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PubMed2003

Perspective: repression of competition and the evolution of cooperation.

Repression of competition within groups joins kin selection as the second major force in the history of life shaping the evolution of cooperation. When opportunities for competition against neighbors are limited within groups, individuals can increase their own success only by enhancing the efficiency and productivity of their group. Thus, characters that repress competition within groups promote cooperation and enhance group success. Leigh first expressed this idea in the context of fair meiosis, in which each chromosome has an equal chance of transmission via gametes. Randomized success means that each part of the genome can increase its own success only by enhancing the total number of progeny and thus increasing the success of the group. Alexander used this insight about repression of competition in fair meiosis to develop his theories for the evolution of human sociality. Alexander argued that human social structures spread when they repress competition within groups and promote successful group-against-group competition. Buss introduced a new example with his suggestion that metazoan success depended on repression of competition between cellular lineages. Maynard Smith synthesized different lines of thought on repression of competition. In this paper, I develop simple mathematical models to illustrate the main processes by which repression of competition evolves. With the concepts made clear, I then explain the history of the idea. I finish by summarizing many new developments in this subject and the most promising lines for future study.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Individuality and hubris in mythology: the struggle to be human.

Mankind's social and psychological evolution require changing attitudes and behavior to maintain a harmony with the world, society, and his own self. Loss of immediacy with the world, power over it, and the increasing capacity for individuality pose special problems for the accomplishment of such harmony. How this is recognized, understood, and dealt with is a task undertaken through psychoanalysis, myth, philosophy, and literature. Various examples are given to show that the constancy of the basic truths about the nature of being human leads to a resonance among the diverse approaches and across the span of millennia and cultures.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Food offering in jackdaws ( Corvus monedula).

Food sharing among unrelated same-sex individuals has received considerable interest from primatologists and evolutionary biologists because of its apparent altruistic nature and implications for the evolution of complex social cognition. In contrast to primates, food sharing in birds has received relatively little attention. Here we describe three types of food sharing in jackdaws, with the initiative for the transfer either with the receiver or the giver. The latter situation is of particular interest because the food transfer takes place through active giving. Compared to primates, jackdaws show high rates of food sharing. Finally we discuss the implications of food sharing in jackdaws, and in birds in general.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Sociobiology and the structural stability of behavior patterns.

A structural stability approach to population-genetic systems and to dynamic evolutionary games is attempted in order to examine the theoretical significance of sociobiological selection models. A criterion of weak selection is derived that is not restricted to differential reproduction in polymorphic systems but describes possible directions of evolutionary change in time scales governed by genetic mutation rates. The criterion applies to the problems of how the initial mutational basis of an adaptive trait may be established and how this may happen, for analogous traits, independently in different species. Two basic sociobiological concepts are reconsidered with reference to the criterion. It is shown that W. D. Hamilton's condition of increases in inclusive fitness due to altruistic interactions among kin expresses the structural instability of populations against the evolution of altruistic behavior. Using the dynamic approach to evolutionary game theory, it is demonstrated that if a behavioral phenotype is an evolutionarily stable strategy, it is structurally stable against perturbations of the fitness payoffs, provided selection is weak. These results are applied to material problems of the evolution of animal social behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Species differences in brain distribution of CART mRNA and CART peptide between prairie and meadow voles.

Reward mechanisms are involved in pair bond formation in monogamous prairie voles. Given the potential role of CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) in reward, and its possible role as a third neurohypophysial hormone, we examined the brain distribution of CART mRNA and peptide in monogamous prairie voles compared to congener promiscuous meadow voles. Large species differences in CART mRNA distribution were apparent in the nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, hippocampus, and cortex. CART peptide distribution largely mirrored, but did not exactly match, CART mRNA distribution. Dramatic species differences also existed in CART peptide distribution, including the medial preoptic area, nucleus accumbens, central amygdala, lateral septum, and cortex. In contrast, several brain regions were highly conserved between prairie and meadow voles, including many subnuclei examined within the hypothalamus and olfactory tubercle. Taken together, these data suggest a potential role for CART in the regulation of pair bond formation between monogamous mates and suggest potential brain regions involved in its neural circuitry. Our findings also point to novel avenues of investigation regarding the brain mechanisms for the evolution of diverse social organization.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Treatment matching. Theoretic basis and practical implications.

An extensive knowledge base supports the development of treatment matching methods for alcohol and other drug abuse. Many matching variables have been identified that relate to specific modalities of treatment and to specific levels of care. Physicians and other providers can use many putative matching variables to address patients' substance use problems on a highly individualized basis. These variables include demographic factors (age, gender, culture), typology and severity (age of onset; severity of intoxication; withdrawal; quantity, recency, frequency of substance use), intrapersonal characteristics (psychiatric diagnosis, cognitive function, self-efficacy, stage of change), and interpersonal function (social stability). The evolution of formal criteria for patient placement such as the ASAM criteria is a beneficial, adaptive process that is underway in numerous states, managed care entities, professional provider societies, and provider groups. Currently, matching approaches rely more heavily on consensus recommendations than on empiric matching data. The technology for conducting psychosocial treatment matching studies is rapidly increasing in sophistication. Although predictive validity has not yet been fully demonstrated on a large, multisite basis, the national research portfolio on treatment matching is expanding in size and complexity. This is an essential public health need, given dramatic cost pressures, if addiction services are to continue to grow in quality and availability.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2000

A discrete-event computer model of feline herpes virus within cat populations.

