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PubMed2005

Discrimination of pathogenic clinical isolates and laboratory strains of Bacillus cereus by NMR-based metabolomic profiling.

Six different Bacillus cereus strains were selected from two different ecotypes: (1) three commonly used laboratory strains that are considered avirulent, and (2) three clinical isolates from meningitis patients. Screening of genomic DNA for the presence of genes encoding known toxins gave no candidate genes that were unambiguously able to distinguish between the two groups. However, the application of multivariate pattern-recognition methods to metabolite profiles derived from the different strains using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (metabolomics) was able to classify the different profiles. The two different ecotypes were clearly separated on the basis of their metabolite profiles, showing that it is possible to use metabolomic methods to classify pathogens on the basis of their expressed physiology, even when it is not possible to infer a direct mechanistic link to specific virulence factors. This metabolomic approach could also have a wide range of possible applications in both general microbiology and microbial ecology for distinguishing and identifying different functional/physiological ecotypes of bacterial strains or species.

Bacillus cereus↗
PubMed1992

[Prospective analysis of infections of the upper extremity].

In a prospective investigation infections of the upper extremity are examined with respect to incidence, bacterial pathogens, operative or conservative treatment, and duration of disability for work. A total of 255 patients (pts) (170 men, 85 women; mean age 37 years, range 16-85) were entered into the study. In a 12-month period 163 (64%) were treated as outpatients, the condition of 92 pts (36%) required hospitalisation. Conservative and operative treatment was performed in 82 (32%) and 173 (68%) pts, respectively. Conservative treatment included fixation by cast as well as antibiotics (penicillinase resistant penicillin), usually given by the oral route for a mean of 4 days. Surgical procedures consisted of excision and debridement. Intraoperatively intravenous antibiotics were instituted for a mean of 3 days, followed by oral application for another 4 days. In 135 of 173 pts who underwent surgery, sufficient material for bacterial culture was obtained. There was a polymicrobial infection in 50% of pts. Most common isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytical streptococci group A, and indigenous skin flora in 34%, 21%, and 11%, respectively. Among the 255 pts there were 26 HIV-positive iv drug abusers, who suffered from abscesses at injection sites. The infections in these immunocompromised HIV-positive pts did not reveal differences with respect to number and species of isolated pathogens as compared to immunocompetent pts. Resistant bacteria were not found. Response to treatment was satisfactory usually within a few days in all but 12 pts (4.7%) in which the failure could be attributed to inadequate primary debridement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Prospective study of pathogenic agents isolated from feces of patients with HIV infections].

OBJECTIVE: Determine the frequency of enteropathogenic agents isolated in diarrheic feces of patients with HIV infection and to compare findings with a control group (HIV + without diarrhea) in order to identify risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All HIV seropositive inpatients and outpatients seropositive for HIV, with or without diarrhea, seen between 1 November 1994 and 30 April 1995 were included. Samples of feces were obtained for culture, virology examination, parasite examination and search for Clostridium difficile. The same samples were obtained in case of diarrhea during the course of hospitalization. RESULTS: There were 113 samples. Analyses demonstrated a pathogenic agent in 73.6% of the samples in patients with diarrhea and in 31.6% of those without diarrhea. Clostridium difficile and parasites were the most frequently identified agents. An infectious agent was identified in one-fourth of the patients without clinical signs of diarrhea, and in one-fourth of those with diarrhea no pathogen could be demonstrated. No factor of risk for finding a particular microorganism in feces of patients with diarrhea could be identified. DISCUSSION: The exact pathogenic roles of Pseudomonas aeuriginosa, yeast, and adenovirus remain to be determined. It is hypothesized that the HIV has a direct effect on the host digestive tract.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1999

Enteric pathogens in southern Indian HIV-infected patients with & without diarrhoea.

