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PubMed1983

Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and drug use of adolescent students and adolescents in treatment.

The level of substance use by adolescent students and adolescents beginning treatment for alcohol and drug problems was related differentially to perceived psychological distress, self-concept, perceived parental environment, and negative events and behaviors caused by alcohol and drug use. These measures combined with selected sociodemographic variables to predict with a high degree of accuracy the level of substance use by the respondents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Antisocial behavior, substance use, and somatization in families of adolescent drug abusers and adolescent controls.

Symptoms of conduct disorder (CD), antisocial personality disorder (ASP), alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and somatization were tabulated for the families of 35 delinquent, substance-abusing (multiple-problem) adolescent male probands and 35 age-matched control males. Alcohol abuse, CD/ASP, and somatization were assessed with either the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) (for participants aged 18 and up) or the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA) (for participants aged 12 to 17). Drug abuse for all participants was assessed with the Substance Abuse Module (SAM) of the Comprehensive Interview for Diagnostic Evaluation (CIDE). As expected, proband groups had significantly more (p < .0001) CD/ASP, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse symptoms than control groups. A significant (p < .01) positive correlation among CD/ASP, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse was found for each group. Somatization was not differentially associated with proband status. It was concluded that identifying male multiple-problem youths also identifies families with a high incidence of similar problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Russian adolescent drug use and comparisons to United States adolescents.

There is limited drug use data on Russian youth since the dissolution of the USSR. This study provides descriptive and comparative data for establishing initial baseline levels of Russian adolescent drug use. A convenience sample of 150 Russian adolescents (mean age = 15.4 years) was surveyed at a suburban Moscow secondary school during the fall of 1992. The findings showed that tobacco and alcohol were the most commonly used drugs, and that there were gender differences in their use. More Russian girls had used alcohol than Russian boys, while more boys had used tobacco and at an earlier average age than the girls. Tobacco and alcohol use between the Russian sample and United States samples was generally similar. Differences were attributed to age variations in the Russian and US samples.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Restricting freedom of children and adolescents from the adolescent psychiatry and legal viewpoint].

Recent developments in child and adolescent psychiatry, youth welfare and the law concerning involuntary hospitalisation are discussed. Enforcement of control and coercive measures seems to be inevitable in some of the situations in adolescent psychiatry. The authors therefore recommend an open discussion on compulsory procedures in and between the institutions involved. They present clearcut rules for concerted action that have been jointly developed in their district.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Adherence to antiviral drug regimens in HIV-infected adolescent patients engaged in care in a comprehensive adolescent and young adult clinic.

Inconsistent use of antiviral medications for the treatment of HIV may lead to the emergence of resistant strains in HIV-infected adults. Patterns of adherence with these drug regimens in adolescents remains unknown. Identifying nonadherence in HIV-infected patients to antiviral regimens and developing corrective measures could improve patient outcomes. This study was undertaken to understand adherence in HIV-infected youths engaged in care and to reduce patterns of nonadherence. A retrospective analysis of 25 charts (78%) of HIV-infected youths (n = 32, age 13 to 21 years) were consecutively reviewed from January 1993 to May 1998. Charts were reviewed for documentation of factors previously documented to be associated with adherence: housing stability, social support, prior sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and/or pregnancy, HIV exposure category, number of clinic visits, number of pills per day, number of medications per day, knowledge of medication schedule, age, gender, race/ethnicity, health status as revealed by CD4 count and viral load, and recorded patterns of adherence to medications and clinic appointments. Thirteen of the 18 (72%) patients who were receiving antiretroviral medication were nonadherent. Sixty-seven percent of the females and 80% of the males reported missing doses. Housing instability (p = 0.031) and/or length of treatment with antiviral medications (months of treatment) (p = 0.043) were significantly correlated with nonadherence. The stability of the adolescents' living situations was the most significant correlate of medication adherence for this population of HIV-infected youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Is sexual abuse in childhood or adolescence a predisposing factor for HIV infection during adolescence?

