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PubMed1998

Subtyping of Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis isolated from bovine mammary secretions by DNA fingerprinting.

Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis isolated from mammary secretions of cows from Tennessee and New Zealand were subtyped using polymerase chain reaction-based DNA fingerprinting. Such DNA fingerprinting using primer 8.6d (5'-GTAACGCC3') resulted in categorizing 116 S. dysgalactiae isolates into 25 different subtypes, with 17 subtypes observed in isolates from Tennessee and eight in isolates from New Zealand. All S. dysgalactiae DNA fingerprint profiles, regardless of origin, contained 700- and 330-base pair fragments. The majority of S. dysgalactiae isolates (73%) from Tennessee belonged to two subtypes. The remaining 23 isolates belonged to 15 different DNA fingerprint subtypes. Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates from New Zealand (n = 32) were grouped into eight different subtypes; 66% belonged to two subtypes. A characteristic feature of S. dysgalactiae isolates from New Zealand was the presence of a 270-base pair DNA fragment seen infrequently in S. dysgalactiae isolates from Tennessee. When primer OPE-4 (5'-GTGACATGCC-3') was used, DNA fingerprinting differentiated S. uberis from Tennessee (n = 28) and New Zealand (n = 30) into 20 subtypes; 14 subtypes were observed in isolates from Tennessee, and six in isolates from New Zealand. All S. uberis DNA fingerprint profiles, regardless of origin, contained 1100-, 640-, and 450-base pair fragments. A characteristic feature of S. uberis isolates from New Zealand was the presence of a 300-base pair DNA fragment seen infrequently in S. uberis isolates from Tennessee. The most common subtypes of S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis from Tennessee herds were isolated in milk from lactating cows during monthly herd surveys, in milk from cows with clinical mastitis, and in mammary secretions from cows during the periparturient period, and thus were not confined to one particular stage of lactation. These data suggest that S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis from New Zealand are distinct from those isolated from the USA, and that DNA fingerprinting can be used as an epidemiological tool to differentiate streptococci and identify important sources of these mastitis pathogens on dairy farms.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Virological differences between patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj of hepatitis B virus genotype B.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B is classified into subtype Ba with the recombination with genotype C in the precore region plus core gene and subtype Bj without recombination. Virological and clinical differences between infections with subtypes Ba and Bj, however, are yet to be determined. METHODS: During 1976 through 2001, 224 patients visited Toranomon Hospital in Tokyo, Japan who were infected with HBV genotype B. Subtypes of genotype B were determined by sequencing HBV-DNA recovered from sera for detecting recombination with genotype C. RESULTS: Subtype Ba was detected in 53 patients (24%) and Bj in 167 (75%); subtypes were not able to be determined in the remaining four (1%). The only virological difference was that detection of hepatitis B e antigen at the presentation was more frequent in the patients infected with subtype Ba than those with Bj (63% vs 33%, P = 0.016). There were no differences in the distribution of liver disease of various forms between the patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj at presentation. No differences were noted, either, in the development of liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, or the loss of hepatitis B surface antigen from serum, between the patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj during follow up of up to 26 years. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were some virological differences between the patients infected with subtypes Ba and Bj of HBV genotype B, they do not seem to influence the long-term clinical outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Subtypes of HLA-DQ and -DR defined by DQB1 and DRB1 RFLPs: allele frequencies in the general population and in insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) and multiple sclerosis patients.

We have used the HLA-DQB1 gene as a Southern hybridization probe with TaqI-digested genomic DNA in a study of 600 haplotypes from unrelated individuals and have characterized HLA-DQB1 RFLP patterns associated with the DR specificities DR1-DRw10 and DN1. For six of the specificities (DR2, 4, w6, 7, w8 and 9), we have also identified subtypes (multiple DQB1 band patterns). In a previous study (Cox et al. 1988), we identified RFLPs and subtypes with a DRB1 probe. Using the present results from DQB1 RFLPs to supplement those from DRB1 RFLPs, it was possible to discriminate among all the DR specificities with the exception of a minority of DR7 and DR9 subtypes. A comparison of DQB1 and DRB1 subtypes in the same subjects showed strong linkage disequilibrium for subtypes of some but not all DR specificities. We have also determined the allele frequencies of the DQB1 subtypes in controls and in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or multiple sclerosis (MS). A consideration of subtypes in patients and controls indicated that for most DR specificities, neither IDDM nor MS was more strongly associated with any of the DQB1 subtypes than with the serologically defined DR antigens. The exceptions were the DQB1 patterns corresponding to the DQw3.2 subtype of DR4 and the rarer subtype of DR2, which were found in higher frequency in IDDM patients, as has been previously reported.

