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PubMed2002

Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. I. Extension-expansion of the contaminant plume.

This study concerns the possible use of boundary layer (BL) approach for the analysis and evaluation of contaminant transport in groundwater due to contaminant penetration into the groundwater aquifer through a site of limited size. The contaminant penetration may occur through either the upper (surface) or lower (bedrock) boundary of the aquifer. Two general cases of contaminant penetration mechanisms are considered: (1) the contaminant is transferred through an interface between a contaminating and freshwater fluid phases, and (2) the contaminant arrives at groundwater by leakage and percolation. For the purpose of BL evaluation the contaminant plume is divided into three different sections: (1) the penetration section, (2) the extension-expansion section, and (3) the spearhead section. In each section a different BL method approach yields simple analytical expressions for the description of the contaminant plume migration and contaminant transport. Previous studies of the BL method can be directly applied to the evaluation of contaminant transport at the contaminant penetration section. The present study extends those studies and concerns the contaminant transport in the two other sections, which are located downstream of the penetration section. This study shows that the contaminant concentration profiles in sections 2 and 3 incorporate two BLs: (1) an inner BL adjacent to the aquifer bottom or surface boundary, and (2) an outer BL, which develops above or below the inner one. The method developed in the present study has been applied to practical issues concerning salinity penetration into groundwater in south central Kansas.

Geological Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Histopathology in the light of molecular profiling.

The 2001 WHO classification distinguishes five variants (centroblastic, immunoblastic, plasmablastic, anaplastic and T-cell rich) and three subtypes (primary mediastinal, intravascular and primary effusion large B-cell lymphoma) of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs).The recognition of the three subtypes as distinct disease entities can be considered as an advance in our understanding of these tumours. However, the variants of DLBCLs, which significantly outnumber the subtypes in frequency, represent an unresolved area. Gene expression profiling (GEP) of the variants led to a discrepancy in results and produced more questions than answers. The authors, therefore, initiated a multi-institutional collaborative research project in Germany aimed at a subtle morphologic, genomic and transcriptional characterisation of DLBCLs and Burkitt lymphoma (BL). We included BL in our study for two reasons: (1) it belongs to aggressive B-NHLs; and (2) at present, there are no reliable criteria that can be applied to distinguish BL from DLBCL. The GEPs derived from 200 patient samples were correlated with reviewed histology, the degree of genetic imbalances and clinical features. The results of this approach show that: (i) the DLBCL can be divided into more than four molecular groups; and (ii) the BL cases, identified by the consensus of five out of six lymphoma expert pathologists, displayed a genomic and gene expression profile that was clearly distinct from those of most DLBCLs. The group of DLBCLs that resembled BL in their GEP had a remarkably good prognosis, whereas those that differed in their GEP from the consensus BLs had unfavourable survival rates. In conclusion, combined application of genomic and gene expression profiling in conjunction with consensus reviewed histology and clinical features, appears to be a reliable approach that enables a reproducible and clinically meaningful characterisation of mature aggressive B-NHLs.

Gene Expression Profiling↗
PubMed2001

Basic and advanced life support, acute resuscitation, and cardiac resuscitation.

The global approach to resuscitation has changed dramatically in the past year. The groundwork for these changes began a decade ago with the development of the Utstein guidelines for uniform reporting of critical events. Consistency in data collection was necessary to enable evidence-based review and comparison of current practice. Resuscitation protocols have been significantly altered based upon these data. Basic life support (BLS) protocols have been simplified. Early access to electrical cardioversion is the key to survival. Mobilization of AED technology in the community is essential. Several issues were identified as crucial to future improvement of resuscitation statistics. Prevention strategies should be developed for high-risk patients. There is a need to identify cases in which resuscitation should not be started. Enhancement of educational methods to improve performance and retention of skills is key. Finally, the roadblocks for performance of ethical prospective research must be minimized.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Dual response runs in prehospital trauma care.