This exploratory study was conducted to determine whether sexual abuse might be a risk factor or marker for other risk factors for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Twenty-five HIV-positive adolescents were assessed for a variety of possible risk factors for HIV infection, including prior history of sexual abuse. Fifteen (60%) had a history of sexual abuse. A history of sexual abuse may be a risk factor for HIV infection directly, or it may be associated with or predispose one to other risk factors. The latter mechanism may be related to the long-term negative outcomes of some individuals with a history of sexual abuse. These may include same-sex sexual experiences as an adolescent, re-victimization with additional episodes of abuse, multiple consensual sexual partners, and drug and/or alcohol abuse. Preventive interventions aimed at reducing the risk of HIV infection must take a history of sexual abuse into account. Patients with such a history deserve intensive psychological counseling to help prevent adverse behavioral outcomes that can result in HIV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Childhood maltreatment, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and adolescent dating violence: considering the value of adolescent perceptions of abuse and a trauma mediational model.

The present study, utilizing both a child protective services and high school sample of midadolescents, examined the issue of self-report of maltreatment as it relates to issues of external validity (i.e., concordance with social worker ratings). reliability (i.e.. overlap with an alternate child maltreatment self-report inventory; association of a self-labeling item as "abused" with their subscale item counterparts), and construct validity (i.e., the association of maltreatment with posttraumatic stress symptomatology and dating violence). Relevant theoretical work in attachment, trauma, and relationship violence points to a mediational model, whereby the relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent dating violence would be expected to be accounted for by posttraumatic stress symptomatology. In the high school sample, 1329 adolescents and, in the CPS sample, 224 youth on the active caseloads completed comparable questionnaires in the three domains of interest. For females only, results supported a mediational model in the prediction of dating violence in both samples. For males, child maltreatment and trauma symptomatology added unique contributions to predicting dating violence. with no consistent pattern emerging across samples. When considering the issue of self-labeling as abused. CPS females who self-labeled had higher posttraumatic stress symptomatology and dating violence victimization scores than did their nonlabeling, maltreated counterparts for emotional maltreatment. These results point to the need for ongoing work in understanding the process of disclosure and how maltreatment experiences are consciously conceptualized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Lipid metabolism in children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes. II. Evaluation of changes in lipoprotein A-I in children and adolescents with insulin dependent diabetes].

The levels of lipoprotein A-I (LP A-I) containing apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) and devoid of apolipoprotein A-II (apo A-II) have been determined in a group of 86 children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes of age between 1.3 and 22 years. The duration of diabetes in the studied group ranged between 0.25 and 15 years. The patients studied were further divided into subgroups taking into account the duration of diabetes as well as the occurrence of complications of diabetes, obesity and predisposition to early development of atherosclerosis in family history. The analysis of the results took into account the relations between the levels of LP A-I and other parameters of lipid metabolism like cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, apo A-I and apo A-II concentrations as well as the effectiveness of metabolic control of diabetes. LP A-I concentration was the lowest in group of children with diabetes lasting up to one year. This parameter was correlated positively with the levels of HDL-cholesterol and apo A-I, and negatively with HbA1c. It was not related to the coexisting complications, obesity or predisposition to atherosclerosis in family history. The above results indicate that the state of metabolic control of diabetes significantly influences the level of LP A-I. Considering the importance of LP A-I in preventing atherosclerosis it should be stressed that a decrease in its level during the period of prolonged hypoglycemia constitutes still another risk factor for development of atherosclerosis in diabetic children and adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[State of lipid metabolism in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes. I. Evaluation of lipoprotein (A) behavior in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes].

The level of lipoprotein Lp(a), one of the risk factors of atherosclerosis, was determined in 91 children and adolescents of age ranging from 3.3 to 22 years suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes. The changes in Lp(a) were analyzed in relation to the group of patients, the duration of diabetes, possible genetic factors, other factors predisposing to early onset of atherosclerosis, and occurrence of obesity in the analyzed group. The relation between the level of Lp(a) and other parameters of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B) as well as a degree of metabolic normalization of diabetes (as assessed by the determination of glycosylated hemoglobin and fructosamine) was studied in addition. No relation between Lp(a) and the factors mentioned above, with exception of glycosylated hemoglobin and fructosamine concentrations, could be demonstrated. The elevated level of Lp(a) in children and adolescents during the period of poor metabolic control of diabetes may constitute an additional risk factor for early onset of atherogenic changes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Obesity among pre-adolescent and adolescents of a developing country (India).

