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PubMed1995

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans genotypes in relation to serotypes and periodontal status.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is prevalent in periodontitis but is found in some periodontally healthy individuals as well. The arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) was used to fingerprint clinical A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates of different serotypes to determine the association between individual clonal types and periodontal conditions. Fifteen different AP-PCR genotypes were distinguished among 93 A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates from 86 uncohabiting individuals with adult periodontitis, localized juvenile periodontitis or no periodontal destruction. The 3 most common AP-PCR genotypes accounted for 68% of the isolates. Seven of the remaining AP-PCR genotypes were found only in periodontitis. The isolates of a given AP-PCR genotype usually belonged to the same serotype. The distribution of the AP-PCR genotypes among serotype b isolates seemed to differ among the subject groups. The results revealed a major genetic dissimilarity between A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes and suggested a relationship between some A. actinomycetemcomitans clones and periodontal disease.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗
PubMed1996

Distribution of a newly described species, Kingella oralis, in the human oral cavity.

The oral distribution of Kingella oralis was investigated in 10 periodontally healthy subjects. 11 untreated adult periodontitis patients and 6 untreated localized juvenile periodontitis patients. From each subject, 6-8 each of supra- and subgingival tooth samples, 4 mucosa samples and a saliva sample were examined by culture for the presence of K. oralis. K. oralis was found in at least one oral site in 26 of the 27 study subjects, and in at least one tooth site in each of these 26 positive subjects. Its prevalence in dental plaque ranged from 23% to 59% in different subject groups. The mean percentage of K. oralis in total microbiota in the dental plaque ranged from 0.40% in the periodontally healthy group to 4.60% in localized juvenile periodontitis subjects. The organism was a significant species in a few periodontitis sites, constituting > 5% of the total microbiota.

Aggressive Periodontitis↗
PubMed1984

"Spontaneous" repositioning of migrated teeth following periodontal surgery.

The paper presents 2 cases of "spontaneous" repositioning of anterior teeth following periodontal surgery. In view of the reported cases, the present approach to orthodontic treatment of periodontal patients is questioned. It is suggested that the subject of "spontaneous" repositioning deserves more attention and that documentation and research are needed to elaborate on the subject in order to establish a sound approach to orthodontic intervention in periodontal cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Metronidazole: its use in clinical dentistry.

The increasing awareness of the role of obligate anaerobic bacteria in the aetiology of oral disease has led to an interest in their chemotherapeutic control. Many drugs are capable of eliminating anaerobes but in instances where these bacteria are acting as sole or major pathogens it is desirable to remove these specifically. The nitroimidazole group of drugs is specifically anti-anaerobic in nature and includes metronidazole, nimorazole and tinidazole. This paper reviews the literature on metronidazole. This drug is absorbed well from the gastrointestinal tract and can be detected at bactericidal levels in blood and saliva within 1 h of ingestion. The mode of action of metronidazole is unknown but thought to concern intracellular reduction of the molecule. The drug acts specifically against anaerobes and does not disturb the commensal aerobic flora; resistance very rarely develops. The dosage recommended for use in dentistry would appear to be very safe. Metronidazole has important interactions with alcohol, disulfiram and warfarin and there are contraindications to its use. Metronidazole has been proved to be efficacious in treating: acute ulcerative gingivitis, pericoronitis, certain periapical infections, some cases of osteomyelitis and infected socket. The drug may be of use in cases of chronic progressive periodontitis where anaerobes are implicated as pathogens.

Aggressive Periodontitis↗
PubMed1987

Salivary IgG, a parameter of periodontal disease activity? High responders to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 in juvenile and adult periodontitis.

The concentration of salivary IgG and IgA and the levels of salivary IgG and IgA antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Y4 were measured by ELISA in 205 persons including patients with juvenile and adult periodontitis as well as healthy subjects. Compared to the concentration observed in subjects with a healthy periodontium, a significantly increased concentration of salivary IgG was found in 34% of the patients with moderate adult periodontitis and in 57% of the patients with severe adult periodontitis. The level of salivary IgA was less influenced by the periodontal condition. The level of salivary IgG antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans was significantly elevated in 55% of the patients with untreated juvenile periodontitis and in 28% of the patients treated for JP. 28% of the patients with adult periodontitis had a significantly elevated level of IgG antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans Y4. Significantly elevated levels of IgA antibody to this bacteria was found less frequently, 27% in untreated JP, 20% in treated JP and 17% in adult periodontitis.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1989

Distribution of immunoglobulin isotypes including IgA subclasses in adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis.

The plasma cell population in gingival biopsies from 3 groups of patients with adult, juvenile, and rapidly progressive periodontitis was characterized with respect to the distribution of individual immunoglobulin isotypes, including IgA subclasses, by paired immunofluorescence staining. The median ratios of IgG:IgA plasma cells in gingival connective tissue from the 3 groups were 2.7 (range 2.0-6.5), 3.0 (1.4-6.2), and 2.0 (1.2-4.0), respectively. Cells staining for intracellular IgM were found in low numbers in all biopsies (range 0.3-6.3% of all plasma cells). No statistically significant differences were observed between the 3 patient groups. In all 3 groups, the IgA plasma cell population was predominantly of the IgA1 isotype. One function of IgA seems to be to dampen inflammatory side-effects of other immune effector systems. The demonstrated predominance of IgA1 plasma cells indicates that the majority of IgA produced locally in gingivae of patients with periodontal diseases is susceptible to the IgA1-specific proteases excreted by important members of the disease-associated subgingival microflora. This may be an important factor in the apparently uncontrolled inflammation and tissue degradation taking place in the marginal periodontium during active periodontal disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Higher-titer antisera from patients with periodontal disease inhibit bacterial capsule-induced bone breakdown.

Solubilized surface-associated material (SAM) from a number of periodontopathogenic bacteria have been shown to be potent stimulators of bone resorption in vitro in the murine calvarial bone culture assay. Antibodies to the constituents of SAM are also found in patients with periodontal diseases. Serum from patients with severe generalized periodontitis (SGP) containing high titers of antibodies to the SAM of Porphyromonas gingivalis completely inhibited the bone resorption induced by SAM from this organism. In contrast, serum from patients with low titers of antibodies to SAM from P. gingivalis failed to inhibit bone resorption. High-titer sera (containing antibodies to SAM from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) from patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) were added to calvarial cultures stimulated with SAM from A. actinomycetemcomitans. Of 6 high-titer sera tested, only 4 inhibited bone breakdown, the other 2 sera having no effect on resorption. Low-titer sera were also ineffective at blocking bone resorption. This suggests that the antibody response to SAM may have a protective effect in patients with periodontal disease.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans↗