This study was undertaken to determine the carriage rate of various enteric pathogens in southern Indian patients with HIV infection, both with and without diarrhoea. Stool from 111 consecutive HIV-positive patients (50 without and 61 with diarrhoea) was examined by microscopy and culture. Jejunal biopsy and fluid examination were carried out if diarrhoea persisted, with negative stool examination. Enteric pathogens were detected from stool in 57.4 per cent of diarrhoeal patients compared to 40 per cent of those without diarrhoea (P > 0.05). Jejunal biopsy and fluid examination provided 11 additional diagnoses. Protozoa accounted for 71.8 per cent of all pathogens isolated. Isospora was significantly more common in patients with (11/61) than in those without (2/50) diarrhoea (P < 0.05). Bacterial pathogens were isolated more commonly from patients with diarrhoea (12/61 compared to 2/50, P < 0.05). Isolation rate of pathogens was higher from patients with diarrhoea for more than 2 wk, compared to those with less than 2 wk duration. Remission of diarrhoea either spontaneously or with symptomatic therapy was observed in 22 patients with acute diarrhoea. A high enteric carriage of a number of pathogens was noted in HIV patients without diarrhoea, but I. belli and bacterial enteropathogens were more likely to be associated with diarrhoea.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis in dairy herds in the West Littoral Region in Uruguay.

Twenty-nine dairy farms were selected to determine the incidence of clinical mastitis, prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis and bacterial aetiology in the West Littoral Region of Uruguay. In samples taken by the owner and frozen at -20 degrees C during a week the incidence rate of clinical mastitis was determined as 1.2 cases per 100 cow-months at risk. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolated pathogen in 37.5% of 40 milk samples from clinical cases obtained in 1 month. No bacteria grew in the 32.5% of the total samples. A sub-sample including 1077 dairy cows from randomly selected farms was used to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis. These samples were taken on one visit to each farm. The prevalence was 52.4% on a cow basis and 26.7% on an udder quarter basis. In 55.1% of the quarters of the selected animals with more than 300,000 cells/ml there was no growth. The isolated pathogens from sub-clinical cases and their relative frequencies were: Staphylococcus aureus 62.8%, Streptococcus agalactiae 11.3%, Enterococcus sp. 8%, coagulase-negative staphylococci 7.4%, Streptococus uberis 6.4%, Streptococcus dysgalactiae 1.8%, Escherichia coli 1.5% and Staphylococcus hyicus coagulase-positive 0.6%.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Isolation of pathogenic bacteria from induced sputum from hospitalized children with pneumonia in Bangladesh.

A prospective study was carried out on 157 patients admitted to a paediatric hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh to determine the bacteria present in the induced sputum of paediatric patients with X-ray proven pneumonia. Their ages ranged from 21 days to 11 years; 65 per cent of them were male and 35 per cent were female. The most affected age group was between 6 months and 2 years old. Respiratory secretions produced by induced cough were taken by swab from the oropharynx for culture and smear. The predominant bacteria were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis and Gram-negative bacilli. Serotyping of H. influenzae revealed that 76 per cent were non-typable and 18 per cent were of type b; 23.5 per cent of isolates of H. influenzae were beta-lactamase producing. MIC90 of penicillin against S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were 0.025 and 3.13 micrograms/ml respectively. Ampicillin, penicillin G (benzylpenicillin), amoxycillin, and gentamicin were administered for the treatment of these patients. All cases were apparently improved, on the basis of clinical evaluation, and discharged from the hospital.

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prospective study of fever after bronchoalveolar lavage in children.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the significance of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) characteristics and bacterial pathogens isolated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, oropharyngeal cultures and blood cultures for the development of fever in children after flexible bronchoscopy. METHOD: We studied 41 consecutive patients (age 4 months to 15 years), who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and 24 hours temperature monitoring. Two blood cultures of each patient drawn at two sites, oropharyngeal swabs, total cell counts, cell differentials and microbial cultures from lavage fluid were studied. RESULTS: Postbronchoscopic temperature increase was significantly higher in patients with positive BALF cultures (p = 0.04). Seven out of 41 patients had postbronchoscopic fever and positive bacterial cultures of BALF. Bacteraemia (with an identical pathogen isolated in BALF) was found in one febrile patient. There was a significantly higher total cell count (p = 0.03) and concentration of neutrophils (p = 0.001) in BALF among the children with presence of positive bacterial cultures. CONCLUSION: We conclude that fever is a frequent adverse event following BAL in children and is rarely associated with bacteraemia. Findings associated with the risk to develop fever are positive bacterial cultures and high neutrophil numbers in BALF.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from dairy cow milk samples submitted for bacterial culture: 8,905 samples (1994-2001).

