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PubMedDate not supplied

[Some properties of Bacillus subtilis strains active against rotting agents on strawberries and fruit].

This work was aimed at the study of biological and genetic peculiarities of the strains Bacillus subtilis 2/10 and 63z which were selected for protection of strawberries from Botrytis fructigena and for apples under storage. The obtained strains were shown to possess a broad spectrum of antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria and this activity was manifested at low temperatures specific for the agriculture production storage. These cultures were not toxigenic or pathogenic in respect of plants and hot-blooded. By RAPD-typing and sequencing of the cloned parts of DNA the genetic specificity of the selected cultures was shown compared with other Bacillus subtilis strains which had not been so active. A set of genetic primes was selected to allow one to reliably identify the given strains during production of biopreparations and to control their use in the field conditions.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2005

Development of a biological control method against postharvest diseases of citrus fruits.

Candida oleophila strain O was previously selected for its high and reliable antagonistic activity against Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum, two important wound pathogens on post-harvest apples. The application of these antagonistic strains on wound pathogens of Citrus was more recently undertaken. The efficacy of yeast (applied at several concentrations from 10(5) to 10(8) CFU/ml) was assessed against P. digitatum and P. italicum inoculated after one hours (at a concentration of 10(5), 106 and 10(7) spores/ml) on 'Clementine' and 'Valencia late' varieties. The protective levels were positively correlated with high concentration of antagonist and low concentration of pathogen. The antagonistic activity of this strain was also dependent on the incubation time before pathogen inoculation. The protective level increased with time between application of the antagonist and inoculation of fungal spores. Finally, the efficacy of biomass of C. oleophila strain O (produced at an industrial scale), and two different formulations of that biomass was assessed in comparison with fungicidal treatment (Thiabendazole) under semi-practical conditions against P. digitatum. This efficacy of strain O (whatever its formulation) was statistically comparable to that for TBZ at commercial dose, indicating that both formulations could be used as an alternative for conventional fungicide in postharvest treatments.

Antibiosis↗
PubMed2005

A new post-harvest fungicide to control fruit rot on apple and pear.

PHILABUSTER is a new post-harvest fungicide developed by Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V.. It provides an advanced mould control by post-harvest treatments of citrus and pome fruit. The product is formulated as a stable suspension concentrate intended for dilution in water before use. PHILABUSTER 400 SC contains 200 g/L imazalil and 200 g/L pyrimethanil. Both active ingredients have a different single site mode of action. Imazalil inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis (DMI), whereas pyrimethanil interferes with fungal enzyme secretion and methionine biosynthesis. Due to the combination of these low risk fungicides a good anti-resistance management can be obtained. In case of existing reduced sensitivity of a population to DMI or MBC fungicides, no cross-resistance with pyrimethanil was observed. PHILABUSTER showed good activity by post-harvest treatment against key pathogens on apple and pear Penicillium expansum (blue mold), Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) and Gloeosporium spp. (lenticel rot) in small and large scale experiments with artificial or natural infections. By dip treatment of large volumes of fruit (up to 50 tons) the depletion of both active ingredients in the treatment water was low, both when plastic or wooden bins were used. Lower dose rates resulted in an inferior and inconsistent residue level of both active ingredients on fruit. Possible advantages of post-harvest treatments versus field treatments for the control of storage diseases are discussed.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2005

Treatments with gras compounds to keep fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) quality during cold storage.

The trade of fresh fig fruit is restricted by its high perishability and numerous attempts have been done to extend the postharvest life. The main difficulties can be found in the fast ripening and the easiness of pathogen spread. Although the ripening can be slowed by low storage temperatures (close to 0 degrees C) the control of pathogens remains still unsolved since no pesticide treatments are allowed. Generally Recognized As Save Compounds (G.R.A.S.) are possible candidates to fulfil this void. Sodium carbonate (SC) solutions (0.5, 1, 2 and 3%) and acetic acid (AAC) vapours (25, 50 and 100 ppm) have been used as postharvest treatments to control Botrytis cinerea on black (Craxiou de Porcu) and white (Rampelina) fig varieties. Fruit was subsequently stored at 2 or 8 degrees C and 90% relative humidity for two weeks. At the end of the experiment decay, weight loss, pH, acidity, total soluble solids and visual assessment were performed. SC treatment at 1% reduced significantly the decay while, lower and higher concentrations did not. Between the two studied varieties the lowest decay percentage (9.8%) was found for the Craxiou de Porcu. Using AAC a good efficacy was achieved only with 100 ppm, this treatment decrease to 2.4% the incidence of decay irrespective to storage temperature. Lower concentrations were lesser effective and the efficacy was strictly dependent on the storage temperature, being higher at 2 degrees C. No treatment damages were observed following SC or AAC applications. Regarding fruit weight loss all treatments did not affect this parameter that was 10.1% and 16.9% at 2 and 8 degrees C, respectively. Chemical analyses performed at the end of the storage period did not evidenced differences among the treatments and slight ones if compared to initial values. Visual score of the fruit at the end of storage evidenced a better keeping quality for Craxiou de Porcu especially when stored at 2 degrees C. Both G.R.A.S. compounds are promising, but in the reported experiments AAC was the most effective.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed1999

Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Calamintha nepeta and its constituent pulegone against bacteria and fungi.