There are very few reports from the developing world on the prevalence of obesity among children even though in developed countries it has reached epidemic proportions. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity in pre-adolescent and adolescent children in a developing country (India) using WHO guidelines for defining obesity and overweight. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 2008 school-children aged 9-15 years. Approximately half the subjects belonged to a school attended by children of well to do families while the rest belonged to two schools from middle and lower socio-economic background. Weight and height were taken for all children and the body mass index (BMI) calculated. Children whose BMI was >85th percentile for age and sex were defined as overweight. Triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT) was measured for all overweight children and those with TSFT >90th percentile for age and sex were defined as obese. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 11.1% and 14.2% respectively. The prevalence of obesity as well as overweight was higher in boys as compared to girls (12.4% vs 9.9%, 15.7% vs 12.9%). Prevalence of obesity decreased significantly with age, from 18.5% at 9 years to 7.6% at 14 years, rising at 15 years to 12.1%. Significantly more children from higher socio-economic status were obese and overweight than those from lower socio-economic status groups. No significant gender difference for obesity prevalence was seen among children from a less privileged background, however, amongst children from affluent families, significantly more boys were obese as compared to girls. Pediatric obesity is an emerging problem in developing countries, especially among higher socio-economic status groups. Significant gender disparity is seen, with boys of affluent background having a higher prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Attitudes toward death in adolescent offspring of Holocaust survivors: a comparison of Israeli and American adolescents.

This paper is a continuation of a study begun in 1978 on attitudes toward death. A comparison study of Israeli and American adolescent offspring of Holocaust survivors who are in treatment in a residential treatment program in Jerusalem, Israel, is detailed. Biographical data, diagnostic classifications, a review of Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) responses and some dreams are presented. Israel is shown to be a therapeutic venue that allows the adolescent to redevelope a damaged identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Intelligence, behaviour and psychosocial development in Turner syndrome. A cross-sectional study of 50 pre-adolescent and adolescent girls (4-20 years).

In this paper we report the findings and data on a cross-sectional study of 50 pre-adolescent and adolescent girls with Turner syndrome. We confirm the presence of a typical cognitive profile in the different age groups with normal verbal intelligence contrasting with lower results on performal IQ subtests, related to relative weaknesses on visuospatial subtests i.e. "Block Design" and "Object Assembly". 5% of the girls with a "classical" Turner syndrome karyotype (i.e. 2/40) were mentally retarded versus 30% (i.e. 3/10) in the group with "rare" karyotypic anomalies. We noted a positive influence of hormonal therapy on the visuospatial functioning. No evidence was found for a high risk for behavioural problems. Hyperactive behaviour was seen in the youngest patients contrasting with a tendency to hypoactivity around the age of normal puberty. Problems in social development were noted from the age of primary school on resulting in social immaturity and even isolation. A proposal for guidance of Turner girls during the different developmental periods is given.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Child and adolescent psychiatry and child and adolescent welfare: general interprofessional relations--results of a study].

Child and adolescent Psychiatry on the one hand and Social Welfare Services and Child Protection on the other share common fields. The theoretical orientation of the Social Sciences differs from that of Psychiatric Medicine, producing a potential of conflict in areas of mutual operation. This report is based on an analysis of the transferrals from Child and adolescent psychiatric in-patient treatment to foster care. The results show that the children concerned mainly present with conduct disorder plus emotional problems and that the process of transferral is impaired by a number of factors which can be clearly named.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[Group images of adolescence--experiences with adolescent phenomena from the group analytic viewpoint].

