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At least 505 records · Page 28Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Eyewitness identification in actual criminal cases: an archival analysis.

This study analyzed 271 actual police cases in order to address several prevalent issues in the eyewitness literature. Suspect identification (SI) rates were obtained for 289 photographic lineups, 258 field showups, 58 live lineups, and 66 lineup identifications preceded by earlier identifications. SI rates were assessed for 3 levels of extrinsic evidence: no extrinsic evidence, evidence of minimal probative value, and evidence of substantial probative value. The SI rates for the photographic lineups were assessed as a function of delay, same vs. cross-race conditions, witness type, and weapon presence. SI rates declined significantly over time; SI rates were significantly greater for the same-race condition. SI rates were much greater for field showups than photographic lineups, 76% vs. 48%. The SI rates for the field showups did not vary as a function of eyewitness conditions. The relation between confidence and suspect/foil identifications for the live lineups was significant and moderately high. The utility of archival identification studies for eyewitness testimony research is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Archive contributions to a molecular phylogeography of the toad Bufo calamita in Britain.

A complete phylogeographic analysis of any species requires sampling throughout its biogeographical range. In the case of the natterjack toad Bufo calamita in Britain, recent local extinctions have left substantial areas of its historical range without extant populations. We therefore obtained tissue samples of archived Bufo calamita from four museums in the United Kingdom. A range of tissues (tongue, liver, skin, lung, and larval tail) was sampled from a total of 33 individual animals. DNA was extracted and eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were scored. One or more loci were amplified successfully from 27 individuals, and sufficient data were obtained from regions with few or no surviving populations to supplement a phylogeographic analysis based on extant populations.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Amplification of c-myc oncogene by chromogenic and fluorescence in situ hybridization in archival breast cancer tissue array samples.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is currently considered to be the most specific and sensitive method for detection of oncogene amplifications in human tumor samples. However, FISH requires fluorescence microscopy, which is tedious and does not allow histopathologic evaluation of the cells and tissues examined. Here we compared FISH with the newly developed chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), which uses peroxidase enzyme for probe detection instead of fluorescent dyes. CISH was found to be highly concordant with FISH in a tissue array series of 177 archival breast cancer samples. This was true both when comparing CISH with single-color and two-color FISH, the latter including the chromosome 8 centromere probe as reference (the kappa coefficients were 0.67 and 0.76, respectively). Clinicopathologic correlations of c-myc amplification as detected by FISH and CISH were generally the same. By both methods, c-myc amplification was significantly associated with high histologic grade, negative progesterone receptor status, DNA aneuploidy, and high S-phase fraction. c-myc amplification was strongly associated with poor distant metastasis-free survival when amplification was detected by CISH (p = 0.0013), but this association was weaker when FISH was used (p = 0.16 for two-color FISH and p = 0.065 for single-color FISH). These data suggest that CISH is at least as sensitive and specific as FISH in the detection of oncogene amplification in human tumor samples. The possibility for concomitant tissue architecture evaluation using an ordinary transmitted light microscope may favor the use of CISH over FISH in oncogene amplification detection in large tumor series, and tissue arrays and, ultimately, in routine clinical diagnostics.

Archives↗
PubMed2002

GENOTRACE: cDNA-based local GENOme assembly from TRACE archives.

UNLABELLED: GENOTRACE identifies the genomic organization for a cDNA using raw data from genome sequencing projects in progress (trace archives). Local genomic contigs are generated, allowing for example the design of PCR primers in intronic sequences to amplify coding regions of a gene, needed for example for mutation or SNP detection. AVAILABILITY: The package and examples of output files can be downloaded from http://rat.niob.knaw.nl/GENOTRACE

Archives↗
PubMed2003

The EMBL sequence version archive.

SUMMARY: The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database, maintained at the European Bioinformatics institute, is Europe's primary nucleotide sequences database. Its entries are subject to changes, but only the most recent versions are preserved in the database. The EMBL Sequence Version Archive is a new publicly available database retaining also the earlier versions of these entries. AVAILABILITY: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/sva/

Archives↗
PubMed1996

Characteristics of Lyme disease spirochetes in archived European ticks.

To determine whether the characteristics of the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) in Europe may have changed during the past century, DNA was amplified from archived Ixodes ricinus ticks. Tick DNA could be amplified, even when ticks had been stored under museum conditions for nearly a century. Spirochetal DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in 6 ticks preserved for as long as a century; the oldest was collected in 1884. Borrelia garinii, which predominates in modern ticks in the region, infected 3 of these older ticks, and the presently infrequent B. burgdorferi sensu stricto infected 2. These data indicate that residents of Europe have been exposed to diverse Lyme disease spirochetes at least since 1884, concurrent with the oldest record of apparent human infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Optimisation of DNA and RNA extraction from archival formalin-fixed tissue.

Archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is an invaluable resource for molecular genetic studies but the extraction of high quality nucleic acid may be problematic. We have optimised DNA extraction by comparing 10 protocols, including a commercially available kit and a novel method that utilises a thermal cycler. The thermal cycler and Chelex-100 extraction method yielded DNA capable of amplification by PCR from every block and 61% of sections versus 54% using microwave and Chelex-100, 15% with classical xylene-based extraction and 60% of sections using the kit. Successful RNA extraction was observed, by beta-actin amplification, in 83.7% sections for samples treated by the thermal cycler and Chelex-100 method. Thermal cycler and Chelex-100 extraction of nucleic acid is reliable, quick and inexpensive.

Archives↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of the accuracy of a three-dimensional imaging system for archiving dental study models.

OBJECTIVE: The use of stone and plaster study models is an integral part of any dental practice and is required for research. Storage of study models is problematic in terms of space and cost. Ayoub et al.(1) introduced a new technique based on the recent advances in stereophotogrammetry for archiving dental study models in a digital format. However, assessment of the accuracy of the generated three-dimensional (3D) models has not been carried out yet. It was the aim of this study to evaluate the accuracy of this technique. DESIGN: A comparative assessment between direct measurements of dental study models and measurements of computer generated 3D images of the same study models was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two dental study models stored at Glasgow Dental Hospital and School for the purposes of research were used in the study. The models were captured in three dimensions using a photostereometric technique and stored in digital format. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements were conducted directly on dental study models and on the computer generated 3D images using Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis.(2) The difference between the two sets of measurements was statistically analysed using a two-sample t-test. RESULTS: The average difference between measurements of dental casts and 3D images was 0.27 mm. This difference was within the range of operator errors (0.10-0.48 mm) and was not statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that it is possible to use 3D imaging to store dental study models for treatment monitoring and research with a satisfactory degree of accuracy.

Archives↗
PubMed2001

The archives of the Pioneer Health Centre, Peckham, in the Wellcome Library.

This article gives a brief description of this important British experiment in health and community (1926-50) and the historiography relating to it. The archives, which are now in the Wellcome Library, are described. While mention is made of the gaps in the record (and the possible reasons for them), the strengths of the collection are indicated.

Archives↗
PubMed1998

Visual hallucinations in the 19th century: research in a medical archive.

The authors have gathered and analyzed the visual hallucinations described in the mid- to late-19th century from archived medical records of the former psychiatric hospital "Osservanza" in Imola, northern Italy. Though the investigation was not intended as a statistical survey, the principal aim being to classify the hallucinations according to their outward characteristics, the authors have tried to locate the possible sources of these phenomena in folklore and religious iconography.

Archives↗
PubMed1999

Amplification of RNA from archival human temporal bone sections.

BACKGROUND: The amplification of DNA from celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been applied to some auditory diseases, such as herpes zoster oticus and hearing loss caused by the mutations of mitochondrial DNA. However, few studies have reported detection of RNA from temporal bone sections. OBJECTIVES: Because RNA analysis from temporal bone sections may elucidate the development of the diseases in the auditory, vestibular, and facial nerves, the authors investigated whether RNA in these sections can be amplified by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. METHODS: Sections that were formalin-fixed, decalcified, and embedded between 1972 and 1986 were used. Nucleic acid was extracted from the celloidin-embedded temporal bone sections and subjected to RT-PCR. Human alpha-tubulin RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA and amplified by nested PCR using two sets of primers that were designed to distinguish cDNA from genomic DNA based on the presence of an intron between the primers. RESULTS: Human alpha-tubulin RNA was detected in 11 of 14 temporal bone sections (79%) by RT-PCR. RNA was detected in even the oldest sections, which were processed in 1972. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that RNA can be analyzed from archival celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections.

Archives↗
PubMed1997

Conversion of a traditional image archive into an image resource on compact disc.

The conversion of a traditional archive of pathology images was organised on 35 mm slides into a database of images stored on compact disc (CD-ROM), and textual descriptions were added to each image record. Students on a didactic pathology course found this resource useful as an aid to revision, despite relative computer illiteracy, and it is anticipated that students on a new problem based learning course, which incorporates experience with information technology, will benefit even more readily when they use the database as an educational resource. A text and image database on CD-ROM can be updated repeatedly, and the content manipulated to reflect the content and style of the courses it supports.