The effects of dual responses [Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS)] on the outcomes of trauma patients were evaluated. Outcomes included changes in physiologic measurements between the scene and the emergency department (ED), and survival to hospital discharge. Data for 2394 patients with penetrating, motor vehicle crash (MVC), or other blunt injuries were included. Changes in physiologic measurements (Revised Trauma Scores) between the prehospital and ED settings were positively associated with documented ALS or dual response care. Survival to hospital discharge among penetrating injury patients was negatively related to dual responses, whereas that among MVC patients was positively associated with dual responses. Parallel results were found for a subset of more severely injured patients. Future research should confirm and refine these results so that protocols for the appropriate use of dual response runs can be developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Fatality Analysis Reporting System demonstrates association between trauma system initiatives and decreasing death rates.

BACKGROUND: Trauma registries frequently do not include the deaths of patients who do not get to trauma centers (TCs). Thus, complementary methods of monitoring the impact of trauma system initiatives should be considered. The objective of this study is to use National Highway Safety Traffic Administration's Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and New York State Department of Motor Vehicles data and to study the impact of state and regional initiatives over a 10-year period in the seven-county Hudson Valley New York (HV) region with one regional TC in Westchester County (WC) and to assess its face validity. METHODS: FARS data for the United States (US), New York State (NY), the HV region, and WC were analyzed from 1987 to 1996. Trauma system initiatives included the following. Statewide: (1) TC standards (1989), (2) TC designation and funding (1990), (3) State Trauma Advisory Committee (1991), (4) BLS triage protocol and trauma registry (1993), and (5) quality improvement site surveys (1994). Regional: (1) one regional and two area TCs (1990), (2) helicopter services (1992 and 1994), (3) two additional area TCs, and (4) E 911 in all three counties (1995). The results were presented to the New York State Trauma Advisory Committee. RESULTS: Although nationally motor vehicle crash deaths/100,000 persons have plateaued since 1991, trauma system initiatives have been temporally associated with death rates continuing to diminish in New York, the HV, and WC. From 1987 to 1996, the HV death rate dropped from 17.00 to 9.45, a 44% drop; and the WC rate dropped from 12.51 to 7.05, a 44% drop compared with United States death rate drop of 16% (p < 0.005). The percentage of seriously injured trauma patients going to the trauma centers increased from 53% in 1990 to 72% in 1995 (p < 0.001). The STAC felt that the data reflected in part effects of New York State trauma system initiatives. CONCLUSION: The drops in motor vehicle crash death rates may reflect injury prevention as well as trauma system initiatives. Thus, although FARS and New York State Department of Motor Vehicles data cannot establish cause and effect relationships, it can monitor the aggregated impact of multiple initiatives. Taken together with increasing percentages of seriously injured trauma patients going to trauma centers and comparisons with national FARS data, the association of decreasing deaths with the implementation of a trauma system seems to have face validity.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1992

The prehospital treatment of pediatric trauma.

Prehospital pediatric trauma care is an important part of the EMS system. Review of 458 pediatric ALS trauma responses over two years treated in an urban, tiered ALS system revealed a male predominance. Violence (gunshot, stab, or assault) accounted for 46% of injuries, followed by vehicular accidents (occupant or pedestrian), with 35%. Important ALS resuscitation interventions were commonly performed en route, with a high degree of success (IVs = 93%, intubation = 79%), and did not greatly prolong field times (9 min BLS vs 11.7 min ALS). ALS procedure success rates and field times reported here are lower than previously described. Benchmark standards for the prehospital care of pediatric trauma are proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Lymphoid neoplasms in HIV-positive individuals in India.