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Calamintha nepeta and its antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella veneziana, S. paratyphi B. S. typhimurium, Fusarium moniliforme, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger and Pyricularia oryzae have been studied. Moreover the main constituents of the oil (limonene, menthone, pulegone, menthol) have been tested against the same microorganisms. Only pulegone showed antimicrobial activity, particularly against all the Salmonella species.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Synthesis and antifungal activities of N-aryl-4-phenyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)butanamides.

Various N-aryl-4-phenyl-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)butanamides (2 and 3) were tested for fungicidal activities against Pyricularia oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora infestans, Puccinia recondita, and Erysiphe graminis in vivo. Butanamides (2 and 3a) that have an electron withdrawing group (Cl, F) attached to the meta position of the phenyl ring showed good to excellent activities against Pyricularia oryzae, Puccinia recondita, and Erysiphe graminis in high concentration while those that have a strong electron withdrawing group (CN, NO2) or electron donating group (OCH3, CH3) attached to the meta position did not show good activities against all test fungi at 250 mg L-1. The antifungal activities of the compounds synthesized were compared with reference compounds such as Tricyclazole, Moncozeb, and Benomyl.

Amides↗
PubMed2001

Optimum timing of insecticide applications against diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in cole crops using threshold catches in sex pheromone traps.

Field trials were conducted in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata), cauliflower (B oleracea var botrytis) and knol khol (B oleracea gongylodes) crops at two different locations in Karnataka State (India) to optimize the timing of insecticide applications to control the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, using sex pheromone traps. Our results indicate that applications of cartap hydrochloride as insecticide during a 12-24 h period after the pheromone traps had caught on average 8, 12 and 16 males per trap per night in cabbage, cauliflower and knol khol, respectively, were significantly more effective than regular insecticide sprays at 7, 9, 12 or 15 days after transplantation. This was demonstrated by estimation of the mean number of eggs and larvae per plant, the percentage of holes produced, as well as the marketable yield of the three crops at each location. A good correlation between the immature stages, infestation level, the estimated crop yield and the number of moths caught in pheromone traps was also found, indicating the usefulness of pheromone-based monitoring traps to predict population densities of the pest.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bioactive constituents from Turkish Pimpinella species.

A new 'phenylpropanoid', 4-(3-methyloxiran-2-yl)phenyl 2-methylbutanoate (1), a new trinorsesquiterpene, 4-(6-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-2-en-7-yl)butan-2-one (2), and eight known compounds (3-10) were isolated from the essential oils of several Pimpinella species growing in Turkey. The structures of the new compounds were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was established via comparison of its optical rotation with that of 'epoxypseudoisoeugenyl 2-methylbutyrate' (11), the absolute configuration of which was determined by chemical degradation and an appropriate Mosher ester formation. Direct bioautography revealed antifungal activity of 1 and 11 against Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae, and C. gloesporioides. Subsequent evaluation of antifungal compounds in a 96-well microtiter assay showed that compounds 1 and 11 produced the most-significant growth inhibition in Phomopsis spp., Colletotrichum spp., and Botrytis cinerea. Compounds 1 and 6 displayed antimicrobial activities against Mycobacterium intracellulare, with IC50 values of 2.78 and 1.29 microM, respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2001

Lactones. 6. Microbial lactonization of gamma,delta-epoxy esters.

The ability of 19 microorganisms to perform the enantioselective lactonization of racemic gamma,delta-epoxy ester 3a and its 7-methyl homolog 3b was checked. It was found that Rhodotorula rubra preferentialy transformed both substrates to (-)-enantiomers of trans delta-hydroxy-gamma-lactones with ee 76% for 3a and 24% for 3b. The best efficiency (20-30%) and enantioselectivity (ee 60-100%) of formation of (-)-gamma-hydroxy-delta-lactones 6a and 6b was observed for lactonization by Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium semitectum, respectively.