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether antimicrobial resistance patterns of major mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows have changed over time. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION: 8905 bacterial isolates obtained from milk samples submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between January 1994 and June 2001. PROCEDURE: Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by means of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Logistic regression was used to determine whether percentages of isolates resistant to various antimicrobials changed over time. RESULTS: For the gram-positive mastitis pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to various flactam antimicrobials did not increase over the course of the study. Percentage of Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 49 to 30%; percentage of Streptococcus isolates resistant to penicillin decreased from 6 to 1%. Percentage of isolates resistant to erythromycin increased for S aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter spp, Enterococcus spp, and Pasteurella spp. Percentage of isolates resistant to lincomycin increased for S aureus and Staphylococcus spp. Percentage of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates resistant to pirlimycin increased from 6 to 19%. For several pathogens, percentages of isolates resistant to sulfisoxazole and to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole decreased. No pathogens had a significant increase in the percentage of isolates resistant to novobiocin-penicillin. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results did not indicate a trend toward increased antimicrobial resistance among mastitis pathogens isolated from milk samples from dairy cows between 1994 and 2001. Reduced resistance to flactam antimicrobials was identified for several gram-positive mastitis pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

Optimal combination and concentration of antibiotics in media for isolation of pathogenic fungi and Nocardia asteroides.

Strains of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix schenckii, Histoplasma capsulatum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Nocardia asteroides, and Coccidioides immitis were tested for in vitro susceptibility to polymyxin, gentamicin, kanamycin, chloramphenicol, and neomycin at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mug/ml. Polymyxin was the most inhibitory and gentamicin was the least inhibitory of the five antibiotics. Two Histoplasma mycelial strains were partially inhibited by 2 and 8 mug of gentamicin per ml and showed at least a 2+ growth at the higher antibiotic concentration. Kanamycin and neomycin produced significant inhibition of N. asteroides but otherwise were noninhibitory. A combination of chloramphenicol and kanamycin, each at 16 mug/ml, and gentamicin, at 4 mug/ml, was noninhibitory to the strains tested except for N. asteroides. Chloramphenicol at 16 mug/ml was not inhibitory for N. asteroides. The results suggest that the optimal antibiotic combination to use in the isolation of fungi and higher bacteria is chloramphenicol, 16 mug/ml, and gentamicin, 4 mug/ml. Addition of sheep blood (5%) had no effect on antibiotic susceptibility of the organisms studied.

Agar↗
PubMed2004

Effect of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis on milk yield in dairy cows.

