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PubMedDate not supplied

Lead poisoning from art restoration and pottery work: unusual exposure source and household risk.

Two cases of lead poisoning following exposures in the arts and crafts environment are presented. The first illustrates the impact of an unusual exposure source experienced by a female art conservator while restoring an antique Peruvian tapestry from the Chancay Period (A.D. 1000-1500). The second demonstrates the extension to the artist's family members of a lead hazard associated with pottery work. Noted were a wide spectrum of clinical and biochemical abnormalities, ranging from severe neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms to subtle alterations in the biosynthetic pathway of heme. Marked elevation of the blood lead level (up to 130 mcg/100 mL) was found in the most severe case of lead poisoning. The cases illustrate the need for industrial hygiene measures in this type of work in order to prevent lead intoxication, both in the adult artist and children in the household. However, in some instances of increased lead absorption in persons with lead-related hobbies, sources other than those associated with arts and crafts should be investigated. This alternative is illustrated by a third case, in which firearms training was the more likely source of excessive exposure. Multiple occupational factors must occasionally be considered in evaluating increased lead absorption.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Dyschromatopsias and pictorial art].

The influence of color vision defects on pictorial art was studied using three methods. 1) From a theoretical standpoint, the possibilities of choice of the color-blind painter are determined by the nature of his color perception. Characteristic errors result from the fact that he has to choose between many hues which are different to a normal individual but which all look the same to him. 2) Evaluation of the clinical cases of painters with dyschromatopsias has shown evidence of the following: a) the color-blind painter makes mistakes according to the type of color defect; b) if the color-blind painter makes several copies of the same model, he makes different mistakes at each attempt; c) when several color-blind painters make copies of the same model, they also make different mistakes, even when they suffer from the same type of color vision defect. Preferences for some colored patterns were studied by means of a forced choice procedure and choices of color-blind individuals were often characteristic of their dyschromatopsia. Recent clinical case of acquired dyschromatopsia reported in the literature are discussed, as is a personal case of a painter suffering from tapeto-retinal degeneration. This was a severe dyschromatopsia with a neutral zone in purple (so-called scotpic axis, by Verriest's terminology). The painting of this artist tended to be monochromatic, mainly in green and green-blue colors. 3) Recent studies in art history have shown that only the romantic etcher Meryon was definitively color deficient. The more dubious cases of the Polish painter Grottger and of Eugène Carrière are discussed and conclusions are negative. Among acquired dyschromatopsias, there have been many recent papers devoted to cataract dyschromatopsias, concerning the cases of Rouault, Monet and Mary Cassatt. The hypothesis of a degree of chromatopsia or dyschromatopsia of toxic origin in the case of Van Gogh is also assessed. In conclusion, the problem of the relations between congenital or acquired dyschromatopsias and pictorial art seems very complex and great care is required when making deductions and advancing hypotheses.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1979

[Creative works of the mentally ill as a problem for art (author's transl)].

The article "Creative Works of the Mentally Ill as a Problem for Art" attempts to analyse this complex field from a more art-theoretical viewpoint. In addition to the difficulties involved in identifying the causing factors of schizophrenia there is the problem of not having a uniform definition of art. Wölfli's example substantiates the evidence that the artistic works of the mentally ill display the same characteristics as far as creativity is concerned as those of mentally healthy artists and hence there is no reason for disqualifying their works. Some artists who had already achieved general recognition did not lose it after becoming afflicted with mental illness later in their lives. Does this mean that recognition depends on social status and not on the work itself?

Art↗
PubMed1979

Pulmonary abnormalities in art glassblowers.

Art glassblowing is a profession bringing the lung in close contact with many potential hazards. Forty-seven art glassblowers with a mean age of 34.5 years answered a questionnaire and had pulmonary function studies performed. While this was generally a young, healthy population, 21% had "usual cough" and 31% had wheezing. Pulmonary functions were most often normal. However, using multiple linear regression analysis, the functions associated with volume, VC and FEV1 showed a significant drop with increase in the total lifetime hours exposed to glassblowing. Both the presence of a cough and the production of phlegm were related to hours of exposure. Thus it seems there may be some unknown toxic effect of art glassblowing which in the future may prove to be hazardous to health.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Introduction to an evaluation of art therapy.

An analysis of questionary data leads to an assessment of the actual role of art as a form of therapy. Art therapy seems mainly to be used as a form of occupational therapy and as a tool for clinical diagnosis. Only in a few cases is art therapy applied in a different way, taking into account the patient as a subject with his own biography and his own existential problems. Animation and other similar methods may represent an alternative approach.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed1995

The visual arts in Northern Ireland hospitals.