Alleles↗
PubMed1994

Pharmacological properties of the cloned alpha 1A/D-adrenoceptor subtype are consistent with the alpha 1A-adrenoceptor characterized in rat cerebral cortex and vas deferens.

1. The pharmacological characteristics of cloned mammalian alpha 1A/D-, alpha 1B- and alpha 1C-adrenoceptor subtypes expressed in rat 1 fibroblasts were determined in comparison to the binding and functional properties of these subtypes in rat tissues. 2. Analysis of [3H]-prazosin binding to membrane homogenates from rat 1 fibroblast cells expressing each of the alpha 1-subtypes indicated high affinity binding to a single population of binding sites. Binding affinities were similar for alpha 1A/D-, alpha 1B- and alpha 1C-subtypes (Kds: 0.13, 0.10 and 0.15 nM respectively) although a higher density of alpha 1B- and alpha 1C-receptors (Bmax: 4068 and 10,323 fmol mg-1 protein respectively) were expressed in comparison to alpha 1A/D (838 fmol mg-1). 3. Displacement of [3H]-prazosin from membranes expressing cloned alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes revealed that 5-methyl-urapidil, WB 4101, benoxathian and phentolamine displayed high affinity and selectivity for alpha 1A/D- over alpha 1B-subtypes. These compounds also had high affinity and selectivity for alpha 1C- over alpha 1B-subtypes. 5-Methyl-urapidil showed selectivity for alpha 1C (Ki 0.60 +/- 0.16 nM) over both alpha 1A/D (Ki, 9.8 +/- 2.8 nM) and alpha 1B (Ki 57.2 +/- 12 nM) subtypes. Prazosin and doxazosin were not subtype selective. 4. In comparison to [3H]-prazosin a similar pharmacological profile was obtained with [125I]-HEAT using cloned alpha 1A/D-, alpha 1B- and alpha 1C-adrenoceptors expressed in rat 1 fibroblasts. 5. The affinities of prazosin, WB 4101, 5-methyl-urapidil, phentolamine and benoxathian at cloned alpha 1A/D-receptors were consistent with alpha 1A affinities determined with chlorethylclonidine-treated rat cortical membranes. Affinities at cloned XIB-receptors were consistent with alpha 1B affinities determined with rat liver membranes.6. Using the epididymal rat vas deferens as a functional measure of alpha 1A affinity, prazosin (pA29.23 +/- 0.28), WB 4101 (pA2 9.58 +/- 0.12), phentolamine (pKB 7.90 +/- 0.16), benoxathian (pKB 9.21 +/- 0.21)and 5-methyl-urapadil (pKB 8.51 +/-0.16) were potent antagonists of noradrenaline-induced contractions.7. At present, evidence from cloning studies suggests the existence of at least three alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtypes. In contrast to the recent proposal for alpha l-adrenoceptor classification, the pharmacology of the cloned alpha 1A/D (or alpha lD)-adrenoceptor is more consistent with that of an alpha 1A-adrenoceptor characterized in rat cerebral cortex and vas deferens.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of outer membrane protein subtypes of Haemophilus influenzae type b isolates from healthy children in the general population and from diseased patients.

Over a 12-month period we obtained throat cultures from 1,448 children less than 5 years of age attending well-child clinics and identified 24 carriers of Haemophilus influenzae type b (1.7%). The outer membrane protein subtypes of the strains from the carriers were compared to the subtypes of isolates from 50 patients with Haemophilus type b disease hospitalized in St. Louis, Mo., during the same period (1981 to 1982), and the latter were compared to the subtypes of isolates from 51 patients hospitalized between 1977 and 1980. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of the five most common subtypes (1L, 1H, 2L, 2H, and 3L), comparing isolates from the carriers to those from the patients. However, 5 of the 24 throat isolates had the unusual 13L subtype compared with only 1 of the 50 invasive isolates (P = 0.02). The lower frequency of 13L strains among the invasive isolates suggests that type b isolates with this subtype may be less pathogenic than type b isolates with other subtypes. Subtype 2L strains accounted for only 2% of recent cerebrospinal fluid or blood isolates, compared with 22% of those from 1977 to 1980 (P = 0.02). Subtype 1H and 3L strains together accounted for 73%, compared with 47% of the earlier ones (P = 0.02). Thus, temporal shifts may also occur in the subtype distribution of Haemophilus type b strains causing invasive disease in a community.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed2006

Comparative efficacy of subtype AE simian-human immunodeficiency virus priming and boosting vaccines in pigtail macaques.

