Ethical issues in modern medical autobiographies.
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Autobiographies as Topic↗
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Who speaks? Who looks? Who feels? Point of view in autobiographical narratives.
In this paper, the author aims to substantiate Freud's claim that neurotic illness creates gaps in autobiographical narratives in terms of the narrator's stating and inducing perspectives. He sketches out the role of narrative perspective and the joint taking of a shared perspective by analyst and patient in psychoanalytic therapy. He introduces four ways of representing perspectives in narratives. Three degrees of narrative distortion are exemplified by three excerpts from life narratives and explored in terms of narrative perspective representation. The most comprehensive perspective representation is achieved in the first example by explicitly stating the present perspective of the narrator as well as the past perspective of the story's protagonist by use of mental verbs. In the second narrative, exclusive use of linguistic forms for inducing the protagonist's perspective both overwhelms the narrator and gives the listener an incomplete picture of what happened. Inconsistent motives, denial of responsibility and omission of detail render the third narrative even more difficult to follow. The author discusses the clinical significance of this exploratory analysis of perspectives in narratives in terms of claiming responsibility for one's past action and of level of defence mechanisms, and by highlighting the emotional impact on listeners, which the author suggests is the stronger the more perspectives are left out. He discusses analogies to countertransference. The analysis of narrative perspectives offers an approach for systematic research in psychoanalytic practice.
Adult↗
Biography, autobiography and history.
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Autobiographies as Topic↗
Teaching about psychodynamic work with severely ill patients.
This article reviews the author's teaching experiences regarding the treatment of patients with severe emotional disorders, provides guidelines for such work, and offers specific recommendations regarding reading assignments. It closes with a recommendation for a return of Balint groups, particularly welcoming newly trained psychiatrists and psychiatrists specializing in medication management.
Affective Symptoms↗
Memory, narrative and the search for identity in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: a second chance.
The need to create order out of chaos is a driving force, ethologicalty determined, and part of the human condition. Narrative, especially autobiography and self narrative, helps us sort out myriad fantasies, events, and images, weaving them into a cohesive whole that eventually promotes self-awareness. The narratives of Virginia Woolf, St. Augustine, and Samuel Beckett are briefly described. Attachment theory and current research demonstrates that secure attachment is a first step in the socialization process and helps put one's life in perspective. The therapeutic use of narrative is demonstrated by three clinical vignettes of patients with various psychiatric disorders who had successful therapeutic outcomes.
Adolescent↗
Negative childhood accounts, sensitivity, and pessimism: a study of avoidant personality disorder features in college students.
Theory suggests that individuals with avoidant personality disorder (APD) may have experienced rejection or isolation during childhood, that they may be temperamentally hypersensitive, and that they may hold pessimistic expectancies. In a sample of 127 undergraduates, negative childhood memories, sensory-processing sensitivity, and pessimism were assessed. To measure childhood memories, participants wrote open-ended narratives that were evaluated for valence by independent raters. To measure APD features, participants rated the degree of which verbatim DSM-IV criteria were descriptive of themselves. Negative childhood accounts, self-reports of sensory-processing sensitivity, and pessimism were correlated with DSM-IV APD features, even after controlling for the influence of present negative mood. Interactions suggested that pessimism was more strongly related to APD features among participants who were either highly sensitive or recalled adverse childhood experiences (e.g., isolation, rejection, conflict). Implications for theory and intervention are discussed.
Adolescent↗
[The interpretative and biographical method for understanding experiences and expressions of pregnant women attending a health service].
This objective of this study based on pictorial ethnography is to understand the experience of women in their contact with the health system during pregnancy. The data were presented by narrative and their analysis was done based on the Interpretative and Biographical Method. From the interviews eight cultural categories were taken, from which emerged three cultural themes: "Classification of life experiences," "Advancement of the birth process" and "Taking pictures of significant events." The findings allowed for a comprehensive vision of the participants' cultural knowledge related to their interaction with the health system, as well as their expectations of the puerperal gravid cycle.