Since 1989 there has been a burgeoning of the visual arts in Northern Ireland hospitals. This paper compares the three organisational models for hospital arts currently operating within the Province and in an overview discusses ways to coordinate working practice for future development of the visual arts in local hospitals.

Art↗
PubMed1997

Unknown toxic exposures. Arts and crafts materials.

1. Arts and crafts material containing toxic chemicals have been found to be hazardous to human health. 2. Artists/craftspersons, who also may be employed in industry, often are unaware or not adequately informed about the toxic nature of many art products. 3. The occupational health nurse is in a critical position to identify and monitor the worker exposed to toxic chemicals both in the workplace and at home/art studio. 4. Education about hazardous substances can prevent illness or injury. With expertise in public health, occupational health nurses are in a key position to provide community education about the dangers of toxic art materials to the general public and the health care community.

Art↗
PubMed1998

The application of traditional martial arts practice and theory to the treatment of violent adolescents.

Components of an effective treatment program for violent adolescents, and the complex problems posed by youth gangs, are discussed. It is proposed that traditionally taught martial arts can provide a useful alternative for such dysfunctional adolescents. The literature on the use of martial arts in the treatment of violence is reviewed, and the program philosophy is described. The program utilizes a commitment to respect and self-control, with an emphasis on leadership and community service using the traditional model of a gentle warrior. Oversight is provided by trained instructors, whose psychological and philosophical approach stresses nonviolence. The program also assists youths in coping with the complexities of an often dysfunctional family environment. Clinical examples detail the application of such a program in specialized martial arts schools, residential treatment, and public school classes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Art therapy for hospitalized children inspired by Elizabeth Kuebler-Ross' approach].

This paper presents a combined strategy for coping with the emotional condition of hospitalized children, and reports the results of its implementation in pediatric wards. The strategy combines art therapy methods with the spiritual-psychological approach developed by Elizabeth Kuebler-Ross. Art therapy uses art for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes; in this study it was employed to encourage the child-patients to express their feelings, and lead them to processes of understanding of and adjustment to their conditions. Kuebler-Ross' methods, known for dealing with difficult emotional situations at the bedside of the seriously ill, were enlisted to build a relationship of trust and respect between patient and therapist. The population dealt with consisted of children (age 3-13) injured in road accidents, and cardiac and oncological cases. 7 case studies are brought to demonstrate the integrated therapeutic process. The process starts from the child-patient's artwork, which allows the therapist better insight into emotional conditions and to relate closely to issues brought up by the work. Through conversation with the therapist in an atmosphere of empathy and honest consideration, the patient becomes aware of her/his reactions, behavior, intentions and ambitions. The belief underlying this study is that the patient derives from these contacts new abilities which moderate anxieties and strengthen healthy energies. Better collaboration and sounder ways of coping with intrusive medical treatment, as well as more trust and hope seem to emerge from the relationships created by these contacts.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1991

Visual art in the neurologic career of Jean-Martin Charcot.

Jean-Martin Charcot, the world's first chaired professor of neurology, incorporated visual art into his daily practice of neurology. Art served as scientific documentation and was a pivotal tool in the development and dissemination of Charcot's clinicoanatomic method. Although Charcot drew extensively in clinical and laboratory studies, very few of these visual documents have ever been published or are currently available for public study. Charcot was central to the incorporation of medical photographs into the study of neurologic disease and relied heavily on visual material in his capacity as an international teacher. Art also misguided Charcot's career when he relied heavily on artwork in his attempt to convince critics that disorders seen at the Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France, were independent of his suggestive influence.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1998

Multiple exposure to arsenic, antimony, and other elements in art glass manufacturing.

Art glass manufacturing is one of the most interesting examples of exposure to complex mixtures. Among the raw materials used are silica sand, borax, carbonates, nitrates of Ca, Na, K, and a great number of compounds that are mainly oxides of As, Sb, Al, Zn, Cr, Ni, Sn, Se, Cd, Mn, Cu, Co, Fe, Nd, Er, Eu, and La. In six art glass factories that use As or Sb as fining agents, the exposure to these elements was investigated in 32 workers by means of environmental and biological monitoring. Analysis was conducted by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results confirmed that As, which is the main carcinogen in glass production, reaches high air concentrations and is generally above the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value-time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) of 10 micrograms/m3. When partly substituted by antimonial compounds, As air concentrations dropped dramatically, while the air levels of Sb (which is considered less toxic but is classified as a class 2B carcinogen by IARC) were relatively low and below the ACGIH TLV-TWA of 500 micrograms/m3. Exposure to As and Sb also differed in the three types of jobs investigated: As was high in oven chargers, Sb was higher in batch mixers, and both elements were low in makers-formers. Eleven to 18 elements were detected: arsenic, Al, Ba, Sb, Pb, and Zn were the elements most frequently measured (in tens, and in some cases hundreds, of micrograms/m3), followed by B, Li, Mn, Se, Sn, Sr, Ce, La, and Nd (in micrograms or in some cases tens of micrograms/m3. The results of biological monitoring for As, Sb, and other elements were in agreement with environmental monitoring data. We concluded that multiple detection of elements is a useful tool (or the evaluation of exposure to complex mixtures such as those used in the art glass industry and that such detection also allows a more accurate evaluation of related epidemiological data.