Our objective was to estimate the effects of the first occurrence of pathogen-specific clinical mastitis (CM) on milk yield in 3071 dairy cows in 2 New York State farms. The pathogens studied were Streptococcus spp.,Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Arcanobacterium pyogenes, other pathogens grouped together, and "no pathogen isolated." Data were collected from October 1999 to July 2001. Milk samples were collected from cows showing signs of CM and were sent to the Quality Milk Production Services laboratory at Cornell University for microbiological culture. The SAS statistical procedure PROC MIXED, with an autoregressive covariance structure, was used to quantify the effect of CM and several other control variables (herd, calving season, parity, month of lactation, J-5 vaccination status, and other diseases) on weekly milk yield. Separate models were fitted for primipara and multipara, because of the different shapes of their lactation curves. To observe effects of mastitis, milk weights were divided into several periods both pre- and postdiagnosis, according to when they were measured in relation to disease occurrence. Another category contained cows without the type of CM being modeled. Because all pathogens were modeled simultaneously, a control cow was one without CM. Among primipara, Staph. aureus, E. coli, Klebsiella spp., and "no pathogen isolated" caused the greatest losses. Milk yield generally began to drop 1 or 2 wk before diagnosis; the greatest loss occurred immediately following diagnosis. Mastitic cows often never recovered their potential yield. Among older cows, Streptococcus spp., Staph. aureus, A. pyogenes, E. coli, and Klebsiella spp. caused the most significant losses. Many multipara that developed CM were actually higher producers before diagnosis than their nonmastitic herd-mates. As in primipara, milk yield in multipara often began to decline shortly before diagnosis; the greatest loss occurred immediately following diagnosis. Milk loss persisted until at least 70 d after diagnosis for Streptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., and A. pyogenes. The tendency for higher producing cows to contract CM may mask its impact on cow health and production. These findings provide dairy producers with more information on which pathogen-specific CM cases should receive treatment and how to manage these cows, thereby reducing CM impact on cow well being and profitability.

Actinomycetaceae↗
PubMed2003

Non-pathogenic Actinobacillus isolates antigenically and biochemically similar to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae: a novel species?

Two unusual Actinobacillus isolates were recovered from pigs with no clinical signs, no lesions and no history of swine pleuropneumonia. Two representative strains (9953L55 and 0347) analyzed in this study were initially biochemically and antigenically identified as A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 9, respectively, by traditional identification methods. Both strains presented, however, negative results with three A. pleuropneumoniae-specific PCR tests and revealed in particular the absence of the apxIV toxin genes. However, both strains produced and secreted ApxII toxin although they only harbored the toxin genes apxIICA, which is an uncommon feature for any of the known A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes. Upon experimental inoculation of pigs, these strains proved to be totally non-pathogenic. Animals infected with one of the strains produced antibodies that cross-react with A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1-9-11-specific LC-LPS ELISA. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that these strains form a separate phylogenetic group that is distinct from other Actinobacillus species and is particularly different from A. pleuropneumoniae.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1991

[Microbiological care of ventilated intensive care patients. Feasibility of diagnosis and therapy of pulmonary infection].

Pulmonary infections are the most life-threatening infections in mechanically ventilated patients. Methods to avoid these infections by prophylactic systemic or local administration of antibiotics may promote resistance and selection of distinct groups of pathogens. In mechanically ventilated patients we studied the impact of early diagnosis and specific therapy on the prevention of pulmonary infections. Due to the very short interval between colonization and infection, daily microscopic and microbiologic examinations of tracheobronchial secretions proved to be essential for early and successful therapy and even prevention of pulmonary infections. PATIENTS AND METHODS. The present study comprised a total of 190 patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit who required mechanical ventilation for a period of at least 48 h: 56 were admitted for multiple trauma; 38 had peritonitis; and the remainder had postoperative complications such as renal failure, cardiac problems, septicemia or pneumonia. Multitraumatized patients (16.5 days) and those with peritonitis (13.8 days) needed the most extensive ventilatory support. After admission antibiotic therapy was started with a second-generation cephalosporin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Further antibiotic treatment was directed strictly against the isolated pathogens. Tracheobronchial secretions were monitored daily by microscopy and cultures. Microscopic evaluation was essential to discriminate between colonization and inflammation, and often indicated the infective agent. If infections were suspected provisional antibiograms were performed on the material. This procedure allowed a specific antibiotic treatment to be initiated 8-12 h later. In patients with pulmonary infections, additional bronchoscopic material was taken in order to correlate these findings with those gained from the tracheobronchial secretions. RESULTS. In 85% of cases massive colonization of the trachea with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterobacteria, Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae resulted in pulmonary infections 24-48 h later. The reduced virulence of Pseudomonas species (non-aeruginosa) and Acinetobacter species is reflected by an infection rate of 50% and an extended period of time to establish an infection (2-4 days). Only 30% of patients highly contaminated with Candida developed pulmonary infections after 3-6 days. A fair correlation (86%) was found between pathogens isolated in tracheobronchial secretions and bronchoscopic material. In the population studied, 68 patients (35.7%) developed pulmonary infections, 32 of them pneumonia (16.8%), and the others purulent tracheobronchitis with fever. Both groups were treated with antibiotics. Patients with multiple trauma, often accompanied by lung contusion, were most frequently affected. In 59 patients (87%) pulmonary infections were treated successfully by specific antibiotic therapy; 9 patients died so rapidly, that the pulmonary complication could not account for the fatal outcome. In 38 patients with massive contamination of the tracheobronchial system by enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staph. aureus, progression from colonization to infection was prevented by early administration of specific therapy. CONCLUSIONS. Because pulmonary infections in most cases arise very soon after pathogens have gained access to the tracheobronchial system daily monitoring of tracheobronchial secretions is required for early initiation of specific therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Association between water sulfate and diarrhea in swine on Ohio farms.