Autobiographies as Topic↗
You are my teachers.
Dr. Owen Wangensteen reminded Dr. Edlich that the chief responsibility of a teacher is to create an atmosphere friendly to learning. Dr Wangensteen indicated that the role of professor has been defined as that of teacher, clinician, and investigator. He then indicated that two more responsibilities must be added: (1) sideline cheerleader and (2) regimental water carrier. Above all those enumerated functions, he believed that the most important concern of a professor is to create an atmosphere friendly to learning. He/she must have the willingness to recognize every type of talent and ability and to encourage men/women of promise. He must be the professor of the open door, easily accessible to students, residents, and associates. The major goal of Dr. Edlich's comments, as he receives the Distinguished Medical Alumni Award from The Minneapolis Medical Alumni Association (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) is to acknowledge his distinguished colleagues and friends who have served as his teachers during his academic career. They include the following individuals: Theodore J. Edlich, III, President of Total Action Against Poverty; Elizabeth C. Edlic, Cofounder/Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of OneWorldLive; Richard F. Edlich, Jr., President of Edlich Realty; Rachel C. Edlich, Executive Vice President and Cofounder of OneWorldLive; William B. Long, III, MD, President and Medical Director of Trauma Specialists LLP; William P. Magee, MD, Cofounder and Director of Operation Smile; John Barrow, President of Coolibar Incorporated; Mary M. Barrow, Cofounder of Coolibar Incorporated; Kathryne L. Winters, Website Manager and Senior Research Assistant; Lise Borel, DDS, Independent Pharmaceutical/Biotechnical Consultant; Mary Jude Cox, MD, Board Certified Glaucoma Specialist, Teaching Staff at Wills Eye Hospital Glaucoma Service; John Wish, PhD, Member of the Board of The Association of Air Medical Services, Director of the Research Committee; and Dr. Andrew J. Gear, Plastic Surgical Resident, University of Minnesota Medical School.
Autobiographies as Topic↗
Les malades imagines: diseases in fiction.
Writers often introduce into fiction works characters who suffer from one disease or another. The purpose of this literary finesse is to enrich the intrigue or to create a favourable environment for the observation of a group of human beings. The introduction of the sick person sometimes offers a chance to warn against venereal diseases or alcoholism or an opportunity to critize medicine and doctors. The writers more exceptionally express visionary views on the future of medicine. This paper selects a few interesting examples of "imagined diseases".
Autobiographies as Topic↗
The African-American grandmother in autobiographical works by Frederick Douglass, Langston Hughes, and Maya Angelou.
Using the autobiographies of Frederick Douglass, Langston Hughes, and Maya Angelou, this article demonstrates that the portrait of the African-American grandmother is one of action, involvement, hope, and dignity. In examining the works, we observe her functioning in three areas: as the preserver and most tenacious survivor of the African extended family; second, as repository and distributor of the family history, wisdom, and black lore; this role places her at the foundation of the Black, oral and written, literary and creative traditions; and third, as the retainer and transmitter of values and ideals that support and enhance her humanity, her family, and her community. This function emphasizes her spirituality. It is suggested that the grandmother, having played an important role in the growth, development, and artistic flowering of the autobiographer, can become a model and source of empowerment for future generations.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Septic shock: phenomenology.
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Autobiographies as Topic↗
Autobiographical memory from a life span perspective.
This comparative study (i.e., three age groups, three measures) explores the distribution of retrospective and prospective autobiographical memory data across the lifespan, in particular the bump pattern of disproportionally higher recall of memories from the ages 10 to 30, as generally observed in older age groups, in conjunction with the well-known recency effect. The memory data patterns of the Life-line Interview Method (LIM, the measure of this study, were compared to the published data patterns of two other memory measures (i.e., the Time Line and Life event sorting task). The results of this comparative study confirm the universality of the bump for older adults, as well as the recency effect. From the LIM data patterns it is hypothesized that both bump and recency effects play a part not only in middle-aged and older adults but also in younger people. In search for an explanation of these patterns, a theoretical outline is presented for the study of autobiographical memory as a dynamic system of both retrospective and prospective memory, subject to continuous changes across the lifespan.