The HIV epidemic in the Asian subcontinent has a significant impact on India. Patients with AIDS have an increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). In this study, we have investigated the pattern of distribution of lymphoid neoplasms and also studied the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-association and p53 expression in 35 HIV-positive patients from India. The biopsy samples were studied for histology and for expression of CD20, CD3, CD15, CD30, light chains, CD138, bcl-6, epithelial membrane antigen, EBV-latent membrane protein-1, and p53 protein. In situ hybridization was performed with digoxigenin-labeled anti-sense EBV-encoded nuclear RNA-1 (EBER-1) probe. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on DNA extracted from paraffin sections for EBV-subtype analysis. The 35 cases included 7 cases of Hodgkin disease (HD), 4 cases of plasmacytoma (PL), and 24 cases of NHL. Among the cases of NHL, 3 were Burkitt lymphoma (BL), 4 were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBL) of centroblastic type (CBL), 10 were DLBL of immunoblastic type (IBL), 4 were high-grade B-cell lymphoma (unspecified) and the rest were other subtypes. EBV-association was noted in all cases of HD, 2 of 3 BL, and 3 of 10 IBL. PCR analysis of the EBNA-3C gene revealed amplimers corresponding to type A. A p53 protein overexpression was noted in 6 of 10 IBLs, 1 of 3 BLs, 2 of 3 CBLs, and 5 of 7 cases of HD. This is the first reported study of lymphoid malignancies in HIV-positive individuals from India.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Intubation and survival in severe paediatric blunt head injury.

The majority of severe childhood injuries are due to head injuries. We studied the impact of emergency intubation in a cohort of children suffering severe blunt head trauma. A 10-year retrospective case note analysis was performed on 176 children (age < 16 years) with severe blunt head trauma (abbreviated injury scale > or =4) in Southern Finland, who required intensive care in a level 1 trauma centre, or who died despite initiation of life supporting measures at the scene. Children in whom emergency intubation was performed either at the scene, or in the emergency room (ER) were analysed. Of the 59 children who fulfilled the study criteria, 20 had an isolated head injury. Most injuries (56/59) were caused by road traffic accidents. Field-intubation was performed in 24 children, and emergency intubation in the ERs of regional hospitals or the level 1 trauma centre, in 13 and 22 children respectively. Mortality was 54.2% (32/59), and was highest in children intubated in regional hospital ERs or in the field. Children intubated at the scene or in the ER of regional hospitals, had significantly worse AIS (head/neck), injury severity score (ISS), and Glasgow coma (GCS) scores than those children intubated in the ER of the level 1 trauma centre. Survival was better in field-intubated children compared with those intubated in regional hospital ERs, despite similar trauma scores (p = 0.05). It is concluded that although children with severe (AIS > or =4) head injury who require emergency intubation have a high overall mortality, field-intubation may improve survival, compared with 'scoop and run' with BLS airway management and deferred emergency intubation.

Abbreviated Injury Scale↗
PubMed2007

TENS relieves acute posttraumatic hip pain during emergency transport.

BACKGROUND: In Central Europe, ambulances for patients suffering from pain caused by nonlife-threatening trauma, such as hip fractures are staffed by medical personnel (medics) without physicians. Thus, there is an urgent need for nonpharmacological interventions that can be applied during the transport by basic life-support (BLS) medical personnel. METHODS: In all, 101 patients were screened for participation in this randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study, and randomly assigned to two groups (verum and sham transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [TENS]). First, medic A recorded all baseline parameters and measurements, then medic B performed TENS in absence of medic A. At the end of transportation, medic A performed data collection. Each patient was asked to grade his/her pain and anxiety level on visual analog scales (VAS, 0 to 100 mm). RESULTS: From 101 screened patients fulfilling the entry criteria, 29 declined consent and 9 had to be excluded from the analysis because of their final diagnosis. Therefore, the data from 30 patients (group 1, verum TENS) as well as from 33 patients (group 2 [control], sham TENS) were analyzed. No significant differences in potentially influencing factors were found before treatment. Pain scores upon arrival at the hospital differed significantly between group 1 and group 2 (p < 0.01). In group 1, pain reduction was observed between departure from the site of emergency and arrival at the hospital (VAS: 89 +/- 9 to 59 +/- 6 mm), whereas pain scores remained nearly unchanged in group 2 (VAS: 86 +/- 12 to 79 +/- 11 mm). CONCLUSION: Our findings show that TENS is a valuable and fast-acting pain treatment under the difficult circumstances of "out-of-hospital rescue". Because of its lack of side effects, it could also be a valuable tool in the hospital.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP-1 protein upregulates the pNDCF group of nucleoskeleton-cytoskeleton-associated proteins.

