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PubMed2002

Effect of surgical castration on risk factors for arteriosclerosis of patients with prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of castration on risk factors for arteriosclerosis of patients with prostate cancer. METHODS: Thirty patients with primary regional prostate adenocarcinoma limited to the prostate theca were selected in this study. Serum levels of testosterone (T), free testosterone (FT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), prostatic specific antigen (PSA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), apoprotein alpha(1) (APOalpha(1)) and apoprotein beta (APObeta), insulin, plasma fibrinopeptide A (FPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen were determined just prior to, 1 week and 1, 4 and 8 months after castration. RESULTS: T, FT and PSA decreased significantly 1 week after castration (21.12 +/- 15.11 ng/ml vs 383.9 +/- 62.6 ng/ml, P < 0.001; 4.08 +/- 3.29 pmol/L vs 34.11 +/- 11.59 pmol/L, P < 0.001; 14.34 +/- 7.77 ng/ml vs 23.51 +/- 6.57 ng/ml, P = 0.001, respectively) and continued to decrease until reaching their lowest levels 8 months after castration. DHEA and SHBG did not undergo any changes. TG, fasting insulin and glucose, 2-hour insulin and glucose levels were significantly elevated 1 month after castration (1.84 +/- 0.61 mmol/L vs 1.30 +/- 0.40 mmol/L, P < 0.05; 18.16 +/- 5.57 mU/L vs 9.47 +/- 3.81 mU/L, P < 0.05; 4.77 +/- 0.66 mmol/L vs 3.92 +/- 0.34 mmol/L, P < 0.05; 65.52 +/- 14.78 mU/L vs 36.94 +/- 17.12 mU/L, P < 0.01; 6.98 +/- 0.79 mmol/L vs 6.01 +/- 0.23 mmol/L, P = 0.001, respectively). TC, LDL-C, FPA and PAI-1 levels were elevated 4 months after castration (6.56 +/- 0.99 mmol/L vs 5.29 +/- 0.75 mmol/L, P < 0.01; 4.09 +/- 0.86 mmol/L vs 3.04 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, P < 0.01; 3.39 +/- 1.67 nmol/L vs 1.48 +/- 0.50 nmol/L, P < 0.01; 27.02 +/- 5.98 ng/ml vs 21.78 +/- 3.16 ng/ml, P < 0.05, respectively), continuing to increase after that point. Insulin sensitive index (ISI) decreased significantly 1 month after surgery (-4.42 +/- 0.36 vs -3.50 +/- 0.39, P < 0.001), and continued to decrease from that point forward. HDL-C, APOalpha(1), APObeta and fibrinogen remained at pre-operative levels. There was a negative linear correlation between FT and TG, TC, LDL-C, PAI-1, FPA, fasting insulin and glucose, 2-hour insulin and glucose (r = -0.311, -0.384, -0.385, -0.339, -0.353, -0.381, -0.303, -0.460 and -0.395, respectively; P < 0.05). A similar phenomenon occurred with T (r = -0.308, -0.309, -0.356, -0.320, -0.430, -0.453, -0.435, -0.483 and -0.512, respectively; P < 0.05). T and FT were positively associated with ISI (r = 0.555 and 0.501; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: At 8 months follow-up of the study subjects, we found that lower androgen levels have adverse effects on lipid metabolism, coagulative function and insulin sensitivity, related to arteriosclerosis in men.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

The effects of zinc deficiency and testosterone supplementation on leptin levels in castrated rats and their relation with LH, FSH and testosterone.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate how zinc-deficiency and testosterone supplementation, both in combination and individually, affect plasma LH, FSH and leptin levels in castrated rats. DESIGN: Group 1, Control Group. Group 2, Castration Group. Group 3, Testosterone Group. Group 4, Zinc-deficient Group. Group 5, Testosterone, Zinc-deficient Group. Group 6, Zinc-deficient, Castration Group. Group 7, Testosterone, Castration Group. Group 8, Zinc-deficient, Testosterone, Castration Group. MEASUREMENTS: Plasma zinc, leptin, LH, FSH, free and total testosterone levels were measured. RESULTS: Group 2 had the highest levels of leptin and LH, besides having the highest FSH levels together with Group 6 (p<0.01). Groups 5 and 8 had the lowest leptin levels (p<0.01). Leptin levels in Groups 4 and 7 were higher than those in Groups 5 and 8, but lower than those in all other groups (p<0.01). LH levels in Group 4 were not different than those in Groups 3, 5 and 8, but significantly lower than those in all other groups (p<0.01). Free and total testosterone levels were higher in Group 4 than in castration groups that were not supplemented testosterone, but were lower in the former than in all others (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Plasma LH may be more effective than testosterone on plasma leptin and zinc can be an important mediator of the effect LH exercises on leptin.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Catamnesis of a group of 84 castrated sexual offenders].

