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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Prevention of long-term IgE antibody production by gene gun-mediated DNA vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination with allergen-encoding DNA represents a promising approach for the treatment of allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE: In a mouse model of type I allergy, we analyzed the ability of biolistic transfection to inhibit antigen-specific IgE production and to modulate TH2 responses. METHODS: BALB/c mice were vaccinated by means of gene gun-mediated DNA immunization with plasmid vector pCMV-betaGal, encoding beta-galactosidase as a model allergen. Subsequently, mice were immunized by means of repeated intraperitoneal injection of beta-galactosidase adsorbed to the adjuvant aluminum hydroxide. Development of IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a antibody titers during the course of immunization was followed, and anaphylactic potential of sera was determined by using RBL-2H3 degranulation assay. Spleen cells of vaccinated mice and unvaccinated control animals were stimulated in vitro to analyze cytokine production and induction of CD8 + effector T cells. RESULTS: Gene gun-mediated DNA immunization with pCMV-betaGal very efficiently prevented IgE antibody production on a long-term basis. Concomitantly, IgG1 antibody levels in vaccinated mice were strongly reduced, whereas IgG2a antibody production was increased. Analysis of cytokine profiles indicated immune deviation from a TH2-biased response in control mice toward a mixed TH1/TH2 response in vaccinated mice. In addition, substantial numbers of IFN-gamma-producing CD8 + effector T cells were found in vaccinated mice. CONCLUSION: Gene gun-mediated DNA vaccination prevents the induction of long-lasting IgE antibody production.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Toll-like receptor-7 modulates immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Viral infections may trigger immune complex glomerulonephritis via Toll-like receptors (TLR), as certain TLR trigger immunity upon recognition of viral nucleic acids. On the basis of previous findings regarding viral double-stranded RNA and TLR3 in experimental lupus erythematosus, a similar role for TLR7 that recognizes viral single-stranded RNA was hypothesized. Immunostaining of kidney sections of nephritic MRLlpr/lpr mice revealed TLR7 expression in infiltrating ER-HR3-positive macrophages and few CD11c-positive dendritic cells but not in glomerular mesangial cells as observed for TLR3. This finding was consistent with the distribution pattern of intravenously injected single-stranded RNA in nephritic MRLlpr/lpr mice. TLR7 ligation activated monocytes and dendritic cells, both isolated from MRLlpr/lpr mice, to secrete IFN-alpha, IL-12p70, IL-6, and CCL2. In vivo, a single injection of the TLR7 ligand imiquimod increased serum levels of IL-12p70, IFN-alpha, and IL-6. A course of 25 microg of imiquimod given every other day from week 16 to 18 of age aggravated lupus nephritis in MRLlpr/lpr mice. This was associated with increased glomerular immune complex deposits as well as interstitial expression of CCL2 in imiquimod-treated MRLlpr/lpr mice. Different types of viral nucleic acids seem to modulate systemic autoimmunity through specific interactions with their respective TLR. Different TLR expression profiles on immune cell subsets and nonimmune parenchymal cell types determine the molecular mechanisms involved in viral infection-associated exacerbation of lupus nephritis and possibly other types of immune complex glomerulonephritis.

Aminoquinolines↗
PubMed2006

Expression patterns and action analysis of genes associated with physiological responses during rat liver regeneration: cellular immune response.

AIM: To study the cellular immune response during rat liver regeneration (LR) at a transcriptional level. METHODS: Genes associated with the cellular immune response were obtained by collecting the data from databases and retrieving articles. Gene expression changes during LR were detected by rat genome 230 2.0 array. RESULTS: A total of 127 genes were found to be associated with LR. The number of initially and totally expressing genes in the initial phase of LR [0.5-4 h after partial hepatectomy (PH)], transition from G(0)-G(1) (4-6 h after PH), cell proliferation (6-66 h after PH), cell differentiation and structure-function reconstruction (66-168 h after PH) was 54, 11, 34, 3 and 54, 49, 70, 49 respectively, illustrating that the associated genes were mainly triggered at the initiation of LR, and worked at different phases. According to their expression similarity, these genes were classified into 41 up-regulated, 21 predominantly up-regulated, 41 down-regulated, 14 predominantly down-regulated, 10 similarly up-regulated and down-regulated genes, respectively. The total up- and down-regulated expression times were 419 and 274, respectively, demonstrating that the expression of most genes was increased while the expression of a small number of genes was decreased. Their time relevance was classified into 14 groups, showing that the cellular physiological and biochemical activities were staggered during LR. According to the gene expression patterns, they were classified into 21 types, showing the activities were diverse and complicated during LR. CONCLUSION: Antigen processing and presentation are enhanced mainly in the forepart, prophase and anaphase of LR. T-cell activation and antigen elimination are enhanced mainly in the forepart and prophase of LR. A total of 127 genes associated with LR play an important role in cellular immunity.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol selectively inhibits T-cell dependent humoral immune responses through direct inhibition of accessory T-cell function.