The purpose of this work was to study the epidemiology of feline herpes virus (FHV), which causes a respiratory disease within natural populations of domestic cats. A stochastic model was constructed using discrete-events simulation. Two habitats (rural vs. urban) were simulated, featuring different demographic, spatial and social patterns. The evolution of immunity in individuals was reproduced, allowing for the random recrudescence of latent infections (influenced by environment and reproduction). Hypotheses concerning the circulation of FHV were examined regarding the role of host density and the possibility of reinfection of host. Uncertainty analyses were performed on the basis of replicated Monte Carlo sampling. The results were in good agreement with serologic data from a long-term study conducted on five populations in France. The model satisfactorily reproduced the variability of natural immunity, and the epidemic features observed. The simulations have shown that FHV can persist in small populations (because of its capacity of reactivation leading to epidemics). However, the impact on demography was not dramatic. The most important parameters in determining change in epidemiology of FHV were: transmission rate corresponding to 'friendly' contacts, and the recrudescence rate of FHV. However, an interaction between these two parameters did not allow estimation of their values.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Female preferences in a fish genus without female mate choice.

The evolution and the adaptive logic (if any) of female mate choice are subjects of lively debate. Whereas most researchers believe that females have evolved to recognize signs of male 'quality' (the ability to provide females or their offspring with direct or indirect genetic or material benefits), there is intriguing evidence that males can evolve to appeal to pre-existing female preferences. Evidence for these pre-existing biases is often ambiguous because phylogenetic reconstructions have usually failed to establish conclusively whether the female preference or the favored male traits evolved first. This potential difficulty is minimal in the mosquitofish genus Gambusia, none of whose 45 species appears to have a female-choice mating system in the wild, and none of which shows the male behavioral and morphological traits that are characteristic of female choice. Nevertheless, in an experimental situation in the laboratory, female Gambusia holbrooki readily chose between models of males and demonstrated significant and reliable preferences for a variety of exaggerated male traits that are not seen in their species or their genus. Other morphological alterations were not preferred. The latent willingness of females to choose traits in a genus without such traits and without evident female choice in the wild is remarkable and may indicate a pre-existing bias in females that is ready to drive male evolution, should the social system or the ecological variables that control it change.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Long-term vocal recognition in the northern fur seal.

The ability to recognize and remember individual identities for long periods of time has important implications for the evolution of animal social behaviour, particularly complex interactions such as cooperation or mate choice. Despite this importance, there is only a single example of long-term individual recognition in nature, the 8-month retention of neighbour's song among male hooded warblers, Wilsonia citrina, and there is none for a non-human mammal. Associations between individuals spanning years, which are especially prevalent in carnivores, primates and seabirds, and evidence of mate fidelity provide indirect support for the ability of long-term recognition. In many of these instances, however, individuals do not separate for extended periods, and thus long-term recognition, although often assumed, may be both unnecessary and nonexistent. Furthermore, site fidelity rather than individual recognition may explain many instances of mate fidelity. Here I show that mother-offspring pairs of a migratory otariid pinniped--the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus)--not only have the ability to recognize each other's vocalizations during the course of a breeding season, but are also able to retain these memories for at least 4 years.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evidence for interpersonal violence in the St. Cesaire Neanderthal.

The St. Césaire 1 Neanderthal skeleton of a young adult individual is unique in its association with Châtelperronian artifacts from a level dated to ca. 36,000 years ago. Computer-tomographic imaging and computer-assisted reconstruction of the skull revealed a healed fracture in the cranial vault. When paleopathological and forensic diagnostic standards are applied, the bony scar bears direct evidence for the impact of a sharp implement, which was presumably directed toward the individual during an act of interpersonal violence. These findings add to the evidence that Neanderthals used implements not only for hunting and food processing, but also in other behavioral contexts. It is hypothesized that the high intra-group damage potential inherent to weapons might have represented a major factor during the evolution of hominid social behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Gloom and doom? The future of marine capture fisheries.

Predicting global fisheries is a high-order challenge but predictions have been made and updates are needed. Past forecasts, present trends and perspectives of key parameters of the fisheries--including potential harvest, state of stocks, supply and demand, trade, fishing technology and governance--are reviewed in detail, as the basis for new forecasts and forecasting performance assessment. The future of marine capture fisheries will be conditioned by the political, social and economic evolution of the world within which they operate. Consequently, recent global scenarios for the future world are reviewed, with the emphasis on fisheries. The main driving forces (e.g. global economic development, demography, environment, public awareness, information technology, energy, ethics) including aquaculture are described. Outlooks are provided for each aspect of the fishery sector. The conclusion puts these elements in perspective and offers the authors' personal interpretation of the possible future pathway of fisheries, the uncertainty about it and the still unanswered questions of direct relevance in shaping that future.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Emergence of a small world from local interactions: modeling acquaintance networks.