Biotransformation↗
PubMed2004

Genotypic effects on glucosinolates and sensory properties of broccoli and cauliflower.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence that the species, form or cultivar exerts on the glucosinolate spectrum for glucosinolates and free sugars in selected vegetable species of the Brassica genus (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck, Brassica rapa var. alboglabra and Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.). The results showed significant differences amongst the cultivar groups for the glucosinolate proportions as well as the contents of health-promoting and flavour-influencing alkyl, alkenyl and indole glucosinolates. The clear differences in the proportions of glucosinolates amongst the groups were not significantly influenced by the weather, although the absolute glucosinolate contents were. Interestingly, the species, forms and cultivars diverged in their external and internal sensory attributes, for example, colour, taste properties such as bitter and sweet, flavour such as green/ grassy, spicy, broccoli-like, cabbage-like, cauliflower-like, kohlrabi-like, leek-like and mouth-feel pungent. Differences in the sensory attributes led to different consumer acceptability based on first impressions judged on colour, flavour and overall liking. Consumers were seen to prefer cultivars with a bright colour, a lower level of bitter tasting glucosinolates (alkenyl and indole glucosinolates) and a higher sucrose content. Significant correlations were determined between the compound concentrations, the descriptively determined sensory properties and the consumer scores. Here, we identified properties of broccoli and cauliflower which, when optimised to the tastes of the consumer, could boost their acceptability.

Brassica↗
PubMed1996

Fungal spore concentrations in the atmosphere at the Anatolia quarter of Istanbul, Turkey.

In this research, spore concentrations of Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Botrytis, Leptosphaeria, Polythrincium, ascospores, Aspergillus, Penicillium, basidiospores, uredospores, Ustilago, Torula, Erysiphe, Ganoderma, Hyaline indeterminate and others in the atmosphere have been determined, and comparisons have been made between locations with both low and high spore concentrations. The importance of these air-borne fungal spores which cause allergy and asthma are emphasized in the paper from the viewpoint of human health.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mass spectrometry in grape and wine chemistry. Part II: The consumer protection.

Controls in food industry are fundamental to protect the consumer health. For products of high quality, warranty of origin and identity is required and analytical control is very important to prevent frauds. In this article, the "state of art" of mass spectrometry in enological chemistry as a consumer safety contribute is reported. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) methods have been developed to determine pesticides, ethyl carbamate, and compounds from the yeast and bacterial metabolism in wine. The presence of pesticides in wine is mainly linked to the use of dicarboxyimide fungicides on vineyard shortly before the harvest to prevent the Botrytis cinerea attack of grape. Pesticide residues are regulated at maximum residue limits in grape of low ppm levels, but significantly lower levels in wine have to be detected, and mass spectrometry offers effective and sensitive methods. Moreover, mass spectrometry represent an advantageous alternative to the radioactive-source-containing electron capture detector commonly used in GC analysis of pesticides. Analysis of ochratoxin A (OTA) in wine by LC/MS and multiple mass spectrometry (MS/MS) permits to confirm the toxin presence without the use of expensive immunoaffinity columns, or time and solvent consuming sample derivatization procedures. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP/MS) is used to control heavy metals contamination in wine, and to verify the wine origin and authenticity. Isotopic ratio-mass spectrometry (IRMS) is applied to reveal wine watering and sugar additions, and to determine the product origin and traceability.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed1990

Compatibility of the two-site exchange model and 1H NMR relaxation rates.

We demonstrate a formalism for determining whether 1H longitudinal and transverse magnetic relaxation decay curves are compatible with a model of proton exchange between two sites with inherently different relaxation rates. We apply the method to published data in which both decay curves have been fit to normalized biexponential functions, a prediction of the simplest two-site exchange model. The analysis is applied to relaxation data of adsorbed water vapor on silica gel (J.R. Zimmerman and J.A. Lasater, J. Phys. Chem. 62, 1157 (1958] and to relaxation data reported in mycelia of Botrytis cinerea Persoon and pupae of the tobacco cutworm (M. Yoshida and K. Nose, Agric. Biol. Chem. 51, 3399 (1987]. Exchange parameters are calculated form these data sets and the compatibility of the two-site exchange model with the data is discussed for each case. The sensitivity of the calculated exchange parameters to errors in the bioexponential fitting parameters is treated in some detail.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Biological activity of cyclopaldic acid, a major toxin of Seiridium cupressi, its six derivatives, and iso-cyclopaldic acid.

Cyclopaldic acid (CA), its six derivatives, and iso-cyclopaldic acid (IsoCA) were assayed for toxicity to cuttings of three species of cypress, as well as to mung bean, oat, and tomato explants. Toxicity to host and non-host plants of CA derivatives having one or both of the aldehyde groups transformed was less than that of CA. Shoot tissues of Cupressus macrocarpa artificially infected by Seiridium cupressi leached electrolytes more than those of C. sempervirens and C. arizonica. CA, IsoCA, and to a lesser extent the monoacetylated, phenylhydrazone and hydrogenated derivatives of CA caused loss of electrolytes from cypress tissues. CA, IsoCA, and monoacetyl CA caused limited callus development of cypress tissues. Diacetylhydrazone CA enhanced the yield of cypress callus tissue. CA derivatives having both aldehyde groups modified induced root formation on cypress cuttings. The antifungal activity showed by CA toward species of Botrytis, Fusarium, and Geotrichum markedly decreased in its derivatives. The inhibitory effect of CA on esterases was exhibited also by IsoCA and the monoacetylated derivative.