Antimony↗
PubMed1999

The art of assessment in psychology: ethics, expertise, and validity.

Psychological assessment is a hybrid, both art and science. The empirical foundations of testing are indispensable in providing reliable and valid data. At the level of the integrated assessment, however, science gives way to art. Standards of reliability and validity account for the individual instrument; they do not account for the integration of data into a comprehensive assessment. This article examines the current climate of psychological assessment, selectively reviewing the literature of the past decade. Ethics, expertise, and validity are the components under discussion. Psychologists can and do take precautions to ensure that the "art" of their work holds as much merit as the science.

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1989

Therapy: state-of-the-art assessment of quality. The National Cancer Institute perspective.

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has a broad spectrum of responsibilities that range from support of basic laboratory research to the clinical testing of new therapeutics and, finally, the dissemination of results of this research to the practicing physician and the public. The reduction of cancer mortality is largely dependent on the responsibility for widespread application of state-of-the-art cancer treatments. A major cancer control focus of the NCI over the last decade has been the development and implementation of programs designed to improve awareness, access and application of state-of-the-art cancer treatment. In addition to the computerized Physician Data Query system, three targeted programs, the Cooperative Group Outreach Program (CGOP), the Community Hospital Oncology Program (CHOP), and the Community Clinical Oncology Program (CCOP) have all been aimed at establishing mechanisms to facilitate the transfer of new patient care technology; and, thereby, provide the highest quality cancer treatment in the community setting. An evaluation was conducted to determine if patterns and outcomes of cancer care management changed over time, and whether this could be related to the presence of CGOP, CHOP, and CCOP. Measurement of required program implementation was relatively straightforward. However, measurement of resultant changes in "quality of care" and the factors that influence physician performance are complex and controversial. Critical elements in the treatment of breast, colon, rectum, and small cell lung cancer were used as tracers to measure changes in the patterns of care in communities where programs were implemented. Results from this study highlight issues in state-of-the-art assessment of quality, such as the difficulty in defining quality cancer care, relationships between process and outcome indicators, and the problems of documentation and missing data. Assurance of quality cancer care requires the interaction of health care professionals with knowledge of the most up-to-date cancer research results working in a health care delivery system that encourages and rewards application of these results.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2001

An ART field study in western Nepal.

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of three different types of glass ionomer restorations placed in children's teeth using the ART technique two years after placement by either dentists or primary health care workers. SETTING: The rural district of Palpa in western Nepal. METHOD: An opportunistic non-randomised field study, commenced in April 1997. Three different glass ionomer restorative cements were used: Fuji IX (GC), Dentsply Baseline (DENTSPLY/DeTrey), and S.S. WhiteR (S.S. White). The restorations were assessed two years later by an independent evaluator, who was blind to the type of restorations used and also blind to the operators. RESULTS: Four primary health care workers and two dentists restored 163 primary and permanent teeth using hand instruments. One and two surface restorations were placed in 105 students ranging from 3 to 19 years of age from seven schools. After two years, 79 (75%) of the restorations survived and 27 (25%) failed, while 100% of 21 evaluated single surface restorations placed on permanent molars with Fuji IX survived. There was no statistically significant difference in the survival of the restorations placed by dentists and placed by primary health care workers, which corroborates that both groups are both capable of performing the technique satisfactorily. CONCLUSIONS: ART is very effective for one surface permanent molars using improved glass ionomer cements designed for the ART technique.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Multilevel modelling of clustered grouped survival data using Cox regression model: an application to ART dental restorations.