The authors examined 84 castrated sexual delinquents after a 1-15-year interval following castration. 18% of the subjects were capable of occasional sexual intercourse. 21% of the subjects lived in a stable heterosexual partnership. Almost half the men had occasional erections in the morning. More than one third of the group masturbates occasionally. Only three men committed another sexual offence after castration. These offences did not have an aggressive character. From a sub-group of 32 men punished previously on account of non-sexual offences 15, i.e. almost half of them, committed further non-sexual offences. One quarter of the examined subjects had objections to the results of castration. Most frequently because sex was lacking in their life. The authors did not observe serious physical or mental consequences of castration in the examined men. Castration must be considered even nowadays an important part of the therapeutic arsenal in sexual delinquents. It should be performed in those patients who cannot be influenced by other types of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Castration-induced changes in the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to alcohol in the male rat.

In an attempt to determine the direct effects of alcohol on the hypothalamic-pituitary aspect of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, we examined the effects of alcohol on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in the normal and testosterone-depleted castrated male rat. We found that within several days after castration (2-4 days) alcohol, at low to moderate doses, was only modestly effective in suppressing serum LH levels, whereas in sham-operated controls it was maximally effective at all doses tested. Surprisingly, at very high doses (4-6 g/kg), alcohol not only did not depress serum LH levels in long-term castrated rats, but elevated them by 2- to 4-fold when compared to saline-injected controls. The loss of sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to alcohol observed in castrated rats appeared to be selective, inasmuch as the mortality rate at high doses of alcohol was significantly (P less than .01) greater in castrated rats, when compared to sham-operated controls, and other measures of central nervous system impairment were equivalent in both groups. At the present time, it is difficult to explain this biphasic effect of alcohol on serum LH in the castrated animal, but our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effects of alcohol on gonadotropin release may be dependent to a significant degree on the steroid milieu at the time of the experiments.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1989

[Influence of partial and total castration on the growth and feed conversion performances of Poulfouli rams of the Far North Cameroon].

The authors compared the growth and feed conversion performances of groups of Burdizzo rams, castrated rams at an age of 6.5 months and partially castrated rams at 2 months by the short scrotum technique. After a 384-day experiment, the average weights are, respectively, 49.24 kg, 39.44 kg and 47.15 kg. The daily weight gains for the 244-day period following total castration are, respectively, 110 g, 75 g and 102 g (0.05 greater than p greater than 0.01). Full castration has consequently a depressive action on the weight gain. No significant difference is observed between totally and partially castrated rams. Heart girth and height at withers were not significantly influenced by these treatments. Consumption index and voluntary feed intake of the fully castrated rams are above those of the 2 other groups, which means a lower feed conversion and a higher cost of the weight gain.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of melatonin-free pineal extract on acid phosphatase activity in the testosterone-treated, castrated rat.

The effect of a melatonin-free pineal extract on acid phosphatase activity in the prostate of castrated and testosterone-treated rat was studied. Prostatic acid phosphatases in the mature rat are lysosomal and secretory, the former being inhibited by tartrate. Castration induces a decrease in the secretory phosphatases and an increase in the lysosomal ones with a subsequent increase in the tartrate-induced inhibition index. The specific activity of total acid phosphatase also rises. Administration of the pineal extract in the first 4 post-surgical days did not have a significant effect, but when it was prolonged to 7 days, it partially inhibited the effect of castration on prostatic acid phosphatase. Administration of testosterone to the castrated rat in the first 4 post-castration days, partially compensated the prostatic alterations, owing to the fact that the prostate is under the control of androgenic hormones. Administration of both pineal extract and testosterone in the first 4 post-castration days partially inhibited the effect of testosterone. The equillibrating role of the melatonin-free pineal extract and its effect in relation to the amount of time lapsed from surgery is discussed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Castration induces apoptosis in the ventral prostate but not in an androgen-sensitive prostatic adenocarcinoma in the rat.