Vaccination against AIDS is hampered by great diversity between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains. Heterologous B-subtype-based simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA prime and poxvirus boost vaccine regimens can induce partial, T-cell-mediated, protective immunity in macaques. We analyzed a set of DNA, recombinant fowlpox viruses (FPV), and vaccinia viruses (VV) expressing subtype AE HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Tat, Rev, and Env proteins and SIV Gag/Pol in 30 pigtail macaques. SIV Gag-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were induced by sequential DNA/FPV vaccination, although lower FPV doses, VV/FPV vaccination, and DNA vaccines alone were not as consistently immunogenic. The SHIV AE DNA prime, FPV boost regimens were significantly less immunogenic than comparable B-subtype SHIV vaccination. Peak viral load was modestly (0.4 log10 copies/ml) lower among the AE subtype SHIV-immunized animals compared to controls following the virulent B subtype SHIV challenge. Protection from persistent high levels of viremia and CD4 T-cell depletion was less in AE subtype compared to B subtype SHIV-vaccinated macaques. Gag was highly immunodominant over the other AE subtype SHIV vaccine proteins after vaccination, and this immunodominance was exacerbated after challenge. Interestingly, the lower level of priming of immune responses did not blunt postchallenge Gag-specific recall responses, despite more modest protection. These studies suggest priming of T-cell immunity to prevent AIDS in humans is possible, but differences in the immunogenicity of various subtype vaccines and broad cross-subtype protection are substantial hurdles.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

A reliable phenotype predictor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C based on envelope V3 sequences.

In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B infections, the emergence of viruses able to use CXCR4 as a coreceptor is well documented and associated with accelerated CD4 decline and disease progression. However, in HIV-1 subtype C infections, responsible for more than 50% of global infections, CXCR4 usage is less common, even in individuals with advanced disease. A reliable phenotype prediction method based on genetic sequence analysis could provide a rapid and less expensive approach to identify possible CXCR4 variants and thus increase our understanding of subtype C coreceptor usage. For subtype B V3 loop sequences, genotypic predictors have been developed based on position-specific scoring matrices (PSSM). In this study, we apply this methodology to a training set of 279 subtype C sequences of known phenotypes (228 non-syncytium-inducing [NSI] CCR5(+) and 51 SI CXCR4(+) sequences) to derive a C-PSSM predictor. Specificity and sensitivity distributions were estimated by combining data set bootstrapping with leave-one-out cross-validation, with random sampling of single sequences from individuals on each bootstrap iteration. The C-PSSM had an estimated specificity of 94% (confidence interval [CI], 92% to 96%) and a sensitivity of 75% (CI, 68% to 82%), which is significantly more sensitive than predictions based on other methods, including a commonly used method based on the presence of positively charged residues (sensitivity, 47.8%). A specificity of 83% and a sensitivity of 83% were achieved with a validation set of 24 SI and 47 NSI unique subtype C sequences. The C-PSSM performs as well on subtype C V3 loops as existing subtype B-specific methods do on subtype B V3 loops. We present bioinformatic evidence that particular sites may influence coreceptor usage differently, depending on the subtype.

HIV Envelope Protein gp120↗
PubMed1996

Relationship between clinical severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection and subtype.