Comparing WINNICOTTS concept of the individual as an isolated being with FOULKES' knot-model of the person the author presents group analysis as a method to promote the development of the self. Three examples (group therapy, parents group, team consulting) shall show the social, locations, where this development is happening. The intention of this paper is to change the common concept of adolescence to a dynamic one: adolescence is not a phase-bound description of a young woman's or young man's status but a necessity for everybody to cope with the demands of our modern service society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Psychopathological evaluation of children and adolescents in 4 child and adolescent psychiatry referral groups--a multicenter study].

Goal of the multicenter study with the Clinical Assessment Scale of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (CASCAP) in a sample of N = 5027 patients from the inpatient and outpatient clinics of psychiatry and psychotherapy of childhood and adolescence of the universities of Berlin (Virchow Clinic), Frankfurt, Cologne and Zurich is the comparison of the clinical populations of these institutions with respect to single symptoms, to symptom scales and to the supreme level of aggregation, the clinical diagnoses according to ICD 10. On the level of diagnoses similar distributions can be found in the centers, but there are also significant differences between the centers. This differences can be found again also on the level of symptom scales and single symptoms, though the deviations are comparatively low.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Iodine deficiency disorders in pre-adolescent and adolescent children in Nigeria, West Africa.

An epidemiological study of iodine deficiency disorders covering 4230 pre-adolescent and adolescent school children, together with biochemical analysis of 741 urinary samples, 26 potable drinking water samples and 56 blood samples was conducted in the Plateau State of Nigeria, West Africa. Results indicate that about 2/3 of the region is goitre endemic due principally to iodine deficiency (ID) prevailing in the region as reflected by a low drinking water iodine (DWI) concentrations throughout most of the areas surveyed as well as by a reduced urinary iodide excretions (UIE) seen among the subjects. Urinary thiocyanate (SCN) level in contrast, was found to be significantly higher (P < .01) in the children from these areas as compared to that in Jos (the State capital), raising a possibility of its association with the increased GP seen for the region. Thyroid profile investigation carried out on the 56 goitrous school children from the iodine deficient Bassa region of the state shows two distinct groups. The major group (41 children) exhibited a low-normal to above normal serum T4, FT41 and T4/TBG levels in association with high-normal to above normal serum T3 and a mildly elevated serum TSH activity, suggesting that the group might be in a state of 'compensated euthyroidism'--due as a result of glandular metabolic adaptation to the prevailing ID. The other minor group (15 children) was in 'euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia' based on a marked rise in serum T4, T3 TBG levels, while serum FT41, T4/TBG ratio and TSH levels were within mid normal range. Discovery of 9 cretins (0.21%) further signifies the magnitude of the problem in the region. It is concluded that a significant proportion of the children living in these areas may likely to suffer from partial thyroid insufficiency with its attendant consequences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Women who gave birth as unmarried adolescents: trends in substance use from adolescence to adulthood.

PURPOSE: To determine whether adolescent childbearing mothers "mature out" of substance use as they transition into adulthood, how their substance use compares to that of typical young women of the same ages, and whether there are different patterns of substance use evident in this vulnerable population. METHODS: The data come from an ongoing longitudinal study of 240 young women who were unmarried, pregnant, and under age 18 at enrollment. They have been interviewed regularly from pregnancy through 11.5 years postpartum. The data are based on self-reported substance use verified by random urinalysis for drug metabolites. RESULTS: Substance use did not decline during the transition to adulthood nor into early adulthood. With the exception of alcohol, the prevalence of substance use was higher than that of a nationally representative sample of same-aged women. Three distinct patterns of substance use were identified: licit users (cigarettes and/or alcohol), marijuana users, and "hard" drug users. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should routinely assess substance use among young mothers who bore children as teenagers, and make referrals for appropriate treatment. Cigarette smoking is especially a cause for concern, given its widespread use and harmful effects for both mothers and their children. Although only a small proportion (about 5%) of young mothers used hard drugs consistently over time, this group will likely require comprehensive interventions that address multiple issues such as mental health and contextual factors to be effective. Future research should address reasons for continued substance use in this population.

Adolescent↗