Archives↗
PubMed2006

The Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (DATTA) project: origins, aims, and methods.

Research on previously secret tobacco industry documents has grown substantially during the past decade, since these documents first became available as the result of private and governmental litigation and investigations by the US Congress and the US Food and Drug Administration. Complementary research on tobacco litigation testimony is now being conducted through the Tobacco Deposition and Trial Testimony Archive (DATTA) project. We obtained transcripts of depositions and trial testimony, deposition and trial exhibits, expert reports, and other litigation documents from law firms, court reporter firms, individual lawyers and witnesses, tobacco company websites, and other sources. As of 3 March 2006, the publicly available collection of DATTA (http://tobaccodocuments.org/datta) contained 4850 transcripts of depositions and trial testimony, including a total of about 820,000 transcript pages. Transcripts covered testimony from 1957 to 2005 (85% were for testimony from 1990 to 2005) given by more than 1500 witnesses in a total of 232 lawsuits. Twelve research teams were established to study the transcripts, with each team covering a particular topic (for example, the health consequences of tobacco use, addiction and pharmacology, tobacco advertising and promotion, tobacco-product design and manufacture, economic impact of tobacco use, youth initiation of tobacco use, and public understanding of the risks of tobacco use and exposure to second-hand smoke). The teams used qualitative research methods to analyse the documents, and their initial findings are published throughout this journal supplement.

Archives↗
PubMed1999

Application of labeling techniques to archival temporal bone sections.

Pathology of the human inner ear has traditionally been studied in celloidin-embedded, hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of the temporal bone. Although the traditional histologic approach has yielded valuable information, it is now possible to extend these studies to include analysis of molecules using immunohistochemical and histochemical staining techniques. Fourteen antibodies and 6 lectins have been applied to 420 archival, celloidin-embedded human temporal bone sections. Tissues had been fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in celloidin, sectioned, and stored for as many as 40 years. The staining intensities varied among sections, so they were ranked from 'no label" to "dense label." To investigate the relationships between the extent of postmortem changes (PMCs), storage time, and staining intensity for each antibody, the sections were graded according to their PMCs, which ranged from good preservation of the temporal bone histologic structure to severe postmortem autolysis. Although statistical analysis indicated that both extent of PMCs and storage time in general decrease the staining intensity, both poorly fixed tissue and sections stored for a long time can yield good immunostaining results with some antibodies.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2005

Network security and data integrity in academia: an assessment and a proposal for large-scale archiving.

A direct impediment to the optimal use of online databases is the increasing prevalence, severity, and toll of computer and network security incidents. Funding agencies should set up working groups that can provide essential services such as universal backup, archival storage, and mirroring of community resources, consistent with the key goal of security in academia: to preserve data and results for posterity.

Archives↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing Record/British Journal of Nursing archives, 1888-1956.

This article centres on the experience of using a new database comprising a digitised historical journal - the Nursing Record/British Journal of Nursing from 1888 to 1956, when the journal ceased publication. The project was initiated by the UK Centre for the History of Nursing, a collaboration between a number of academic bodies, including the Wellcome Trust and the Royal College of Nursing (RCN). The database was launched at Oxford in September 2003 and is freely available via the RCN website. The database was searched for material concerning emotion, as there has been increasing interest in this topic among service professionals, including nurses, during the past few decades (Hochschild, 1983; Smith, 1992; James et al, 2003). It seemed interesting to explore the same topic, as discussed in the late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. Search terms used were "emotion", "feeling", "sympathy", "comfort" and "compassion". Most hits were achieved with "sympathy" and "feeling", but the majority of these were not strictly relevant to the discussion. This pilot search indicates that hand searching of paper copies still represents the "gold standard", in terms of identifying relevant material and interesting context data, not necessarily found when feeding specific search terms into a computer. The main advantages of the digitized journal are much wider access to this source and protection of fragile archival material.

Archives↗
PubMed1998

Resources for lesbian ethnographic research in the lavender archives.

The problematics of undertaking lesbian ethnography and cultural history are related in part to the dearth of printed records lesbians kept or preserved for posterity. Technological, financial, and security considerations typically made it necessary for them to operate more informally and inconspicuously, hand-to-hand and by word-of-mouth. Lavender archives, nonetheless, are the repositories of lesbian cultural history. This paper preoccupies itself with the pragmatic issues of developing and maintaining accessible research venues from which to cultivate the study of multiracial and multiethnic lesbian lives. I provide a survey of available resources for doing lesbian scholarship, addressing some of the ethical issues involved with lesbian ethnographic research.

Anthropology, Cultural↗