The relationship between clinical severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and distribution of subtype A or B was investigated. The data of 232 children, who were admitted with RSV infection or diagnosed in the outpatient department of the Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam between 1992 and 1995, were studied. The diagnosis of RSV was confirmed by a direct immunofluorescence assay. Subtyping was performed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay using specific monoclonal antibodies. Gender, age at diagnosis, gestational age and birth weight, the presence of underlying diseases, feeding difficulties, the presence of wheezing and retractions, respiratory rate, temperature, clinical diagnosis at presentation, oxygen saturation (SaO2), carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), and pH, characteristics of hospitalisation, and the need for mechanical ventilation were observed. Analysis was performed on data from all patients diagnosed with RSV infection in the period between 1992 and 1995 spanning three RSV seasons, and separately on the RSV season 1993-4. The outcome of the three year analysis (150 (64.7%) subtype A v 82 (35.3%) subtype B) was compared with the outcome of the season 1993-4, a mixed epidemic with 37 (60.7%) subtype A and 24 (39.3%) subtype B isolates. None of the variables observed in the season 1993-4 differed significantly between RSV subtype A and B. Similar results were obtained from the analysis in the period 1992 until 1995, with the exception of PCO2 (a higher PCO2 was found in subtype A, p < 0.001) and retractions (more retractions were noted in patients with subtype A, p = 0.03). After correcting for possible confounders using regression analysis, these differences were not significant anymore. The data indicate that there is no relationship between clinical severity of RSV infection and subtype.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2000

Duration of cross-protection between subtypes A and B avian pneumovirus in turkeys.

The degree and duration of clinical and virological cross-protection between avian pneumovirus subtypes A and B were examined in two-week-old pneumovirus antibody-free turkeys. The turkeys were inoculated with either a virulent subtype A (Belgian isolate A/T6/96), a virulent subtype B (Belgian isolate B/T9/96), an attenuated subtype A or an attenuated subtype B, and challenged homologously and heterologously with virulent avian pneumovirus two, five and 11 weeks after inoculation. Birds inoculated with virulent A or B virus showed typical respiratory signs from three to seven days after inoculation. After challenge, no clinical signs were observed in any of the groups, and no virus was isolated from the turkeys that had been initially inoculated with a virulent strain. Virulent virus was recovered from the birds that had been initially inoculated with attenuated subtypes and challenged five and/or 11 weeks later with a heterologous virulent strain. Birds challenged after five weeks showed a serological booster reaction only when they had been inoculated initially with a virulent or attenuated subtype B and challenged with subtype A. Seroconversion was observed in all the groups challenged after 11 weeks except when they had been inoculated initially with attenuated subtype B and challenged with subtype B.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Serotypes and subtypes of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strains associated with meningococcal disease in Canada, 1977-1989.

Typing of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B disease isolates was carried out using a panel of serotype-and subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Three hundred and sixty-two strains isolated from 1977 to 1986 were typed using five serotyping and seven subtyping reagents and outer membrane vesicles as antigens. Serotype 2b accounted for 30% of the disease isolates. The most common subtype was P1.2, which occurred on 18.5% of all strains or 48.6% of the serotype 2b strains. Of the 362 strains typed, 135 (37.3%) were serotyped and 122 (33.7%) were subtyped. Overall, 185 (51.1%) of the strains could be assigned a serotype and (or) subtype. Strains (221) isolated during the years 1987-1989 were typed using a panel of 6 serotyping and 12 subtyping reagents by whole-cell ELISA. Strains of serotypes 4 (21.7%) and 15 (20.8%) were the most common and carried a wide variety of subtypes. The most common subtypes were P1.2 (11.8%) and P1.16 (9.5%). Of the 221 strains analyzed, 132 (59.7%) were assigned a serotype and 123 (55.7%) a subtype and with all 18 MAbs, 192 (86.9%) of the strains were serotyped and (or) subtyped. Two different MAbs to the four epitopes 2a, 15, P1.2, and P1.16 gave discordant reactions of 0.3, 6.6, 2.6, and 2.2%, respectively, when used to analyze over 300 strains of N. meningitidis.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes on guinea pig gastric and colonic smooth muscle cells.