Benzofurans↗
PubMed2005

Insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives.

Chitosan, the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a potential biopolysaccharide owing to its specific structure and properties. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of 24 new chitosan derivatives, N-alkyl chitosans (NAC) and N-benzyl chitosans (NBC), that are soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid. The different derivatives were synthesized by reductive amination and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A high degree of substitution (DS) was obtained with N-(butyl)chitosan (DS 0.36) at a 1:1 mole ratio for NAC derivatives and N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan (DS 0.52) for NBC derivatives. Their insecticidal and fungicidal activities were tested against larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast Pyricularia grisea Cavara (Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr). The oral feeding bioassay indicated that all the derivatives had significant insecticidal activity at 5 g kg(-1) in artificial diet. The most active was N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, which caused 100% mortality at 0.625 g kg(-1), with an estimated LC50 of 0.32 g kg(-1). Treated larvae ceased feeding after 2-3 days; the mechanism of action remains unknown. In a radial hyphal growth bioassay with both plant pathogens, all derivatives showed a higher fungicidal action than chitosan. N-Dodecylchitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan and N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan were the most active against B cinerea, with EC50 values of 0.57, 0.57 and 0.52 g litre(-1), respectively. Against P grisea, N-(m-nitrobenzyl)chitosan was the most active, with 77% inhibition at 5 g litre(-1). The effect of different substitutions is discussed in relation to insecticidal and fungicidal activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dehydro-alpha-lapachone isolated from Catalpa ovata stems: activity against plant pathogenic fungi.

The methanol extract of stems of Catalpa ovata G Don exhibits potent in vivo antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr (rice blast) on rice plants, Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr (tomato grey mould) and Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary (tomato late blight) on tomato plants, Puccinia recondita Rob ex Desm (wheat leaf rust) on wheat plants and Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer f. sp. hordei Marchal (barley powdery mildew) on barley plants. An antifungal substance was isolated and identified as dehydro-alpha-lapachone from mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data. It completely inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Simmonds, M. grisea and Pythium ultimum Trow over a range of 0.4-33.3 mg litre(-1). It also controlled the development of rice blast, tomato late blight, wheat leaf rust, barley powdery mildew and red pepper anthracnose (Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr) S Hughes). The chemical was particularly effective in suppressing red pepper anthracnose by 95% at a concentration of 125 mg litre(-1).

Bignoniaceae↗
PubMed2001

Synthesis and in vitro antifungal activity of 1-amino-3,4-dialkylnaphthalene-2-carbonitriles and their analogues.

Twenty-four 3- and/or 4-alkyl-substituted 1-aminonaphthalene-2-carbonitriles and their analogues were prepared and evaluated for growth-inhibiting activity against four phytopathogenic fungi: Fusarium culmorum, Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum. The results obtained were compared with the activity of a commercial fungicide. The highest fungistatic activity was revealed by amino nitriles having hydrogen atoms or only one short alkyl group (CH3, C2H5) at the 3- or 4-position of the naphthalene system. The minimum values of calculated EC50 and EC95 indexes were 1.1 and 5.1 mg litre-1, respectively. These values were considerably lower than those for the reference fungicide.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2002

Potential of a novel antibiotic, 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate, as a biocontrol agent against fusarial wilt of crucifers.

Screening for newer bioactive compounds from microbial metabolites resulted in the isolation of a novel antibiotic from the culture filtrate, Streptomyces sp 201, of a soil. The bioactive compound, with antifungal and antibacterial activity, was identified as 2-methylheptyl isonicotinate. The antifungal activity of live culture, culture broth and the isolated bioactive compound showed marked inhibition against dominant soil-borne phytopathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum Schlect, F moniliforme Sheldon, F semitectum Berkeley & Ravenel, F solani (Martius) Sacc and Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. The compound had no effect on seed germination and seedling development as displayed by root and stem growth of the test plant species. In pot experiments with seedlings of cruciferous plants such as Raphanus sativus L (radish), Brassica campestris L (yellow mustard), Brassica oleracea var botrytis L (cauliflower), the antibiotic compound showed promising protective activity of 92% when seeds of the test plants were treated at a dose of 50 micrograms ml-1 prior to sowing. Seed treatment with a spore suspension (3 x 10(8) spores ml-1) of the Streptomyces sp 201 displayed protective activity in the range of 56-60%. Seeds coated with 2.5% methyl cellulose-amended spores of the antagonist showed protective activity in the range of 64-72%. Further, seed treatment with the culture filtrate of the antagonist also showed promising protective activity in the range of 64-84%.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