Apoptosis in the androgen-sensitive Dunning R3327 PAP prostatic adenocarcinoma was studied during the post castration period of 14 days and compared with the ventral prostate. The mRNA expression of testosterone repressed prostatic message-2 and tissue-type plasminogen activator in the Dunning tumor and in the ventral prostate was analyzed by Northern blot experiments and immunohistochemical procedures. The degree of endonuclease-degraded genomic DNA was examined by gel electrophoresis. Apoptotic tumor epithelial cells were identified with in situ end labeling. Epithelial cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) after castration in the ventral prostate and the Dunning tumors were localized with immunostaining. Androgen ablation resulted in an induction of testosterone repressed prostatic message-2 and tissue-type plasminogen activator transcripts in the normal prostate with a peak at approximately 2 to 5 days post castration. These transcript levels in the Dunning prostatic tumors did not show any induction during the same period. Immunohistochemical staining for sulfated glycoprotein-2 and tissue-type plasminogen activator confirmed this difference between the tumor tissue and the ventral prostate at the transcriptional level. The determination of DNA integrity showed similar results in that the degree of DNA fragmentation in the tumor was much lower than the initial and marked degradation of DNA in the ventral prostate. The number of in situ end-labeled epithelial tumor cells were not increased by castration. BrdUrd immunodetection showed that castration induced an initial increase in the number of BrdUrd-positive epithelial cells in the ventral prostate. In the tumors, castration resulted in a decrease in BrdUrd-positive epithelial cells. It was concluded that in the androgen-sensitive prostatic Dunning R3327 PAP adenocarcinoma, the biochemical cascade leading to apoptosis is not activated by androgen withdrawal, as in the ventral prostate.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of castration and recombinant human inhibin administration on circulating levels of inhibin and gonadotropins in adult male monkeys.

Inhibin has been suggested to play a role in gonadal feedback regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion; however, neither the half-life nor the time course of action of recombinant inhibin has been reported in any primate species. We sought to determine the disappearance half-life of circulating endogenous inhibin following castration in adult male monkeys, Macaca fascicularis, and to determine the half-life of administered recombinant human inhibin A and its effect on bioactive FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in castrate monkeys. Endogenous inhibin fell from 8,122 +/- 2,077 U/L (mean +/- SEM, n = 5) prior to castration to 383 +/- 84 U/L at 24 hours and 269 +/- 44 U/L at day 21 (P < 0.05 at 24 hours vs. day 21) (detection limit of assay 234 U/L). The early phase half-life of endogenous inhibin was 34 minutes (between 8 and 60 minutes) and a later phase half-life of 75 minutes was observed between 1 and 4 hours following castration. Recombinant inhibin exhibited a 14-minute early phase half-life between 8 and 60 minutes following the 5 micrograms intravenous (i.v.) recombinant inhibin dose, and a later phase half-life of 70 minutes between 1 and 4 hours in castrate monkeys (n = 3). Serum inhibin levels were maintained within or above the precastration range for 15 minutes. Single dose recombinant inhibin, 100 micrograms subcutaneous (SC) or intramuscular (IM) administered to castrate monkeys (n = 3), achieved and maintained normal serum inhibin levels for 6 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Early castration of dogs and cats from the point of view of animal welfare].

The castration of dogs and cats is regulated in section 6 of the German Law for Prevention of Cruelty To Animals (Tierschutzgesetz) dated February 17, 1993. Gonadectomy in juvenile and prepuberal as well as in adult vertebrates is only permitted by law in case of a medical indication or a special using of the animal. On account of his special knowledge, the veterinarian is made responsible by law for the estimation of the indispensibility and for the performance of castration. As early-age castration means usually the surgical removal of healthy gonads from a healthy organism, it is principally forbidden by law at present. The bill of June 30, 1995 points to the legitimation of castration for contraception. This does, however, not dispense the veterinarian from deciding in each individual case under consideration of unwanted side effects and consequences that can be caused by castration and early-age castration, respectively.