Water samples and survey information related to prevalence of diarrhea, pathogens isolated, history of water quality problems, source of water, geographic location, land use, and water use were obtained from 54 swine farms in Ohio. Water was analyzed for concentration of sulfates and total dissolved solids by use of ion chromatography and electrical conductivity techniques. Sulfate concentrations in drinking water for swine ranged from 5.99 to 1,629 mg/L, with a mean of 231.78 mg/L and a median of 85.39 mg/L. Mean concentration of total dissolved solids was 632.2 mg/L, with a median of 581 mg/L and a range of 175 to 2,058 mg/L. Concentrations of water sulfate and total dissolved solids were highly correlated (P = 0.001). Sulfate concentrations were correlated with geographic location. Higher concentrations were found in the northern and western regions of Ohio. Associations between sulfate concentrations and prevalence of diarrhea, pathogens isolated, or source of water could not be established, but water sulfate concentrations significantly (P = 0.0002) increased with depth of the well. Water sulfate concentration could be approximated when geographic location, depth of well, and concentration of total dissolved solids were known. Sixty-nine percent (37/54) of the participating farms in the study had not had any laboratory-confirmed reports of diarrhea in swine in the preceding 2 years. Of those reporting diarrhea, most signs of disease were detected in pigs < 2 weeks old or in young pigs within 2 weeks of entry into the nursery.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Rapid bioluminescence method for bacteriuria screening.

A study was performed to evaluate the UTIscreen (Los Alamos Diagnostics, Los Alamos, N. Mex.), a rapid bioluminescence bacteriuria screen. The UTIscreen was compared with three other rapid bacteriuria screens: the Bac-T-Screen (Vitek Systems, Hazelwood, Mo.), an automated filtration device; the Chemstrip LN (Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics, BioDynamics, Indianapolis, Ind.), an enzyme dipstick; and the Gram stain. A semiquantitative plate culture was used as the reference method. Of the 1,000 specimens tested, 276 had colony counts of greater than 10(5) CFU/ml by the culture method. Of these, the UTIscreen detected 96% (265 of 276) using greater than or equal to 5% of the integrated light output of the standard reading as a positive interpretive breakpoint, the Bac-T-Screen detected 96% (266 of 276), the Chemstrip LN detected 90% (249 of 276), and the Gram stain detected 96% (264 of 276). Of the 214 probable pathogens isolated at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen detected 95% (204 of 214), the Bac-T-Screen detected 98% (210 of 214), the Chemstrip LN detected 92% (198 of 214), and the Gram stain detected 98% (209 of 214). The predictive values of negative test results at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 98, 97, 93, and 98%, respectively. The overall specificities at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 70, 48, 51, and 69%, respectively. There were 532 specimens with colony counts of >10(3) CFU/ml, and of these, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain detected 72, 81, 76, and 73%, respectively. Of the 249 probable pathogens isolated at >10(3) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain detected 91, 95, 89, and 93%, respectively. The overall specificities at > 10(3) CFU/ml for these methods were 79, 55, 57, and 78%, respectively. The cost per test for detection was approximately $0.50 for the Chemstrip LN. Overall, the UTIscreen is rapid and easy to perform; its sensitivity compared favorably with those of the other screening methods; it had higher specificity than the Bac-T-Screen and Chemstrip LN; and it allowed for bathing of specimen.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

