Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “BILE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Biliary cystic tumors with bile duct communication: a cystic variant of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct.

Biliary cystic tumors, which are also called biliary cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma, are thought to be a heterogeneous disease entity, and some of them are known to show a luminal communication to the bile duct. In this study, we examined the clinicopathological features of nine cases of biliary cystic tumors with bile duct communication. They were composed of five males and four females with an average age of 67 years (52-84 years). They were multilocular (eight cases) or unilocular (one case), and all cases contained mucinous fluid. A direct luminal communication with the bile ducts was identified in five cases on preoperative or intraoperative cholangiographies. Biliary cystic tumors examined in this study were histologically adenoma (one case), adenocarcinoma in situ (six cases), and adenocarcinoma associated with microinvasive mucinous carcinoma (two cases). One case of adenocarcinoma in situ also had the adenoma component (adenocarcinoma in adenoma). Dysplastic mucinous epithelium proliferated in flat, micropapillary and papillary fashions within the intracystic spaces. Intraepithelial neoplasm was observed within non-dilated adjacent bile ducts, suggesting a direct luminal communication between the cystic tumors and the bile duct. Ovarian-like stroma was not observed in their walls in any cases. Immunohistochemically, seven cases expressed MUC1 or MUC2 in the neoplastic biliary epithelium. All cases except one were alive without any evidences of tumor recurrence after total excision (3-156 months after surgery). These clinicopathological features resembled those of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, which had been reported as a biliary counterpart of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. In conclusion, biliary cystic tumors with bile duct communication could be regarded as intraductal papillary neoplasm with a prominent cystic dilatation of the bile duct and mucin retention, rather than true biliary cystic neoplasms.

Adenocarcinoma, Papillary↗
PubMed2001

Differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in human bile duct epithelial cells and bile duct neoplasm.

It is well known that chronic inflammatory conditions involving the bile ducts predispose to the development of bile duct carcinoma, although the relationship between chronic inflammation and malignant transformation is unclear. In this study, by combining immunohistochemistry and computer imaging techniques, we quantified and compared the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression levels of epithelial cells according with their histopathological backgrounds. This technique revealed that the highest levels of COX-2 were expressed in bile duct carcinoma cells, mainly in cytoplasm, and the expression pattern was homogenous and abundant. Moderate levels of COX-2 protein expression were also observed in noncancerous epithelial cells with inflammatory reaction, but the staining intensity was heterogeneous among the positive cells exhibiting inflammation. In contrast, only scattered weak reactivity of COX-2 protein was observed in the noncancerous bile duct epithelial cells without inflammatory reaction. Moreover, bile duct epithelial cells in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) showed very strong expression of COX-2 protein, that was comparable with carcinoma cells. On the other hand, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) epithelial cells showed moderate levels of COX-2 expression. In addition, specific COX-2 inhibitors, JTE-522 and NS-398, directly inhibited the growth of 4 bile duct carcinoma and 1 gall bladder carcinoma cell lines that expressed COX-2 protein, in vitro. These data suggest that COX-2 expression might regulate carcinogenesis of bile duct epithelial cells in inflammatory regions and tumor progression in this cancer. The data also suggest that COX-2 selective inhibitors might have therapeutic effects not only on bile duct carcinoma, but other hepatobiliary carcinomas.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Biliary iodipamide and iodoxamate excretion as function of basal bile flow in normal, common bile duct obstructed and liver-damaged dogs.

The investigation was performed in 6 cholecystectomized chronic bile fistula dogs in which, except in complete common bile duct obstruction, the bile was diverted and replaced with a constant taurocholate infusion of 0.3 mumoles per min. per kg. Iodipamide and iodoxamate were i.v. infused at a rate of 6.7 mumoles per minute per kg for 30 minutes. Different degrees of extrahepatic obstruction were simulated by producing different intrabiliary pressure conditions. Progressive hepatic parenchymal disease was induced by oral administration of dimethylnitrosamine. In both conditions basal (precontrast) bile flow, maximum biliary excretion rate and bile concentration of the contrast agents decreased with increasing hepatic dysfunction. This investigation suggests that, regardless of the underlying mechanism, the bile iodine concentration required for radiographic visualization of the biliary system is no longer attained in intravenous cholangiography when the basal bile flow decreases below 2 microliter per min per kg in the presence of a physiologic bile salt plasma pool. In hepatic dysfunction alkaline phosphatase correlated better with the maximum biliary excretion rate and concentration of the contrast agents than SGPT, SGOT, and serum bilirubin and therefore seems to be the best parameter to predict the chance of a successful intravenous cholangiography.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Reconstitution of bile acid transport in a heterologous cell by cotransfection of transporters for bile acid uptake and efflux.