Animal Welfare↗
PubMed1998

[Variations in the contents of calcium, phosphate, magnesium and sodium in bones of castrated male rats].

Bilateral castration (TX) or sham surgery--respectively--was performed in two groups of twelve male Holtzman rats, 90 days old. Food was available ad libitum to sham-operated rats, and it was restricted to TX ones. After castration, at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days, a segment of the tails was sectioned. At 150 days all rats were subjected to bone mineral densitometry (BMD), sacrificed and the left femurs excised. With the tail's bones (TB) and the femur we determined ash and the concentration of Ca++, PO4(-3), Mg++ and Na+. In the TB, at 30 days the ash and the concentrations of Ca++ and PO4(-3), decreased (p < 0.05) in the TX rats. At 60 days the ash and all analysed ions were reduced (p < 0.05 and p < 0.025) in the TX rats. The decreases were major forward. The more significative decreases in the TB were: in Ca++ at 90 days (p < 0.005); in the ash at 120 days (p < 0.005); in PO4(-3), Mg++ and Na+ at 150 days (p < 0.005). All ions' concentrations and the ash were statistically equal between the TB and the femurs after 150 days of castration. At the same time, the BMD was significantly less (p < 0.05) in the TX rats. The body weigh of the two group was statistically equal during the 150 days. Our results suggest that in 90 days old castrated male rats, the ash and the concentration of calcium, phosphate, magnesium and sodium in the TB are good indicators of bone mass loss, after 30 and 60 days of castration. Besides, 150 days post castration, the ash and the analysed ions are equal in the femur and in the TB. Moreover, the ions' concentrations were better indicators of the bone mass loss than the BMD.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Effect of castration and testosterone replacement on high glucose 6-phosphatase activity in principal cells of the mouse epididymis.

Glucose 6-phosphatase activity is higher in the principal cell than in other cell types in the terminal segment and caudal half of the middle segment of the mouse epididymis. Effect of castration and testosterone replacement on the high enzyme activity in the principal cell was studied in the terminal segment and the caudal half of the middle segment (cytochemical study), and in the whole epididymis (biochemical study). Ten, 20, or 30 days after castration, the abundant amount of reaction product seen in principal cells from intact control animals decreased to the level in basal cells, halo cells, and smooth muscle cells. However, in animals treated with testosterone following castration, the reaction product in principal cells remained abundant. Changes in the biochemical activity after castration or testosterone administration following castration paralleled the cytochemical results. Thus, the high activity in the principal cell is under the control of testosterone.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Bone mineral in the castrated rat model of osteopenia.

The effects of castration on cortical bone structure and chemistry were studied in male Wistar rats of two age groups, 8 and 24 months. Some rats were castrated and some were sham operated (control) in each group. All animals were killed after 4 months. Although no changes in serum chemistry, bone chemistry, or bone histology could be found, the young castrated animals versus controls showed less density of bone mineral as determined by the density fractionation technique and smaller crystallite size of mineral particles as determined by x-ray diffraction line-broadening analysis. These changes, indicative of less mature bone formation, were not observed in mature castrated or control rats despite a decreased amount of bone compared with young rats. In this model, castration appears to affect bone mineral quality in young but not in old animals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of gonadal steroids in plasma of the male African catfish, Clarias gariepinus: effects of castration or treatment with gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue.

To identify testicular steroids that may be involved in the feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, steroids, which are known to be produced by the testis in vitro, were identified and quantified in blood plasma before and after castration using gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Before castration 20 testicular steroids were detected. Quantitatively dominant steroids were testosterone (16.9 +/- 4.3 ng/ml), androstenedione (12.0 +/- 3.9 ng/ml), and 11-ketotestosterone (6.7 +/- 1.8 ng/ml). After castration, only these steroids showed a strong decrease in plasma, indicating that they are of testicular origin. Assuming that steroids involved in the feedback to the pituitary are under gonadotropic control, fish were injected with two doses of a salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (sGnRHa). The lower sGnRHa dose (0.25 microgram/kg body weight) increased plasma GTH-II levels in the same range as those induced by castration, resulting in a significant increase in plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and 11-ketotestosterone. After injection of a higher dose of sGnRHa (5.0 micrograms/kg body weight), there was a greater increase in plasma GTH-II level, as well as a significant increase in most of the other steroids studied. The decreased levels of testosterone, androstenedione, and 11-ketotestosterone after castration and the significant increase in these steroids following moderate GTH stimulation, suggest that one or more of these steroids plays a role in the feedback mechanism within the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Mitotic activity of gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary of the castrated male rat.

