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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Intraoperative assessment of nodal staging at thoracotomy for carcinoma of the bronchus.

In the staging of operable carcinoma of the bronchus, accurate assessment of mediastinal nodal status is essential in order to determine the feasibility and desirability of resection. In the UK, frozen section analysis is often logistically difficult, and many surgeons rely upon naked-eye assessment. To evaluate the accuracy of this approach, we have reviewed 100 thoracotomies performed for cancer in this unit and compared the naked-eye assessment of nodal staging with the ultimate histological findings. A total of 287 lymph nodes were examined. There were 14 false positives and 10 false negatives. The overall accuracy of naked-eye assessment was 96.1%. On no occasion did an error in naked-eye assessment result in a patient receiving inappropriate treatment. All patients were thought to be pTNM N0 or N1 prior to surgery, yet N2 disease was established in 24 patients. The value of routine mediastinal node dissection at the time of thoracotomy has been established and an important subgroup of patients with microscopic N2 disease has been identified.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed2006

[Right main bronchus tumoral obstruction during left pneumonectomy].

We report a case of severe airway obstruction during a pneumonectomy, due to a tumor embolus in the contralateral main bronchus. Trachea was intubated with a single-lumen tube with a bronchial blocker. This kind of accident is very rare, and often fatal. The mass was retrieved by rigid bronchoscopy and the patient made an uneventful recovery.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Catecholaminergic nerve fibers in bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue: age-related changes.

Age-related changes of the catecholaminergic nerve fibers of the trachea, bronchial smooth muscle, lung capillaries and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) were studied in male Wistar rats aged 3 months (young), 12 months (adult) and 24 months (old/aged). Catecholamine histo- and immuno-fluorescence techniques were used, associated with image analysis and high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of nor-epinephrine (nor-adrenaline). In young rats, blue-green fluorescent nerve fibers supply the trachea-bronchial smooth muscle and tracheal and bronchial glands. These structures are innervated by a delicate network of nerve fibers, being rich in varicosities. Pulmonary capillaries are sparsely innervated. The highest nor-epinephrine concentration was found in the trachea and bronchi, followed by BALT. The density and the pattern of noradrenergic nerve fibers of the trachea-bronchial tree or of the pulmonary vessels were similar in young and adult rats. In aged rats, a loss of noradrenergic nerve fibers, involving primarily the supply to the smooth muscle of the trachea-bronchial tree, was observed. Fluorescence microscopic techniques demonstrated a higher sensitivity than nor-epinephrine assay in detecting changes of the sympathetic nerve supply of the trachea-bronchial tree, pulmonary vessels and BALT. The possible significance of reduced noradrenergic nerve supply of the trachea-bronchial-pulmonary tree in aged rats is discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

A case of pulmonary artery sling associated with long-segment funnel trachea and bronchus suis.

An infant with pulmonary sling syndrome associated with an abnormal branching of the trachea, bronchus suis, complicated by long segment intrathoracic tracheal stenosis (ie, "funnel trachea") and concomitant tracheomalacia underwent reoperation at 5 months of age. We review the anatomy of this rare entity and describe the surgical technique to avoid the residual stenosis.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2006

Endomorphin1 and endomorphin2, endogenous potent inhibitors of electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced cholinergic contractions of rat isolated bronchus.

In the present study, we determined whether endomorphin1 (EM1) and endomorphin2 (EM2), selective endogenous mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, inhibited the response to EFS in rat isolated bronchus in a concentration- and frequency-dependent manner. EM1 (1 microM) produced significant inhibition at relatively low frequencies (< 5 Hz) (74.02 +/- 5.53%, 56.16 +/- 10.24% and 37.64 +/- 5.92% inhibition at 1, 2 and 4 Hz, respectively, p < 0.05 versus control), but no significant inhibition at 8, 16, 32 and 64 Hz (17.15 +/- 9.4%, 14.51 +/- 4.23%, 9.11 +/- 2.38% and 5.93 +/- 3.5%, respectively, p > 0.05 versus control). Similar modulations were observed in response to EM2 (1 microM). It is therefore considered that the inhibition effects of EM1 and EM2 may take place at frequencies under physiological conditions. Furthermore, EM1 and EM2 (0.01-10 microM) induced inhibition of cholinergic constriction in a dose-dependent manner at 1, 2 and 4 Hz. The inhibitory effect on EFS was blocked by the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (10 microM), indicating that opioid receptors were involved. Neither EM1 nor EM2 (1 microM) had an effect on the contractile response to exogenous acetylcholine, indicating a prejunctional effect. All the results indicate that EM1 and EM2 are potent inhibitors of EFS-induced cholinergic bronchoconstriction. These also imply that EM1 and EM2 may modulate cholinergic bronchoconstriction under physiological conditions and that these tetrapeptides could have therapeutic potential in the treatment of airway diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Lobar emphysema due to ductus arteriosus compressing right upper bronchus in an infant with congenital heart disease.