In a recent study, we described a group of monoclonal antibodies that identify five high molecular mass proteins which associate with intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm and accumulate in nuclear foci as well. The proteins have been designated pNDCFs, proteins associated with nuclear dots and cytoplasmic filaments. Their expression in human B cells was upregulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection or by exposure to anti-CD40 antibodies and IL4. Phenotypically representative (type I) Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines do not express pNDCFs or, if they do, the proteins accumulate preferentially in nuclear dots. Type III BL cell lines that have drifted to a more immunoblastic phenotype during in vitro passage and EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) of non-neoplastic origin express these proteins regularly at high levels. They are preferentially but not exclusively associated with vimentin filaments in the cytoplasm. Here we show that all five pNDCFs can be upregulated by expressing the EBV-encoded membrane protein LMP1 in type I BLs. Three of them could also be upregulated in the human keratinocyte cell line RHEK-1 by LMP1 transfection. This upregulation was paralleled by the LMP1-induced increase in vimentin expression in both cell types. One of the pNDCFs, detected by the MAb DM_4A6, accumulated in cap-like structures under the cell membrane that colocalized with membrane patches of LMP1, in addition to its localization in nuclear dots and in association with cytoplasmic vimentin filaments.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Activation of CD8+ T cells by allogeneic class II-deficient B-cell lines derived from patients with bare lymphocyte syndrome.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens (Ags) are known to carry the major stimulating determinants of the primary mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). We investigated the mechanism of generating HLA class I-directed alloreactive T-cells in primary MLR. With the use of class II-deficient EBV-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs) derived from patients with bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS), we have demonstrated in the present study that class I disparity alone can trigger primary MLR in the absence of exogenous IL-2. The CD8+ T cells were primary MLR-responsive cells, and the CD4+ T cells seem to play no role in primary MLR when class II alloantigens are not involved in stimulation. Addition of autologous macrophages did not influence the primary MLR response. The primary MLR was completely blocked by anti-class I or anti-CD8 antibodies but not by anti-class II or anti-CD4 antibodies. The MLC-generated CD8+ T cells exhibited cytolytic activity as well as proliferative responses. The proliferative response of the CD8+ T cells was specifically directed against class I antigens, demonstrated by proliferative assays; and the helper-independent CD8+ T cells were generated only when the activation of CD4+ T cells did not occur. This observation suggests that functional recruitment of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire is under active regulation, and the suppression of CD8+ T-cell helper recruitment appears to be dictated by the CD4+ T-cell subset. Further analysis of the primed T-cell specificities showed that alloreactivity of the CD8+ T cells was mostly accounted for by the HLA-B Ags.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMed1995

Bystander vs EMS first-responder CPR: initial rhythm and outcome in witnessed nonmonitored out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether outcome and first-monitored rhythm for patients who sustain a witnessed, nonmonitored, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest are associated with on-scene CPR provider group. METHODS: A retrospective, cohort analysis was conducted in a suburban, heterogeneous EMS system. Patients studied were > or = 19 years of age, had had an arrest of presumed cardiac origin between July 1989 and January 1993, had gone into cardiac arrest prior to ALS arrival, and had received CPR on collapse. First-monitored rhythms and survival rates were compared for two patient groups who on collapse either: 1) had received CPR by nonprofessional bystanders (BCPR) or 2) had received CPR by on-scene EMS system first responders (FRCPR). RESULTS: Of 217 cardiac arrest victims, 153 (71%) had received BCPR and 64 (29%) had received FRCPR. The BCPR patients were slightly younger (62.4 vs 68.4 years, p = 0.01) and had slightly shorter ALS response intervals (6.4 vs 7.7 minutes, p = 0.02). There was no difference in BLS response time intervals or automatic external defibrillator (AED) use rates. The percentage of patients with a first-monitored rhythm of pulseless ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) and the percentage of patients grouped by CPR provider who survived to hospital admission or to hospital discharge were: [see text]

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The role of physician staffing of helicopter emergency medical services in prehospital trauma response.