In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that somatostatin can influence motility and smooth muscle contractility of the stomach and colon. Recent studies have proposed that some of these effects may be mediated by somatostatin receptors (sst) directly on the smooth muscle cells. If this is correct, the sst receptor subtypes that are present are unknown. This study aimed to resolve these points. Because nucleotide sequences of guinea pig sst genes are unknown, we used sst subtype-specific primers based on comparisons of human and rat sst subtypes and performed RT-PCR of DNase I-treated total RNA from guinea pig total brain. PCR products were cloned in pCR II and sequenced and showed 87% (sst(1)), 90% (sst(2)), 90% (sst(3)), 99% (sst(4)), and 80% (sst(5)), respectively, nucleotide homology to the same region (transmembrane 4-6) of the human sst genes. Homology to rat sequences were lower. PCR products were obtained from first-strand cDNA derived from DNase I-treated RNA from dispersed guinea pig gastric and colonic smooth muscle cells. In gastric and colonic smooth muscle cells, we detected sst(1)-sst(3) and sst(5), and all were confirmed by sequencing. The presence of sst(4) was shown by Southern blot analysis and hybridization with a guinea pig sst(4)-specific primer. RT-PCR from cultured colonic and gastric smooth muscle cells devoid of any neural elements gave identical results. These results demonstrate that in the guinea pig all five sst subtypes are present directly on gastric and colonic smooth muscle cells. Previous studies have suggested that a predominant sst(3) subtype on gastric and a sst(5) subtype on colonic muscle cells mediated somatostatin's contractile effects, but the finding here that all five sst subtypes exist on both of these cells suggests that other sst subtypes have only a small or no contractile effect, sst subtypes in guinea pig have a different pharmacological profile from rat or human sst, or these other sst subtypes have some yet undescribed physiological function in muscle cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Surfactant subtypes in experimental lung damage: radiation pneumonitis.

Radiation pneumonitis, a chronic form of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), is known to be associated with physiological and biophysical abnormalities of the surface element of the lungs suggesting an impairment of the surfactant system. The alveolar surfactant of mice with radiation pneumonitis was fractionated into subtypes on continuous sucrose density gradients to examine their relative amounts, composition, ultrastructure, surface activity, and turnover kinetics. The total phospholipid and protein contents of the alveolar lavage were increased. The proportions of high buoyant density subtypes (normally surface active) were increased about twofold and that of the low buoyant density subtype (not surface active) was decreased or absent. The buoyant densities, ultrastructure, and phospholipid compositions of the major surfactant subtypes were not significantly altered. The surface activity of the normally surface-active subtypes, when purified free of extraneous material, was close to those of normal controls. Turnover studies of the kinetics of surfactant subtype phospholipids suggested increased secretion of surfactant but a delay in the conversion of the heavier subtypes into their low-density product. Most of the heavier material appeared not to enter the lighter pool, in contrast to findings in control mice. It is concluded that in this form of ARDS the surfactant subtypes are qualitatively normal but that their surface activity is impaired, presumably by extraneous material in the alveoli, and that proportions of surfactant subtypes are radically altered by a combination of increased synthesis and decreased metabolism of the heavier subtypes.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Differential modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes and synaptic transmission in chick sympathetic ganglia by PGE(2).

The diversity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is likely an important factor in the modulation of synaptic transmission by acetylcholine and nicotine. We have tested whether postsynaptic nAChRs are modulated in a subtype-specific manner by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a regulator of neuronal excitability in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, and examined the effects of PGE(2) on nicotinic transmission. Somatodendritic nAChRs in chick lumbar sympathetic ganglia include four nAChR subtypes distinguished on the basis of conductance and kinetic profile. Nanomolar PGE(2) applied to the extrapatch membrane differentially regulates opening probability (Po), frequency and the opening duration of each nAChR channel subtype in cell-attached patches. PGE(2) decreases the Po of the predominant nAChR subtype (36 pS) and significantly increases Po and open duration of the 23 pS subtype. The 23 pS subtype is gated by the alpha 7-selective agonist choline, and choline-gated currents are inhibited by alpha-bungarotoxin. To examine whether PGE(2) modulates nAChRs at synaptic sites, we studied the effects of PGE(2) on amplitude and decay of synaptic currents in visceral motoneuron-sympathetic neuron co-cultures. PGE(2) significantly decreases the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), consistent with the predominant inhibition by PGE(2) of all but the 23 pS subtype. The time constant of mEPSCs at PGE(2)-treated synapses is prolonged, which is also consistent with an increased contribution of the longer open duration of the 23 pS nAChR subtype with PGE(2) treatment. To examine the presynaptic effect of PGE(2), nanomolar nicotine was used. Nicotine induces facilitation of synaptic transmission by increasing mEPSC frequency, an action thought to involve presynaptic, alpha 7-containing nAChRs. In the presence of PGE(2), nicotine-induced synaptic facilitation persists. Thus the net effect of PGE(2) is to alter the profile of nAChRs contributing to synaptic transmission from larger conductance, briefer opening channels to smaller conductance, longer opening events. This subtype-specific modulation of nAChRs by PGE(2) may provide a mechanism for selective activation and suppression of synaptic pathways mediated by different nAChR subtype(s) at both pre- and postsynaptic sites.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Conservation of breast cancer molecular subtypes and transcriptional patterns of tumor progression across distinct ethnic populations.