The rat liver canalicular bile acid transporter/ecto-ATPase/cell CAM 105 (CBATP) is a 110-kDa transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein that is thought to have bile acid efflux, ecto-ATPase, and cell adhesion properties. Its extracellular amino-terminal domain is highly homologous to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a glycophosphatidyl inositol-anchored membrane protein with cell adhesion properties and a marker for adenocarcinoma. In the current study, we examined the possibility of more clearly defining the role of CBATP in bile acid efflux by cotransfecting a heterologous cell, the COS cell, with cDNAs for a bile acid importer, the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT), as well as for CBATP. The results show that when IBAT mediates uptake of [3H]taurocholate to a level 20-fold higher than that achieved previously by nonspecific pinocytosis, CBATP mediates time-, temperature- and concentration-dependent efflux. Efflux of [3H]taurocholate mediated by CBATP in the cotransfected COS cells is saturable and has curvilinear kinetic characteristics (Vmax = 400 pmol/mg protein/min, Km = 70 microM). It is inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid and dependent on ATP but not dependent on membrane potential. Although CEA could not mediate bile acid efflux in COS cells cotransfected with IBAT and CEA, efflux of [3H]taurocholate was detected in COS cells cotransfected with IBAT and a chimeric molecule having the carboxyl-terminal tail and membrane spanning domain of CBATP and the amino-terminal extracellular tail of CEA. Taken together, these data provide further evidence that CBATP confers bile acid efflux properties on heterologous cells and that its cytoplasmic tail and membrane spanning segment are integral to this property. The data also establish a model system for more clearly defining the molecular determinants of bile acid transport mediated by this molecule.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1991

Motility of bile canaliculi in the living animal: implications for bile flow.

Modern fluorescence microscopic techniques were used to image the bile canalicular system in the intact rat liver, in vivo. By combining the use of sodium fluorescein secretion into bile, with digitally enhanced fluorescence microscopy and time-lapse video, it was possible to capture and record the canalicular motility events that accompany the secretion of bile in life. Active bile canalicular contractions were found predominantly in zone 1 (periportal) hepatocytes of the liver. The contractile movements were repetitive, forceful, and appeared unidirectional moving bile in a direction towards the portal bile ducts. Contractions were not seen in the network of canaliculi on the surface of the liver. Cytochalasin B administration resulted in reduced canalicular motility, progressive dilation of zone 1 canaliculi, and impairment of bile flow. Canalicular dilations invariably involved the branch points of the canalicular network. The findings add substantively to previous in vitro studies using couplets, and suggest that canalicular contractions contribute physiologically to bile flow in the liver.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bile acids and bile alcohols in two patients with Zellweger (cerebro-hepato-renal) syndrome.

The Zellweger cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome (CHRS) is a rare hereditary disease in which there is a generalized deficiency of peroxisomal function. Liver peroxisomes are important for the conversion of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid into cholic acid, and, consequently, 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid and metabolites of this bile acid precursor accumulate in serum and bile of patients with CHRS. Little is known about the urinary excretion of bile acids in this disease. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry we have analyzed serum bile acids and urinary excretion of bile acids and bile alcohols in two Swiss male CHRS patients. As expected, serum concentrations and urinary excretions of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid were elevated, which is probably an obligatory finding in CHRS. In addition, the urinary excretion of 1,3,7,12-tetrahydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (a very polar unusual bile acid) was increased (99-1556 nmol/24 h). In contrast, the excretion of the major urinary bile alcohol, 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25-pentol was found to be normal. 3 alpha, 7 alpha,12 alpha-Trihydroxy-5 beta-C29-dicarboxylic acid, a metabolite of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid previously believed to be obligatory in CHRS, was found only in one of our patients.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1983

Mechanism of hepatic bicarbonate secretion and bile acid independent bile secretion.