A 1-month-old boy with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, right aortic arch, and right ductus arteriosus, exhibited progressive right upper lobar emphysema since his birth. The emphysema was caused by the right ductus arteriosus compressing the right upper bronchus. After division of the ductus arteriosus the emphysema completely regressed. We should explore the cause of lobar emphysema thoroughly before lobectomy especially when it is extrinsic. The emphysema may regress by eliminating the extrinsic factor.

Bronchi↗
PubMed2005

Congenital absence of the right upper lobe bronchus with double segmental tracheal bronchi.

A multidisciplinary approach revealed an absent right upper lobe bronchus and atretic bronchioles in a child with recurrent pulmonary infections. Use of a multidimensional computed tomographic scan and bronchoscopy clearly delineated the anatomical aberration. The child underwent an uncomplicated right upper anterior segmentectomy with an expedient recovery.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1976

Total rupture of the left main bronchus successfully repaired nine years after injury.

A patient who sustained a traumatic rupture of the left main bronchus that was successfully repaired nine years later is presented, and reference is made to reports of similar instances in which operation has been performed more than five years after injury. Pulmonary function following operation improved progressively and proved the delayed repair to have been a reasonable decision.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Granular cell myoblastoma of the bronchus: report of 2 cases and review of the literature.

Granular cell myoblastoma of the bronchus is rare. Two patients are described, bringing the total reported to 44. Review of the literature shows that cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, and wheezing are frequent presenting symptoms and that distal atelectasis and recurrent or persistent pneumonitis are common roentgenographic findings. Though the histogenesis of this tumor remains controversial, most pathologists now believe that the cells have a neurogenic origin. Adequate open surgical resection is the treatment of choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Combined total body irradiation and local radiation therapy in oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus.

Use of total body irradiation (TBI) as a systematic therapy has been evaluated in controlling subclinical and established metastases in oat cell bronchus carcinoma. Preliminary results suggest that patients without clinical evidence of distant metastases do better than those with metastases. No patient in this series developed brain metastases. This could be related to TBI but may again be just a coincidence. The booster radiation dose (1000 rad) given to the liver seems to be inadequate in preventing metastases there, as all the deaths were due to liver metastases. In view of this, a higher dose to the liver is recommended.

Bronchial Neoplasms↗
PubMed1980

Results of a pilot study of wide field radiotherapy in the treatment of oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus.

Twenty-two patients suffering from oat-cell carcinoma of the bronchus were treated by various forms of wide field radiation. Ten patients were treated with high dose upper half body radiation, followed by lower half body radiation and radiation to the primary. Four patients were given high dose half body radiation for metastases. Two patients received low dose total body radiation after radiotherapy to the primary. Two patients received fractionated total body radiation for metastatic disease. The median survival was 20 weeks for all cases. For those receiving radical therapy, the median survival was 22 weeks. The median survival was 10 weeks in those cases treated for metastatic disease. Major toxicity included dryness of the mouth in one case, anaemia, acute pulmonary distress following high dose upper half body radiation and acute radiation pneumonitis. There was inadequate local control in nine cases which could be improved by increasing the radiation dose to the primary. High dose half body radiation may well delay the onset of metastases. Low dose total body radiation has some palliative effect.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Total body irradiation in oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus.

Total body irradiation (TBI) as a systemic therapy has been used in controlling subclinical metastases in oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus (limited disease). Preliminary results suggest that a delay occurs in the development of brain metastases as not a single patient developed this in this series. As eventually almost all patients developed distant metastases, further maintenance chemotherapy is recommended.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1988

Demonstration of a tracheal bronchus by computed tomography.

Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a tracheal bronchus in a young child as well as the associated cystic disease of the right lung. Confirmation of the anatomical bronchial variant was obtained later when the cystic lesion was infected with aspergillus and surgically removed.

Aspergillosis↗
PubMed1988

An evaluation of the palliative role of radiotherapy in inoperable carcinoma of the bronchus.

