from those of other prolamins of the Festucoideae, and the repetition begins earlier in the sequence. As for prolamins from other species, their predicted secondary structure reveals successive beta-turns which might be arranged in a pseudo-helix structure.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Antimutagenic activity of alkylresorcinols from cereal grains.

Alkylresorcinols, natural amphiphilic compounds commonly found in cereal grains, markedly decreased mutagenic activity of four standard mutagens examined in the Ames test. The effect was the strongest in the case of indirect-acting mutagens, benzo[a]pyrene and 2-aminofluorene. In the case of direct-acting mutagens, daunorubicin and methyl methanesulfonate, the diminution of the mutagenic activity by the alkylresorcinols was smaller but still noticeable. In the Sister Chromatid Exchanges test (SCEs) with cultured in vitro human blood-derived lymphocytes, a significant decrease of SCEs frequency induced by benzo[a]pyrene was observed in the presence of alkylresorcinols. These preliminary results seem to be important in the aspect of possible antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic potency of alkylresorcinols found in cereal grains.

Antimutagenic Agents↗
PubMed1995

Cereal genome evolution: pastoral pursuits with 'Lego' genomes.

The rapid progress in comparative analysis of cereal genomes reveals that they are composed of similar genomic building blocks. It seems that by simply rearranging these blocks and amplifying some of the repetitive sequences contained within them, it is possible to reconstitute the 56 different chromosomes found in wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, millet and sugarcane. Comparison of the orders of blocks in these reconstituted chromosomes reveals that the cleavage of a single chromosome formed from the blocks could give rise to all the combinations found in the chromosomes of the above species. A framework is now in place for collating all the information which has been generated from studying the individual cereals.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2004

Trace level determination of acrylamide in cereal-based foods by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A quantitative method has been developed for the determination of trace levels (<50 microg/kg) of acrylamide in cereal-based foods. The method is based on extraction of acrylamide with water, acidification and purification with Carrez I and II solutions, followed by bromination of the acrylamide double bond. The reaction product (2,3-dibromopropionamide) is extracted with ethyl acetate/hexane (4:1, v/v), dried over sodium sulfate, and cleaned up through a Florisil column. The derivative is then converted to 2-bromopropenamide by dehydrobromination with triethylamine and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), employing (13C3)acrylamide as internal standard. In-house validation data for commercial and experimental cereal products showed good precision of the method, with repeatability and intermediate reproducibility relative standard deviations below 10%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation are estimated at 2 and 5 microg/kg, respectively, and recoveries of acrylamide from samples spiked at levels of 5-500 microg/kg ranged between 93 and 104% after correction of analyte loss by the internal standard. Finally, a comparative test organized with two independent laboratories provided additional confidence in the good performance of the method, particularly at very low concentration levels.

Acrylamide↗
PubMed2004

Anthocyanins in cereals.

The anthocyanic composition of some pigmented cereals is still not well established, neither in relation to some of their components, nor from the quantitative point of view. Nonetheless, the use of analytical techniques, such as diode array spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS, PDMS, MALDI) coupled or not to liquid chromatography, are permitting, in recent years, the confirmation of the structure of some of the principal anthocyanins and a knowledge of those which are present in minor proportion. In this article, firstly, a review of the principal methods of analysis of anthocyanins is made. This is followed by a review of the most significant advances achieved in the last years in the field of the identification and quantification of these pigments in cereals and the present uses of the commercial extracts of anthocyanins obtained from these sources and the perspectives for their use is included.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2005

Analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereal grains by immunoaffinity clean-up and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A sensitive, precise and accurate method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in cereal grains at ppb levels using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection and 1-antroylnitrile (1-AN) as labeling reagent after immunoaffinity clean-up. Cereal samples were extracted with methanol/water (90:10, v/v), and the extracts were cleaned-up through commercially available immunoaffinity columns containing monoclonal anti-T-2 antibodies (T-2 test HPLC, Vicam). T-2 and HT-2 toxins were quantified by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorometric detection (excitation wavelength 381 nm, emission wavelength 470 nm) after derivatization with 1-AN. The monoclonal antibody showed 100% cross-reactivity with both T-2 and HT-2 toxin, and the immunoaffinity column clean-up was effective up to 1.4 microg of both toxins. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in wheat, maize and barley. Recoveries from spiked samples with toxin levels from 25 to 500 microg/kg ranged from 70% to 100%, with relative standard deviation generally lower than 8%. The limit of detection of the method was 5 microg/kg for T-2 toxin and 3 microg/kg for HT-2 toxin, based on a signal-to-noise ratio 3:1. HT-2 toxin was detected in ten naturally contaminated wheat samples out of 14 samples analyzed, with toxin levels ranging from 10 to 71 microg/kg; three of them contained also T-2 toxin up to 12 microg/kg.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2005

Cases of emesis associated with bacterial contamination of an infant breakfast cereal product.

A commercial product for infants containing cereal mixed with dried infant formula was diagnosed as producing rapid projectile vomiting in two infants. Analysis of multiple samples of the cereal product revealed significant contamination with two spore-forming species, Bacillus subtilis and a strain of Bacillus cereus. The latter is the most likely cause of the emetic food poisoning, but we were unable to detect B. cereus emetic toxin. This raises the possibility of the cause being either a new cereulide-type toxin, or the bacterial load, in which case the presence of B. subtilis could have been a contributing factor.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed2006

Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables: occurrence, extraction and analysis.

Consumption of plant foods, particularly fruits, vegetables and cereal grains is encouraged because they render beneficial health effects. Phenolics and polyphenolics are among the most desirable food bioactives because of their antioxidant activity, brought about by a number of pathways, or due to other mechanisms. The analysis of phenolics and polyphenolics requires their extraction possible purification and structure elucidation. This overview provides a cursory account of the source, extraction and analysis of phenolics in fruits, vegetables and cereals.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Multiplexed RT-PCR for streamlined detection and separation of barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses.

Two novel multiplexed RT-PCR assays that can efficiently detect and distinguish among different barley and cereal yellow dwarf viruses (B/CYDVs) are described. The basic multiplex can produce two fragments simultaneously, a approximately 830-bp fragment indicating the presence of the BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV, or BYDV-SGV viruses and a approximately 372-bp fragment indicating the presence of the CYDV-RPV, BYDV-RMV, or BYDV-GPV viruses. The enhanced multiplex produces two additional fragments, which further differentiate between BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV, and BYDV-SGV. These assays fulfill the critical need for a streamlined diagnostic procedure for B/CYDVs that can be cost-effectively applied to large numbers of small samples. The assays are useful not only in the basic diagnosis of B/CYDVs, but also for studies examining the ecological roles of B/CYDVs in natural systems and for longer-term epidemiological studies of grasses and cereals.

DNA, Complementary↗
PubMed2005

An oligonucleotide microarray for the identification and differentiation of trichothecene producing and non-producing Fusarium species occurring on cereal grain.

Cereal grain may be infected with a number of Fusarium species some of which are producers of highly toxic compounds such as the trichothecenes. Correct identification of these species is essential for risk assessment of cereal grain for human or animal consumption. Most of the available methods for identification are either time consuming or aimed at only one or a few target species. Microarray technology offers parallel analysis of a high number of DNA targets. In this study 57 capture oligonucleotides (CO) were designed based upon Fusarium ITS2 rDNA sequences, and used for microarray production. From this array COs could be selected that were able to hybridise specifically to labelled PCR products from the ITS region of Fusarium graminearum/Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium pseudograminearum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium langsethiae and Fusarium tricinctum/Fusarium avenaceum. A few COs showed some cross hybridisation to non-target species. In a preliminary experiment it was shown that this cross hybridisation could be eliminated by increasing hybridisation stringency. The array could be used to detect individual Fusarium species in mixed samples and in environmental samples. This study demonstrates the feasibility of oligonucleotide microarrays for parallel detection of a number of Fusarium species.

DNA, Fungal↗