To examine hepatic bicarbonate transport and bile acid independent bile secretion, bile was sampled via a T-tube inserted into the common bile duct of anaesthetized pigs. Secretin was infused intravenously at a rate of 2.7 C.U./kg body weight h-1 (large dose) or 0.45 C.U./kg body weight h-1 (small dose). Hepatic water and electrolyte secretion were studied during systemic acid-base disturbances while secretin was continuously administered. Systemic acidosis reduced the rate of NaHCO3 secretion which fell in proportion to changes in plasma pH, by 9% and 2% per 0.1 pH unit for the large and small dose of secretin, respectively. Plasma pCO2 and bicarbonate concentration had little influence on NaHCO3 secretion. Consequently, plasma pH appeared to be the main determinant of hepatic NaHCO3 secretion during acid-base changes. Secretion of 1 mol NaHCO3 was accompanied by an isotonic solution containing water and 0.25 mol NaCl. After secretin infusion, 14C-erythritol clearance increased in proportion to bile flow. Bicarbonate secretion is determined by a gradient limited H+-pump at the contraluminal cell. During secretin stimulation bile acid independent bile secretion is osmotically driven by bile NaHCO3 flux.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1982

Immunoglobulins in rabbit hepatic bile: selective secretion of IgA and IgM and active plasma-to-bile transfer of polymeric IgA.

Proteins in hepatic bile from cannulated rabbits were analysed by gel filtration, electrophoresis, density gradient ultracentrifugation, and immunochemical methods. Bile-to-serum concentration ratios (no. = 8) demonstrated that IgA and free secretory component (SC) were major constituents of rabbit bile. Relative concentration ratios, obtained by dividing the bile to serum level ratio for each protein by the corresponding ratio for albumin, were 310, 1.6, 1.0, 0.82, and 0.54 for IgA, IgM, albumin, transferrin, and IgG respectively, suggesting that both IgA and IgM are selectively secreted into bile. Ligation of the bile duct (no. = 5) led to a selective increase of the serum levels of IgA and SC, the latter as secretory IgA. After intravenous injection (no. = 4) of human polymeric IgA, 37-69% of the injected dose was recovered in bile after 3 h, in contrast to 4-5% for human monomeric IgA. The active transfer of both rabbit and human polymeric IgA into rabbit bile occurs via the same hepatic SC-mediated transport process as that described for the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Diet and gall stones: effects of refined and unrefined carbohydrate diets on bile cholesterol saturation and bile acid metabolism.

It has been suggested that consumption of refined carbohydrate foods (notably sugar and white flour) increases bile cholesterol saturation and hence the risk of cholesterol gall stone formation. To test this hypothesis, 13 subjects with probable cholesterol gall stones ate refined and unrefined carbohydrate diets, each for six weeks in random order. On the refined carbohydrate diet, subjects ate more refined sugar (mean = SEM: 106 +/- 7 vs 6 +/- 1 g/day, p less than 0.001), less dietary fibre (13 +/- 1 vs 27 +/- 3 g/day, p less than 0.001), and had a higher energy intake (9.17 +/- 0.66 vs 7.16 +/- 0.64 MJ/day, p less than 0.001). After each diet, the lipid composition of duodenal bile and bile acid kinetics was determined. The cholesterol saturation index of bile was higher on the refined carbohydrate diet in all but one subject, with a mean value of 1.50 +/- 0.10 compared with 1.20 +/- 0.12 on the unrefined diet (p less than 0.005). On the refined carbohydrate diet, bile contained relatively less cholic acid and slightly more deoxycholic acid. There were, however, no significant differences in total or individual bile acid pool sizes. There were also no differences in the rates of primary bile acid synthesis or fractional turnover on the two diets. Consumption of carbohydrate in refined form increases bile cholesterol saturation. The risk of gall stones might be reduced by avoidance of refined carbohydrate foods.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effect of secretin, pancreozymin OP-CCK, and glucagon on bile flow and bile lipid secretion in rats.

Rats equipped with biliary, duodenal, and vena cava cannulae and supplemented with Na taurocholate received 4 hour infusions of gastrointestinal hormones. Boots secretin increased bile flow by 63% and bile acid, cholesterol, and phospholipid output by 75, 96, and 73% respectively. This stimulatory effect on bile flow and bile acid secretion was observed also in the four hour postinfusion period. Kabi secretin had practically no effect on bile secretion. Boots pancreozymin stimulated bile flow by 45% and to some extent also stimulated bile acid output. OP-CCK and glucagon stimulated mainly bile flow rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Bile acid kinetics and bile secretion in the pony.