In some controlled clinical trials in dental research, multiple failure time data from the same patient are frequently observed that result in clustered multiple failure time. Moreover, the treatments are often delivered by more than one operator and thus the multiple failure times are clustered according to a multilevel structure when the operator effects are assumed to be random. In practice, it is often too expensive or even impossible to monitor the study subjects continuously, but they are examined periodically at some regular pre-scheduled visits. Hence, discrete or grouped clustered failure time data are collected. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the use of the Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) approach and non-informative prior in a Bayesian framework to mimic the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation in a frequentist approach in multilevel modelling of clustered grouped survival data. A three-level model with additive variance components model for the random effects is considered in this paper. Both the grouped proportional hazards model and the dynamic logistic regression model are used. The approximate intra-cluster correlation of the log failure times can be estimated when the grouped proportional hazards model is used. The statistical package WinBUGS is adopted to estimate the parameter of interest based on the MCMC method. The models and method are applied to a data set obtained from a prospective clinical study on a cohort of Chinese school children that atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations were placed on permanent teeth with carious lesions. Altogether 284 ART restorations were placed by five dentists and clinical status of the ART restorations was evaluated annually for 6 years after placement, thus clustered grouped failure times of the restorations were recorded. Results based on the grouped proportional hazards model revealed that clustering effect among the log failure times of the different restorations from the same child was fairly strong (corr(child)=0.55) but the effects attributed to the dentists could be regarded as negligible (corr(dentist)=0.03). Gender and the location of the restoration were found to have no effects on the failure times and no difference in failure times was found between small restorations placed on molars and non-molars. Large restorations placed on molars were found to have shorter failure times compared to small restorations. The estimates of the baseline parameters were increasing indicating increasing hazard rates from interval 1 to 6. Results based on the logistic regression models were similar. In conclusion, the use of the MCMC approach and non-informative prior in a Bayesian framework to mimic the ML estimation in a frequentist approach in multilevel modelling of clustered grouped survival data can be easily applied with the use of the software WinBUGS.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

A hematopoietic-specific transmembrane protein, Art-1, is possibly regulated by AML1.

The functions of AML1 in hematopoietic differentiation are repressed by AML1-mutants including the AML1/ETO chimeric protein, which is seen in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Erythroid progenitors of the patients with t(8;21) AML expressed AML1/ETO. To investigate the effect of AML1/ETO in erythroid cells, we made a tetracycline-regulated AML1/ETO overexpression system in mouse erythroleukemic (MEL) cells. Enforced AML1/ETO repressed the terminal erythroid differentiation. Furthermore, we performed representational difference analysis using this MEL cell system to clone the downstream targets of AML1 in erythroid cell differentiation. We cloned a novel transmembrane protein, Art-1 (AML1-regulated transmembrane protein 1), which is a member of tetramembrane spanning superfamily. Art-1 expression was restricted in hematopoietic cells. It was upregulated by AML1 and downregulated by AML1/ETO in both erythroid and myeloid cells, and increased during erythroid cell differentiation. Art-1 may play an important role in the differentiation of erythroid cells, possibly as a direct downstream target of AML1.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Surgical techniques preventing chronic pain after Lichtenstein hernia repair: state-of-the-art vs daily practice in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity associated with open inguinal hernia repair (IH repair) mainly consists of chronic pain. The aim of this study was to identify possible disparities between state-of-the-art Lichtenstein repair, and its application in general practice. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to all surgeons and surgical residents (n = 1,374) in the Netherlands in February 2005. The objective was to determine the state of general practice with respect to technical steps during the Lichtenstein repair that are suggested to be involved in the development of chronic pain, as recently updated by Lichtenstein's successor, Amid. RESULTS: More than half of the respondents do not act according to the Lichtenstein guidelines with respect to surgical steps that are suggested to be involved with the origin of chronic pain of somatic origin. Compliance with Amid's guidelines with respect to the handling of the nerves is variable. Surgeons conducting high numbers of IH repair are more likely to operate according to the key principles of the state-of-the-art Lichtenstein repair. CONCLUSION: There is a substantial disparity between the state-of-the-art Lichtenstein repair and its application in general practice with respect to steps that are suggested to play a role in the origin of chronic groin pain.

Chronic Disease↗
PubMed2005

Factors affecting assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancy rates: a multivariate analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine factors instrumental in achieving a clinical pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology (ART) patients. METHODS: This study included 205 women undergoing their first ART cycle. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for patient demographics, in vitro production data, and factors associated with embryo transfer. Odds ratios (OR) were performed where appropriate. RESULTS: Our analyses indicated that age (OR: 0.879), specific year in which the cycle was performed (OR: 2.959), and use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (OR: 2.867) altered potential pregnancy rate. In addition, percent fertilization (OR: 1.028), number of embryos transferred (OR: 1.842), type of catheter used to transfer the embryos (OR: 0.377), presence of blood on the catheter (OR .414), and embryologist (OR: 2.338) also altered pregnancy rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate patients' age, use of the Cook catheter, and presence of blood on the catheter reduce pregnancy rates. Performing ART in 1999, using ICSI, increasing fertilization rate, increasing number of embryos transferred (albeit less desirable when the chance of multiple gestation may occur), and transferring embryos via a particular embryologist, improve pregnancy rates.

Adult↗