Spirits and spiritist therapy in southern Brazil: a case study of an innovative, syncretic healing group.
This paper examines the treatment of patients by a group of Spiritist healers in southern Brazil. After describing and analyzing a healing session, the practices are shown to be deviant from conventional Spiritism in two directions: (1) they employ a technique, called apometry, that they claim makes possible the transportation of a part of the patient's body to the astral world where it is treated by disincarnate doctors who do past life regressions; and (2) although a conventional Spiritist disobsession is performed, the healers invoke rival Afro-Brazilian spirits who often are shown to have caused the patient's symptoms. Building on the work of Csordas (1983), I hypothesize that the discourse employed by the healers moves the patient to a new reality or phenomenological world in which s/he is healed "not in the sense of being restored to the state in which s/he existed prior to the onset of illness, but in the sense of being rhetorically 'moved' into a state dissimilar from both pre-illness and illness reality...(Csordas 1983:346)." The new state, in this case, is the world of Spiritism. Unlike the Catholic Pentecostals Csordas studied who already were members of a primary group of believers, however, the patients treated by the Brazilian healers are mostly unaffiliated individuals who face the increasing uncertainty and insecurity of life in disorganized, anomic, urban Brazil. By encompassing modern science on the one hand, and aspects of the Afro-Brazilian traditions on the other, this healing group appeals to the often distraught white middle and lower-middle classes, providing them with therapeutic meaning that in many cases leads to healing, conversion, and the sense of security and safety that often accompanies identifying with and belonging to a religious group.