Domain structure and functional activity of the recombinant human fibrinogen gamma-module (gamma148-411).
Human fibrinogen gamma-module comprising residues gamma148-411 was expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded in vitro. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that in addition to the two previously identified independently folded thermolabile domains, one in each half of the module, the gamma-module also contains one or two thermostable domains that melt above 65 degrees C. To localize the latter, an NH2-terminal 6-kDa fragment was prepared by limited proteolysis of the recombinant gamma-module. It melted at high temperature, indicating that this portion is folded into a compact structure that represents a thermostable domain, also identified in the proteolytic fibrinogen fragment D1 which contains the natural gamma-module. Thus the NH2-terminal half of the gamma-module forms two domains, a thermostable one and a thermolabile one, leaving the rest of the module to be responsible for the formation of the other one or two domains. The thermal stability of some domains was lower in the recombinant gamma-module than in its natural counterpart in D1, reflecting most probably the loss of interactions with neighboring domains; however, the major functional sites were essentially preserved. The module bound Ca2+ and was stabilized by it against denaturation and proteolysis. It inhibited fibrin polymerization and was efficiently cross-linked by factor XIIIa. The gamma-module supported adhesion of platelets via their GP IIbIIIa (alpha(IIb)beta3) receptor in the same manner as D1 fragment. It also supported the adhesion of alpha(M)beta2- (Mac-1-) transfected cells and in the fluid phase was more effective than D1 as an inhibitor of that adhesion, suggesting that the Mac-1 binding site is better exposed.