Ninety-six patients with inoperable carcinoma of the bronchus were entered into a prospective study of the effectiveness of palliative radiotherapy. The median survival of the group as a whole was 38 weeks. Major symptoms such as cough, dyspnoea and haemoptysis were well controlled at 3 months and 6 months follow-up. There was no significant effect on performance status. Dysphagia and tiredness occurred in 81% of patients, but were classed as mild in 41% and 47% respectively, lasting less than 4 weeks in 86%. There was no correlation between the radiotherapy dose received and symptom control. Fourteen per cent of patients were dead within approximately 3 months of treatment and were unlikely to have benefited from therapy. Careful selection of patients for palliative radiotherapy is recommended.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Radiotherapy of brain metastases from carcinoma of the bronchus.

A retrospective study of 68 patients suffering from carcinoma of the bronchus with brain metastases is presented. They were treated in the Radiotherapy Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital over a 5-year period (1982 to 1986). There were 42 male and 26 female patients. The age range was 30 to 78 years (median 58.5). All patients were treated with whole-brain photon irradiation using lateral opposing fields. The dosage could be divided into two groups: 30 Gy given in 10 to 15 daily fractions (30 patients), or 22.5 Gy given in five daily fractions (38 patients). There was no significant difference in the actuarial survival of the two groups (P = 0.37), the median survival being 7 and 6 weeks respectively. There was no difference in survival between the groups with different histological subtypes (P = 0.43). The 5-day short fractionation is the preferred treatment as it gives patients more time away from hospital. In 80.4% of patients there was progression of neurological symptoms before death. Increasing the dose of radiotherapy to the main bulk of tumour may improve the symptom-free survival or overall survival.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Pulmonary response to ozone: reaction of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and lymph node lymphocytes in the rat.

The purpose of this work is to assess the effect of ozone, a reactive product of environmental photochemical oxidation, on lymphocytes of the lung. We exposed male Fischer rats to ozone at a concentration of 0.5 ppm for 20 hr/day for 1-14 days. Animals were treated with radioactive thymidine and were sacrificed at Day 1, 2, 3, 7, or 14 of exposure. Lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes were removed and prepared for histologic examination, evaluation of labeling indexes, and morphometric measurement. We examined two components of the lymphocyte response of the lung: the airway-related response, represented by the reaction of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), and the deep lung-related response, represented by reaction of the mediastinal lymph node. Lymphocytes of both the BALT and the mediastinal lymph node showed elevated radioactive thymidine uptake; however, no evidence of cell death was observed at either site. The cells of the specialized epithelium covering the BALT (lymphoepithelium) showed increased vacuolization, indicating altered cellular function. The average size of BALTs was unchanged by ozone exposure. Under experimental conditions ozone can affect a variety of cells in the lung including bronchial epithelial cells, macrophages, and Type 1 cells. We have shown for the first time that in addition to these cells, the rat BALT also proliferates in response to ozone. In addition we confirm previous work in the mouse which shows that the mediastinal lymph node reacts as well. The airways can be affected by inflammation, can be targets of infection, and can respond to chemical irritants with bronchoconstrictive responses. They are an important target organ for hypersensitivity responses and are a primary site for pulmonary cancer formation. A role for lymphocytes has been implicated in each of these processes. Therefore, the clinical significance of ozone on BALT and mediastinal lymph node responses could be appreciable in terms of potentiation of, or protection against, such responses.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of phorbol 12,13-diacetate on human isolated bronchus.

Protein kinase C appears to be involved in the regulation of airway contractility. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate (PDA; 0.01-10 microM), a protein kinase C activator, produced a transient relaxation followed by a sustained contraction of human isolated bronchus. Different protein kinase C inhibitors (calphostin C, staurosporine and 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine) (H-7), nifedipine (NIF; 1 microM) or incubation with Ca(2+)-free medium, inhibited the spasmogenic response to phorbol, while ouabain (10 microM) suppressed only the initial relaxation. These results indicate that the initial relaxation, in response to PDA, is related to the activation of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, while the ensuing contraction depends on extracellular Ca(2+) entry.Incubation with PDA (1-5 microM) depressed the maximal relaxation to theophylline and caffeine obtained at 37 degrees C but augmented the spasmogenic responses to methylxanthines (10 mM) obtained in cooled preparations. These effects do not result apparently from increased extracellular entry of Ca(2+), but instead, from facilitation of the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores.

Bronchi↗