The crewing of Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) for scene response to trauma patients is generally considered to be controversial, particularly regarding the role of physicians. This is reflected in HEMS in Australia with some services utilizing physician crewing for all prehospital missions. Others however, use physicians for selected missions only whilst others do not use physicians at all. This review seeks to determine whether the literature supports using physicians in addition to paramedics in HEMS teams for prehospital trauma care. Studies were excluded if they compared physician teams with basic life support teams (BLS) teams rather than paramedics. Ambulance officers were considered to be paramedics where they were able to administer intravenous fluids and use a method of airway management beyond bag-valve-mask ventilation. Studies were excluded if the skill set of the ambulance team was not defined, the level of staffing of the helicopter service was not stated, team composition varied without reporting outcomes for each team type, patient outcome data were not reported, or the majority of the transports were interhospital rather than prehospital transports.

Air Ambulances↗
PubMed1983

DNA rearrangement and altered RNA expression of the c-myb oncogene in mouse plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas.

Three types of tumors termed plasmacytomas (ABPC's), lymphosarcomas (ABLS's), and plasmacytoid lymphosarcomas (ABPL's) arise in BALB/c mice treated with pristane and Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV). While most ABPC's and BLS's contain integrated A-MuLV proviral genome and synthesize the v-abl RNA, most ABPL's do not. The ABPL tumors were examined for the expression of other oncogenes that may be associated with their transformed state, in the absence of transforming virus. These tumors expressed abundant c-myb RNA of unusually large size and showed DNA rearrangements of the c-myb locus.

Abelson murine leukemia virus↗
PubMed2004

Two sets of paralogous genes encode the enzymes involved in the early stages of clavulanic acid and clavam metabolite biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus.

Recently, a second copy of a gene encoding proclavaminate amidinohydrolase (pah1), an enzyme involved in the early stages of clavulanic acid and clavam metabolite biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus, was identified and isolated. Using Southern analysis, we have now isolated second copies of the genes encoding the carboxyethylarginine synthase (ceaS) and beta-lactam synthetase (bls) enzymes. These new paralogues are given the gene designations ceaS1 and bls1 and are located immediately upstream of pah1 on the chromosome. Furthermore, sequence analysis of the region downstream of pah1 revealed a second copy of a gene encoding ornithine acetyltransferase (oat1), thus indicating the presence of a cluster of paralogue genes. ceaS1, bls1, and oat1 display 73, 60, and 63% identities, respectively, at the nucleotide level to the original ceaS2, bls2, and oat2 genes from the clavulanic acid gene cluster. Single mutants defective in ceaS1, bls1, or oat1 were prepared and characterized and were found to be affected to variable degrees in their ability to produce clavulanic acid and clavam metabolites. Double mutants defective in both copies of the genes were also prepared and tested. The ceaS1/ceaS2 and the bls1/bls2 mutant strains were completely blocked in clavulanic acid and clavam metabolite biosynthesis. On the other hand, oat1/oat2 double mutants still produced some clavulanic acid and clavam metabolites. This may be attributed to the presence of the argJ gene in S. clavuligerus, which encodes yet another ornithine acetyltransferase enzyme that may be able to compensate for the lack of OAT1 and -2 in the double mutants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Deletion of the pyc gene blocks clavulanic acid biosynthesis except in glycerol-containing medium: evidence for two different genes in formation of the C3 unit.

The beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid is formed by condensation of a pyruvate-derived C3 unit with a molecule of arginine. A gene (pyc, for pyruvate converting) located upstream of the bls gene in the clavulanic acid gene cluster of Streptomyces clavuligerus encodes a 582-amino-acid protein with domains recognizing pyruvate and thiamine pyrophosphate that shows 29.9% identity to acetohydroxyacid synthases. Amplification of the pyc gene resulted in an earlier onset and higher production of clavulanic acid. Replacement of the pyc gene with the aph gene did not cause isoleucine-valine auxotrophy in the mutant. The pyc replacement mutant did not produce clavulanic acid in starch-asparagine (SA) or in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) complex medium, suggesting that the pyc gene product is involved in the conversion of pyruvate into the C3 unit of clavulanic acid. However, the beta-lactamase inhibitor was still formed at the same level as in the wild-type strain in defined medium containing D-glycerol, glutamic acid, and proline (GSPG medium) as confirmed by high-pressure liquid chromatography and paper chromatography. The production of clavulanic acid by the replacement mutant was dependent on addition of glycerol to the medium, and glycerol-free GSPG medium did not support clavulanic acid biosynthesis, suggesting that an alternative gene product catalyzes the incorporation of glycerol into clavulanic acid in the absence of the Pyc protein. The pyc replacement mutant overproduces cephamycin.