PURPOSE: Breast cancers can display distinct clinical characteristics in different ethnic populations. Previous studies involving European and United States patients have shown that breast tumors can be divided by their gene expression profiles into distinct "molecular subtypes." In this report, we surveyed a series of invasive and preinvasive breast tumors from Asian-Chinese patients to investigate whether similar subtypes could also be observed in this ethnic group. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS: An analysis of expression profiles generated from 11 nonmalignant breast tissues, 17 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) and 98 invasive carcinomas identified three broad molecular subtypes of breast [estrogen receptor (ER)+, ERBB2+ and ER-] in the Asian-Chinese population. These subtypes were highly similar to the "Luminal," "ERBB2+," and "Basal" molecular subtypes defined in previous studies, and the subtype-specific expression signatures were also observed in preinvasive DCIS tumors. By comparing the expression profiles of nonmalignant DCIS and invasive breast cancers for two subtypes (ER+ and ERBB2+), we identified several genes that were regulated in both a common and subtype-specific manner during the normal/DCIS and DCIS/invasive carcinoma transitions. Several of these genes were validated by comparison with another recently published similar, but not identical, study. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that molecularly similar subtypes of breast cancer are indeed broadly conserved between Asian and Caucasian patients, and that these subtypes are already present at the preinvasive stage of carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this study is among the first to directly compare the expression profiles of breast tumors across two different ethnic populations.

Asian People↗
PubMed1994

The long-term stability of depressive subtypes.

OBJECTIVE: This study used the concept of diagnostic stability to examine the validity of three subtypes of major depression. METHOD: Patients with major depressive disorder (N = 424) were assigned baseline diagnoses according to structured interviews and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Follow-up evaluations took place at 6-month intervals over the next 5 years and annually for an additional 3 years. During this period 424, 246, 163, and 96 of the patients who had recovered from the index episode had one, two, three, and four recurrences, respectively, of major depressive disorder. The kappa statistic was used to quantify the likelihood that patients with the psychotic, agitated/retarded, or endogenous subtype of depression in a given episode would again manifest that subtype in subsequent episodes. RESULTS: The psychotic subtype showed the most enduring diagnostic stability across multiple subsequent episodes. Even after three intervening episodes, patients with baseline psychotic major depression were five times more likely to develop a psychotic depression than were other depressed patients. For all three subtypes, diagnostic stability was greater for contiguous episodes than for noncontiguous episodes. Psychotic, agitated/retarded, and endogenous subtypes showed significant stability after control for the bipolar/unipolar and primary/secondary distinctions. The endogenous subtype was stable among patients with primary depression but not among those with secondary depression. CONCLUSIONS: The psychotic subtype was the most valid of the subtypes tested from the perspective of diagnostic stability. The fact that stability across adjacent episodes exceeded stability across more distantly spaced episodes may reflect state-dependent determinants, and these are likely to vary by subtype.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Avian influenza virus subtypes inside and outside the live bird markets, 1993-2000: a spatial and temporal relationship.