The proliferation of gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary of the castrated male rat was examined immunohistochemically after colchicine treatment. The results show a more than 10-fold increase in mitotic frequency in gonadotropes 1 or 2 weeks after castration, as compared with controls. This result explains the increase in the population of immunoreactive LH cells in castrated male rats. The gonadotropes decreased significantly 1 month after castration. The mitotic activity of gonadotropes was almost completely suppressed in castrates implanted with a silastic tube filled with testosterone.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Effects of castration and androgen-substitution on the morphology of the epididymal epithelium of the Japanese monkey, Macacus fuscatus, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

The caput epididymidis from castrated and androgen-supplemented, castrated Japanese monkeys was observed with the scanning electron microscope. The experimental findings were compared with the normal structures in control animals. The epididymal lumen of control animals was lined by a tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium possessing long, slender stereocilia which were densely arranged in a tuft-like form. After castration, the epididymal epithelium was decreased in height to one-fifth of controls. The stereocilia were also considerably reduced in length and in number, resulting in a flattened epithelial surface with polygonal boundaries. Frequent projection of a long, single cilium from an epithelial cell into the lumen was also a prominent feature in the epididymal ducts of the castrated animals. Administration of testosterone to the castrated animals resulted in almost complete recovery of the epididymal epithelium as well as regeneration of the stereocilia which regained a tuft-like arrangement.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effect of castration on the high affinity glutamate transporter in rat hypothalamic and cortical synaptosomes.

High affinity transport of glutamic acid has been studied in cortical and hypothalamic synaptosomes from castrated male rats and compared to normal controls. For hypothalamic synaptosomes, both initial velocity of uptake of Va (apparent maximal velocity) were found to be about one-third lower in the castrated animals. Kt (glutamate concentration giving Va/2), however, was reduced by only 5%. Initial velocity of uptake in cortical synaptosomes was measured as a function of both sodium and glutamate concentration. Reductions in uptake subsequent to castration were found to be much less for cortical synaptosomes (2-15%) than for hypothalamic synaptosomes. Fit of these data to various models for the sodium dependence of transport resulted in the same minimal best fit model as that found for control animals. Thus castration does not alter the fundamental nature of the mechanism by which carrier, sodium and glutamate interact in the process of transport. However, quantitative changes were found to occur, as reflected in the best fit constants. These constants were used along with the rate equation for the minimal best fit model to calculate certain parameters which were then used to delineate the quantitative changes in the transporter following castration. A neuroregulatory role for glutamate in gonadotropin secretion has been recently proposed; the present study now provides additional information on the relationship between reproductive function and one aspect of glutamatergic synaptic function, namely, the high affinity transport system.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

A sex related difference in gonadotrophin response to castration in the rat.

Castration at birth, or at 25 days of age, increased plasma gonadotrophin levels in adult male and female rats. In the females, the effects of castration at 25 days of age or at birth were essentially the same. In the males castrated at 25 days of age, plasma gonadotrophin levels were less than for those castrated at birth. These results indicate a sex-related difference in the gonadotrophin response to castration.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Effect of castration on the turnover of rat liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

Castration increased liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity and enzyme protein in male rats. The turnover of alcohol dehydrogenase determined from the decline in radioactivity present in immunoprecipitated enzyme after injection of NaH14CO3 was decreased after castration. The fractional rate of degradation (Kd) for the enzyme was 0.11 . day-1 in the castrated as compared with 0.13 . day-1 in the control animals (P less than 0.05). The fractional rate of synthesis (Ks) of the enzyme was not affected by castration, while the absolute rate of synthesis was increased slightly. This study shows that a decrease in the rate of degradation is the principal cause for the increase in liver alcohol dehydrogenase following castration.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