How do we make acquaintances? A simple observation from everyday experience is that often one of our acquaintances introduces us to one of his or her acquaintances. Such a simple triangle interaction may be viewed as the basis of the evolution of many social networks. Here, it is demonstrated that this assumption is sufficient to reproduce major nontrivial features of social networks: short path length, high clustering, and scale-free or exponential link distributions.

Interpersonal Relations↗
PubMed2004

[Welfare State policies for equity].

This article analyzes the evolution of public social expenditure in Spain from 1991 to 2000. It includes the analysis of the total public social expenditure as well as four of its components: sickness/health care, invalidity/old age, survivors, family/children. Expenditure is analyzed as a percentage of the GNP, and expenditure per capita in purchasing power units. This article shows that there has been an increase since 1993 in the deficit of the public expenditure on social protection in Spain representing a divergence from the average expenditure in the UE. The article also analyzes the development of care services (child care and services for dependent elderly), due their impact on gender inequalities.

Female↗
PubMed2002

What is digital medicine?

Changes in health care are a fundamental part of social and intellectual evolution. The modern practice of scientific medicine depends on the existence of the written and printed word to store medical information. Because computers can transform information as well as store it, new digital tools cannot only record clinical data, they can also generate medical knowledge. In doing so, they make it possible to develop "digital medicine" that is potentially more precise, more effective, more experimental, more widely distributed, and more egalitarian than current medical practice. Critical steps in the creation of digital medicine are careful analysis of the impact of new technologies and coordinated efforts to direct technological development towards creating a new paradigm of medical care.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Causality, systems, and dynamic models. Three approaches of the explanation in demography].

The authors compare three methods of demographic analysis: "causal analysis, the transition models and the dynamic models. The purpose of these three approaches is not the same: transition models examine the transformation of a system during a given period; the dynamic model outlines the evolution of a social process through time; the causal analysis describes the mechanism through which the causes produce its effects. The three approaches differ also in the way they take time into account...[In particular,] causal static models are not pertinent in demographic research." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMed1992

[Prematurity: developments during the last decade at Erasmus Hospital. II. Long-term follow-up].

Morbidity and mortality of these preterm infants weighing < 1000 g at birth was reported in another paper. The mortality and neuro-developmental prognosis improved clearly in the last 3 years. A particular attention is given for protecting these babies against brain lesions. These ELBW have a high risk of neurodevelopmental disturbances. Therefore, a multidisciplinary team follows the neurological evolution to assess the quality of neonatal care and detect and treat developmental abnormalities as early as possible. We present the weight and height evolutions, the neurological, social and familial outcome of our 15 survivors. Economical and ethical discussions are open.

Child Development↗
PubMed2005

Dispersal, philopatry, and infidelity: dissecting local genetic structure in superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus).

Dispersal influences evolution, demography, and social characteristics but is generally difficult to study. Here we combine long-term demographic data from an intensively studied population of superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) and multivariate spatial autocorrelation analyses of microsatellite genotypes to describe dispersal behavior in this species. The demographic data revealed: (1) sex-biased dispersal: almost all individuals that dispersed into the study area over an eight-year period were female (93%; n = 153); (2) high rates of extragroup infidelity (66% of offspring), which also facilitated local gene dispersal; and (3) skewed lifetime reproductive success in both males and females. These data led to three expectations concerning the patterns of fine-scale genetic structure: (1) little or no spatial genetic autocorrelation among females, (2) positive spatial genetic autocorrelation among males, and (3) a heterogeneous genetic landscape. Global autocorrelation analysis of the genotypes present in the study population confirmed the first two expectations. A novel two-dimensional local autocorrelation analysis confirmed the third and provided new insight into the patterns of genetic structure across the two-dimensional landscape. We highlight the potential of autocorrelation analysis to infer evolutionary processes but also emphasize that genetic patterns in space cannot be fully understood without an appropriate and intensive sampling regime and detailed knowledge of the individuals genotyped.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Informed patient consent--historical perspective and a clinician's view.

Informed patient consent, in this day and age, is usually taken for granted, poorly understood, and inadequately practised. Historically, informed patient consent is relatively new to medical practice, as there was no such consent during the times of the ancient Egyptians, the ancient Greeks or Romans. The culture of individual rights as part of a social trend and evolution of human civilisation with landmarks such as the American Revolution two centuries ago also brought along greater patient awareness of their health and persons as well as their rights in the investigations, treatment and research of their illnesses. The rationale and elements in the practice of informed patient consent is part of this trend. However, there are moral and legal dilemmas involved. Discussion is needed, and though the practice of such consent may sometimes be difficult, the spirit of its application should never be compromised.

Comprehension↗