Between 1993 and 2000, gallinaceous birds, waterfowl, and environmental specimens from the live bird markets (LBMs) of the northeastern United States and non-LBM premises were tested for the presence of avian influenza virus (AIV), pathogenic properties of AIV subtypes, especially of hemagglutinin (H) subtypes H5 and H7, and a possible association between LBM and non-LBM infections. Ten H subtypes of AIV were isolated from the LBM specimens: H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H9, H10, and H11. During this period, the 10 subtypes also were isolated from birds in non-LBM premises. In the LBMs, subtypes H2, H3, H4, H6, H7, and H11 were present for 5-8 yr despite efforts to clean and disinfect the premises. The H5 or H7 subtypes present during the same year in both LBMs and non-LBMs within a state or in contiguous states were (subtype/year): H5N2/1993, 1999, and H7N2/1994-99. The AIV subtypes including the H5 and H7 that were evaluated for pathogenicity in chickens were low pathogenic. The deduced amino acid sequence at the H cleavage site of H5 and H7 subtypes was consistent with those of low pathogenic AIV. Although the H5N2 and H7N2 subtypes remained low pathogenic, they did undergo mutations and acquired an additional basic amino acid at the H cleavage site; however, the minimum number of basic amino acids in correct sequence (B-X-B-R, where B = basic amino acid, X = need not be basic amino acid, and R = arginine) required for high pathogenicity was lacking. A low pathogenic H5 or H7 subtype may become highly pathogenic by acquiring additional basic amino acids at the H cleavage site. The LBMs have been and will likely continue to be a source of AIV for commercial poultry.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: correlation between mammographic calcification and tumor subtype.

OBJECTIVE: Histologic subtypes of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast have been correlated with disease progression after local excision only. This study was undertaken to determine how the predominant type of calcification seen on mammography correlates with the predominant histologic tumor subtype, knowledge that could aid in the development of clinical criteria for selecting patients for appropriate local treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective double-blind study was performed to correlate the mammographic and histologic findings in 66 consecutive cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, or ductal carcinoma in situ associated with small invasive foci (n = 11), in which microcalcifications seen on mammograms were found in the ductal carcinoma during histologic evaluation of excisional biopsy specimens. Microcalcifications were categorized as predominantly linear or granular and were correlated with the predominant histologic subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ in the tissue containing the calcifications seen on mammograms. RESULTS: Predominantly linear calcifications were present in 47% (18/38) of ductal comedocarcinomas in situ compared with 18% (5/28) of cribriform, solid, or papillary subtypes (p = .01). Predominantly granular calcifications were present in 53% (20/38) of comedocarcinomas compared with 82% (23/28) of the noncomedo types (p = .01). In 94% (16/17) of cribriform ductal carcinomas in situ, granular microcalcifications were seen on mammograms. Seventy-eight percent (18/23) of linear calcifications in ductal carcinoma in situ were associated with the comedo subtype, whereas 53% (23/43) of the granular calcifications were associated with noncomedo subtypes. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the comedo subtype of ductal carcinoma in situ is more likely to be accompanied by linear calcifications than are the noncomedo subtypes, and noncomedo ductal carcinoma in situ is more likely to be associated with granular calcifications than is the comedo subtype when microcalcifications are seen on mammograms. However, there is considerable overlap, and the predominant histologic subtype cannot be predicted on the basis of the microcalcification type with a high degree of accuracy.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Relationship between epidemiology of HIV-1 infection and HIV-1 subtypes in Fujian province].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship of AIDS epidemic and HIV-1 subtype in Fujian province of China based on molecular findings. METHODS: HIV-1 infected persons and patient with AIDS (HIV/AIDS) were identified by AIDS surveillance project in the province. AIDS epidemic situation was estimated by related data collected from the HIV/AIDS cases. HIV-1 C2-V3 region amplified from the PBMC DNA of HIV/AIDS cases was analysed by nucleotide sequencing to identified HIV-1 subtype. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-eight cases of HIV/AIDS were found from 1987 to the end of 2000. Among 59 AIDS cases, 53 had died. HIV infection through heterosexual contacts took up 65.4%, including 44.1% of them infected abroad. Out of them, 83.1% were infected in Southeast Asia. Thirty-nine point nine percentage of the total HIV(+) were infected in China, while 9.0% were infected through blood transmission. Sequence analysis from 41 specimens showed that there were 4 kinds of HIV-1 subtypes, including A, B, C and E. Subtype E took up 75.6% (31/41), all infected by heterosexual contacts; subtype B taking up 17.1% (7/41) with most of them infected through blood transmission; subtype A and C were seen only 1 and 2 cases respectively. Gene divergence of innergroup of subtypes E was 12.245% +/- 3.894%, while subtype B was 10.762% +/- 2.707%. The high divergence of subtype E could be attributed to the region and time of infection. CONCLUSION: HIV prevalent rate has been increasing in Fujian with major transmission route of heterosexual contact. The dominant strain of HIV-1 was subtype E.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