Bile acid pool size and synthesis rate were determined by both isotope-dilution and washout methods in ponies with chronic external biliary fistulas. Bile acid pool size (10.9 mumol/kg) and synthesis rate (11.2 mumol/day per kg) estimated by the isotope-dilution method did not differ significantly from pool size (9.4 mumol/kg) and synthesis rate (9.5 mumol/day per kg) estimated by washout method. Bile acid-dependent and -independent fractions of bile flow, determined by a method that circumvents any inevitable correlation of flow to bile acid secretion due to common factors in both parameters, did not differ from those values obtained by linear regression of bile flow versus bile acid secretion. The choleretic effect of infused chenodeoxycholic acid was higher than that of both endogenous bile acid and infused taurocholic acid.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Studies on the antibiotic transfer into the bile of canines with different bile duct pressures.

There have been many studies on the transport of antibiotics into the bile; however, these studies have not taken the bile duct pressure into consideration. The bile duct pressure of the patient with acute obstructive cholangitis is high, and after drainage of the bile, the pressure is not always decreased to the normal range. We studied the effects of the bile duct pressure on the antibiotic (flomoxef sodium) transfer into the bile using beagles after creating the model of acute obstructive cholangitis. Our results showed that sufficient bile flow after drainage is important for the antibiotic transport, and, moreover, the bile acid concentration which may be related to the bilirubin concentration is also highly considerable.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Bile pigments in humans and in nonhuman primates during the perinatal period: composition of meconium and gallbladder bile of newborns and adults.

Meconium of human infants and rhesus monkey infants (Macaca mulatta) contained only about 0.10 of the amount of bilirubin in gallbladder bile of the same individuals. Ninety-nine percent of the bilirubin in adult bile was conjugated. The proportion of conjugated bilirubin in infant bile and meconium was only slightly lower. Adult bile contained more bilirubin disconjugates than monoconjugates, whereas only 20% of the bilirubin in infant bile and meconium was in the form if disconjugates. The predominant azopigment in adult bile was azopigment delta (a glucuronide). Infant bile contained less azopigment delta, more azopigment alpha (azodipyrrole), and a so far unidentified conjugated azopigment (azopigment beta). Azopigment beta was also found in meconium but adult gallbladder bile contained only trace amounts of this pigment.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Application of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase column to the determination of bile acids fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography: advantage of pretreating human bile acids with Seppak C18 and piperidinohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20.

The analysis of bile acids in human bile was tried by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bile acids in human bile were first prefractionated into free, glycine- and taurine-conjugated bile acids using a Seppak C18 cartridge and a piperidinohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20 (PHP-LH-20) column. Each fraction was then processed through a HPLC system consisting of a Zorbax ODS column and a 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 alpha-HSD) column. By these procedures the major 15 bile acids were clearly separated, and each bile acid of 10-125 ng was accurately analyzed. More than 400 times of analysis could be repeated on one 3 alpha-HSD column without loss of sensitivity. Thus the pretreatment through Seppak C18 and PHP-LH-20 made the HPLC analysis of human bile acids accurate and applicable to clinically obtained materials.

3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed2006

Taurolithocholate impairs bile canalicular motility and canalicular bile secretion in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets.

AIM: To investigate the effects of taurolithocholate (TLC) on the canalicular motility in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets (IRHC). METHODS: TLC was added to IRHC at concentrations of 10 and 50 mumol/L, respectively. In each group, five time-lapse movies containing 3 representative bile canaliculi were taken under phase-contrast microscopy for 12 h. The number of bile canalicular contractions and the intervals between consecutive canalicular contractions were calculated. Furthermore, the effects of TLC on IRHC were examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: The bile canalicular contractions were spontaneous and forceful in the controls. Active vesicular movement was observed in the pericanalicular region. Immediately after the addition of TLC, the bile canaliculi were deformed, and canalicular bile was incorporated into the vacuoles. The canaliculi were gradually dilated, and canalicular contractions were markedly inhibited by TLC. The vesicular movements became extremely slow in the pericanalicular region. The number of canalicular contractions significantly decreased in the TLC-treated groups, as compared with that in the controls. The time intervals were prolonged, as the TLC dosage increased, indicating that bile secretion into the canaliculi was impaired with TLC. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the lamellar transformation of the canalicular membranes in IRHC treated with TLC. CONCLUSION: TLC impairs both the bile canalicular contractions and the canalicular bile secretion, possibly by acting directly on the canalicular membranes in TLC-induced cholestasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of bile and bile acids on spontaneous motor activity of the small and large rabbit intestines in vitro].