In vitro susceptibility testing of amorolfine in pathogenic fungi isolated from dermatomycosis patients in China.

The antifungal susceptibility of isolates from Chinese dermatomycosis patients to amorolfine was investigated following National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) protocols. In total, 383 isolates were tested, including 132 strains from tinea pedis, 148 strains from tinea corporis/cruris, and 103 strains from onychomycosis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amorolfine against dermatophytes ranged from 0.01 to 0.08 microg ml(-1). The MIC(50) and MIC(90) of amorolfine for Trichophyton rubrum were both equal to 0.04 micro ml(-1); for T. mentagrophytes these MICs were 0.04 microg ml(-1) and 0.08 microg ml(-1) respectively; and for Epidermophyton floccosum they were 0.02 microg ml(-1) and 0.04 microg ml(-1) respectively. The MIC range of amorolfine against Candida parapsilosis was 0.5-16 microg ml(-1). MIC(50) and MIC(90) for C. parapsilosis were 0.5 and 2 microg ml(-1). MIC ranges of amorolfine against Scopulariopsis spp. and Acremonium spp. were 0.5-4 and 2-8 microg ml(-1), respectively. Candida albicans, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus flavus required relatively higher concentrations of amorolfine to inhibit their growth (MIC 0.125-64 microg ml(-1), MIC(50) and MIC(90) were 4 and 64 microg ml(-1)). The results demonstrated that amorolfine is the only topical agent that has such a potent antifungal activity and a broad spectrum against a wide range of pathogenic fungi.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1976

Pathogenic rotaviruses isolated from pigs and calves.

Rotavirus is commonly isolated from diarrhoeic calves and pigs. Bacterium-free faecal filtrates containing rotavirus from five different outbreaks of disease in calves all caused diarrhoea and clinical illness in gnotobiotic calves and five different isolates from pigs were inoculated into gnotobiotic pigs with similar results. The author was unsuccessful in finding an avirulent strain although one of the calf isolates was from a non-diarrhoeic calf. The laboratory strain of calf virus retained its virulence after being passaged seven times in gnotobiotic calves, which included sucrose density gradient purification on two occasions. The calf tissue culture-adapted virus retained its virulence. Rotavirus isolates from humans, calves, pigs and foals were infectious to pigs. Although sharing a common antigen the viruses were separable according to host infectivity, virulence and neutralizing antigens. In both calves and pigs the main lesion was loss of the epithelial cell of the small intestine and stunting of villi. Passive protection of the calf and pig was poor. Circulating antibody was not protective and although high levels of clolostral antibody in the gut lumen at the time of infection protected calves clinically, the antibody level secreted in milk declined 10-fold 48 hours after parturition. Frequently other viruses are found together with rotavirus in cases of diarrhoea. Their role is being investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Particular matrix for fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis of phenolic glycolipid antigens isolated from pathogen mycobacteria.

Phenolic glycolipids play a key role as an antigenic probe for serodiagnosis of some human pathogen mycobacterial infections. The lipidic part which corresponds to a phenolphthiocerol dimycocerosate molecule, and the presence of partial O-methylated sugars, confer a high hydrophobicity to this kind of molecule. Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric analysis with standard matrices such as glycerol or thioglycerol was unsuccessful. Using a new matrix--monobutyltriethylene glycol--FAB analysis allows molecular weight determination and partial structural elucidation of the saccharidic and the lipidic part of those compounds.

Antigens, Bacterial↗