Acetolactate Synthase↗
PubMed2002

Mutants of Streptomyces clavuligerus with disruptions in different genes for clavulanic acid biosynthesis produce large amounts of holomycin: possible cross-regulation of two unrelated secondary metabolic pathways.

A Streptomyces clavuligerus ccaR::aph strain, which has a disruption in the regulatory gene ccaR, does not produce cephamycin C or clavulanic acid, but does produce a bioactive compound that was identified as holomycin by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared and mass spectrometry. S. clavuligerus strains with disruptions in different genes of the clavulanic acid pathway fall into three groups with respect to holomycin biosynthesis. (i) Mutants with mutations in the early steps of the pathway blocked in the gene ceaS (pyc) (encoding carboxyethylarginine synthase), bls (encoding a beta-lactam synthetase), or open reading frame 6 (ORF6; coding for an acetyltransferase of unknown function) are holomycin nonproducers. (ii) Mutants blocked in the regulatory gene ccaR or claR or blocked in the last gene of the pathway encoding clavulanic acid reductase (car) produce holomycin at higher levels than the wild-type strain. (iii) Mutants with disruption in cyp (coding for cytochrome P450), ORF12, and ORF15, genes that appear to be involved in the conversion of clavaminic acid into clavaldehyde or in secretion steps, produce up to 250-fold as much holomycin as the wild-type strain. An assay for holomycin synthetase was developed. This enzyme forms holomycin from holothin by using acetyl coenzyme A as an acetyl group donor. The holomycin synthase activities in the different clavulanic acid mutants correlate well with their production of holomycin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

Visualization of alternative Epstein-Barr virus expression programs by fluorescent in situ hybridization at the cell level.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforms human B lymphocytes into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). They regularly express six virally encoded nuclear proteins (EBNA1 to EBNA6) and three membrane proteins (LMP1, LMP2A, and LMP2B). In contrast, EBV-carrying Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells in vivo and derived type I cell lines that maintain the BL phenotype express only EBNA1. During prolonged in vitro culturing, most EBV-carrying BL lines drift toward a more immunoblastic (type II or III) phenotype. Their viral antigen expression is upregulated in parallel. We have used fluorescent in situ hybridization to visualize viral transcripts in type I and III BL lines and LCLs. In type I cells, EBNA1 is encoded by a monocistronic message that originates from the Qp promoter. In type III cells, the EBNA1 transcript is spliced from a giant polycistronic message that originates from one of several alternative Wp or Cp promoters and encodes all six EBNAs. We have obtained a "track" signal with a BamHI W DNA probe that could hybridize with the polycistronic but not with the monocistronic message in two type III BL lines (Namalwa-Cl8 and MUTU III) and three LCLs (LCL IB4-D, LCL-970402, and IARC-171). A BamHI K probe that can hybridize to both the monocistronic and the polycistronic message visualized the same pattern in the type III BLs and the LCLs as the BamHI W probe. A positive signal was obtained with the BamHI K but not the BamHI W probe in the type I BL lines MUTU I and Rael. The RNA track method can thus distinguish between cells that use a type III and those that use a type I program. The former cells hybridize with both the W and the K probes, but the latter cells hybridize with only the K probe. Our findings may open the way for studies of the important but still unanswered question of whether cells with type I latency arise from immunoblasts with a full type III program or are generated by a separate pathway during primary infection.

Amino Acid Sequence↗