The aim of our study was to describe the effects of bile and bile acids action on the spontaneous motor activity of the rabbit small and large intestines. The following fragments of intestines were used: duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon of 25 rabbits of both sexes, weighing 2-3 kg. The motor activity of the isolated fragments of the intestines was recorded by the suspension method in a 300 ml container with oxygenated Krebs' solution, temp. 37 degrees C (constant), pH 7.8. The intestine was connected with the miograph constructed according to the Gillespie method. Vesicular bile was given in the amounts 0.3-10 ml per 1 l of the Krebs' solution. Chemically pure bile acids were also given as follows: cholic acid (Light) and chenodeoxycholic acid (Light) in the amount 500-1500 mumol/l of the Krebs' solution and lithocholic acid (Serva)--300-500 mumol/l. 0.33 ml/l of the Krebs' solution of the bile caused the threshold reaction, and only in the jejunum caused distinct inhibition of the motor activity. In duodenum, ileum and colon the inhibition time was very short, intestines quickly regained initial activity, and, what is more, frequency and amplitude of spasms were even greater. Big doses of the bile usually inhibited the motor activity of the studied intestine fragments, eliminating completely--with the exception of caecum--the spasms' amplitude, without releasing any relaxation reaction. As for the bile acids, the strongest inhibiting effect had lithocholic acid but, unlike bile, it caused the relaxation reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Bile secretion and motilin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release in dogs during infusion of bile acids in the interdigestive period].

In 4 dogs functional cholecystectomy was performed, 2 cannulas were inserted into the common bile duct and 9 pairs of the electrodes were implanted in the stomach and small intestine. During chronic experiments exteriorized tubes were disconnected for both monitoring of biliary secretion and intraduodenal infusions of buffer, standard bile, Na-taurocholate, Na-taurodeoxycholate and Na-taurochenodeoxycholate used in 3 various concentrations as well as mixtures of these salts. During other experiments Na-taurocholate was infused intravenously. In the control group biliary tubes were not opened. The interdigestive myoelectric activity was recorded simultaneously and blood samples were taken for motilin and PP radioimmunoassays. Biliary secretion and motilin release were the highest during phase III of the myoelectric cycle. During both bile acid depletion and intravenous infusion no clear fluctuation of biliary secretion was observed. Bile and bile acid infusions resulted in the increased motilin release about 20-50% depending on bile acid concentration and in more than 50% inhibition of PP release. Plasma level of PP fluctuated in relation to the phase of the cycle entirely during bile acid depletion. The results suggest that the regulation of myoelectric cycle by bile acid secretion can be mediated by motilin and PP as well as confirm the important role of small intestine in the modification of PP release.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Identification of bile alcohols in human bile.

Human gallbladder bile was examined for bile alcohols. Following isolation and hydrolysis, the bile alcohols were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The following bile alcohols were identified with certainty by direct comparison with reference standards: 5 beta-cholane-3 alpha,-7 alpha,23,24-tetrol; 5 beta-cholane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol; 24-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol; 27-nor-5 beta-cholest-25-ene-3 alpha,7 alpha,-12 alpha,24-tetrol; 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-27-nor-5 beta-cholestan-24-one; 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25-pentol; 27-nor-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25,26-hexol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,24-triol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,25-triol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,26-triol; 5 alpha-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24-tetrol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26-tetrol; (24R)- and (24S)-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,25-pentols; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,24,26-pentol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,-25,26-pentol; 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,26,27-pentol; 26-methoxy-5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol. There also existed two norcholestanetetrols and three cholestanetetrols with two hydroxyl substituents on the nucleus and two in the side chain. The human biliary bile alcohols occurred mainly as sulfate esters and in lesser amounts as glucuronoconjugated and unconjugated forms. The amount of total bile alcohols was about 0.9 mg (0.7-1.2 mg) in 1 g of bile solid, or 0.16 mumol (0.07-0.24 mumol) in 1 ml of gallbladder bile.

Bile↗