Adolescent↗
Biographical reconstruction of WWII experience: an exploration of German remembrance.
First results of the Eldermensch-Study (N = 50) indicate that German National Socialism and the historical events associated with World War II play a central role in the oral histories of older Germans. Six distinct patterns of late life cognitive appraisal of war-time experience: survival challenge (further divided into "active" and "passive" survivorship), passive benefit, opportunism, value verification, and acceptance despite hardship are presented and discussed as structural themes in the life story. These categories not only represent interindividual differences in the appraisal of war-time experience, but often reflect contrasting patterns of personal response to the social and political circumstances of this era of German history. In addition to cohort and gender differences, divergence in locus of control orientation as well as the role of social bonding and instrumental social support are discussed. Differences revealed in the biographical interviews are further reflected in the results of standardized questionnaires.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Anthropology, life histories, and the aged: the Toronto Baycrest Centre.
This article describes and analyzes the accomplishments of a group of aged Jews residing at the Toronto Baycrest Centre, a multilevel geriatric facility. A project that began as an informally planned program to keep the participants socially engaged and active led to the publication of their memoirs , From Our Lives [5], with financial support from the Canadian government. The value of the memoir activity for the group and for the community is outlined. The article concludes with a general discussion of the importance of replicating such activities not only with elderly Jews but also among other groups of elderly persons.
Aged↗
Mentoring-reminiscence: a conceptual and empirical analysis.
The quality of reminiscence research is often undermined by a lack of conceptual clarity regarding the particular type of reminiscence experience under study. The conceptual meaning of reminiscence is structured in part by the context in which it is experienced. Accounting for contextual factors is thus an important step toward achieving conceptual validity. In the case of interpersonal reminiscence the role occupied by the reminiscing subject is an important contextual factor which should be accounted for. Interviews were conducted with elders (N = 12) who had participated in a three-month, college-based life histories project involving mentoring-reminiscence--reminiscing while occupying the role of mentor. Ten elders reported that participation had been a positive and enjoyable experience, and four of these reported significant improvements in self-image. These outcomes are attributed to the fact that mentoring-reminiscence situates elders in a role involving status, an intergenerational relationship, and purposeful and productive activity.
Adult↗
Autobiography: the negotiation of a lifetime.
Throughout reminiscence and life review literature there is a prevailing tendency to interpret studies in a developmentalist perspective. Another approach to consider is the interpretive. It not only incorporates the former's insight, but also attempts to explain its inconsistencies by examining the other equally important factors operating in these studies. Following a discussion of both the developmentalist and the interpretive approach, I examine a number of studies on reminiscence and the life review. This study uses the interpretive approach, particularly Goffman's dramaturgical approach, to further understand the objective of reminiscence and to see how the social element emphasized by the interpretive approach can in fact be the deciding factor in the consequent adjustment or maladjustment of the older person.
Autobiographies as Topic↗
Elderly individuals' reminiscences about the life-span development of their family.
Elderly individuals were asked to compose "family autobiographies" describing past events representing the beginning of their family, their family when the parents were middle-aged, and their family as it is today. Content analyses of the participants' recollections showed elderly adults' memories of the beginnings of their families were focused on episodes that illustrated the initial occurrence of family themes and values. In contrast, elderly individuals' recollections of their families when they were middle-aged and their families of today showed a tendency to attempt to identify continuing themes and trends from the episodes of their families' lives. These findings were taken to indicate individuals' reminiscences of their family lives changes as the relative importance of the families' developmental tasks changes. This pattern of findings was discussed in terms of Duvall's (1988) model of family developmental tasks.
Adaptation, Psychological↗