The major psychoactive and immunosuppressive component of marihuana, delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), was investigated for its effects on primary humoral immune responses in the B6C3F1 mouse strain. Oral administration of 50-200 mg/kg delta 9-THC produced a selective and dose related inhibition of primary humoral immune responses to the T-cell dependent antigen, sRBC, as measured by the antibody forming cell (AFC) response with no inhibitory effect on humoral responses to the T-cell independent antigen, DNP-Ficoll. A similar profile of immune inhibition was observed following in vitro direct addition of delta 9-THC to naive spleen cell cultures sensitized with defined antigens. delta 9-THC produced a marked and dose related inhibition of the in vitro sRBC AFC response while having no inhibitory effects on T-cell independent responses to either DNP-Ficoll or the polyclonal B-cell activator, lipopolysaccharide. This selective inhibition of the sRBC response was not due to a shift in the peak day of response or a direct cytotoxic effect on spleen cells. In vivo kinetic studies demonstrated that inhibition by delta 9-THC of the sRBC response was most pronounced when drug administration occurred at times surrounding antigen sensitization. To further evaluate the direct effect of delta 9-THC on T-cell function, T-cell proliferative responses to stimulation by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies were measured. delta 9-THC was found to produce a marked and dose related inhibition of anti-CD3 mAb-induced T-cell proliferation which was cell density dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Flexibility of human IgG subclasses.

A variable region (Id)-matched set of genetically engineered human IgG1, -2, -3, and -4 subclass molecules was analyzed by electron microscopy for hinge-mediated differences in flexibility. The hinge-mediated bending was studied, as was the ability of the subclasses to form immune complexes with two anti-Id mAbs. The data show that the rank order (most to least flexible) of the IgG subclasses for hinge-folding mode of flexibility between Fab arms is IgG3 > IgG1 > IgG4 > IgG2. The mean Fab-Fab angles for the subclasses are IgG3, 136 degrees; IgG4, 128 degrees; IgG2, 127 degrees; and IgG1, 117 degrees. Fab-Fc angles were similarly analyzed. By sampling of equimolar mixtures of Id-bearing IgGs and each of two anti-Id mAb after incubation over time (1.5 min to 3.5 h), different kinetic profiles of immune complex formation of defined geometry were documented. Both anti-Id mAbs displayed unique kinetic profiles when complexed with the four IgG subclass molecules but also shared important features. Most notable was the higher propensity to form closed bivalent ring Id-anti-Id dimers with IgG3 than with IgG2 and IgG4. IgG1 was intermediate in its ability to form such dimers.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genomic-scale gene expression profiling of normal and malignant immune cells.

Gene expression variation is critical for the normal development and physiology of immune cells. Using cDNA microarrays, a systematic, genomic-scale view of gene expression in immune cells at many stages of differentiation and activation can be obtained. From the high vantagepoint provided by this technology, the gene expression physiology of immune cells appears remarkably ordered and logical. Each stage of lymphocyte differentiation can be defined by a characteristic gene expression signature. Genes that are co-regulated over hundreds of experimental conditions often encode functionally related proteins. Gene expression profiles also provide unprecedented ability to define the molecular and functional relationships between normal and malignant lymphocyte cell populations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2026

Characterisation of whole-blood extrachromosomal circular DNAs in Kawasaki disease complicated by coronary artery aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Extrachromosomal circular DNAs are critical regulators of stress responses, immunity, and inflammation pathways. However, their role and underlying mechanisms in Kawasaki disease complicated by coronary artery aneurysm remain poorly understood. METHODS: Whole blood samples from six children with Kawasaki disease, including three with coronary artery aneurysm group and three without coronary artery aneurysm (control group), were subjected to extrachromosomal circular DNA sequencing. Putative extrachromosomal circular DNAs were identified using Circle-Map. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed on genes associated with upregulated extrachromosomal circular DNAs, and an exploratory immune-signature profiling was performed using the single-sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm. RESULTS: We identified 4,790 differential extrachromosomal circular DNAs between the coronary artery aneurysm and control groups, of which 4,789 were upregulated in the CAA group. The extrachromosomal circular DNAs in the coronary artery aneurysm group were more concentrated and shorter in length than those in the control group. Upregulated extrachromosomal circular DNAs were mainly derived from autosomes, particularly chromosomes 3, 4, and 7. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that genes associated with upregulated extrachromosomal circular DNAs were mainly involved in response to stimulus-related terms and pathways, including chemokine signalling, cGMP-PKG signalling, and calcium signalling. Immune-signature analysis suggested that the coronary artery aneurysm group exhibited more specific immune responses, whereas the control group tended towards broader immune regulatory processes. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery aneurysm and control groups exhibited distinct extrachromosomal circular DNA profiles. These findings suggest that extrachromosomal circular DNA alterations are associated with coronary artery aneurysm in Kawasaki disease and may provide new insights into the molecular features underlying this condition.

Coronary artery aneurysm↗
PubMed2000

Myelin reactive T cells after T cell vaccination in multiple sclerosis: cytokine profile and depletion by additional immunizations.

Pathogenic autoreactive T cells can be targeted by T cell vaccination (TCV), a procedure in which patients are immunized with autologous attenuated pathogenic T cells. We reported previously that TCV with myelin basic protein (MBP) reactive T cell clones in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients induced T cell immune responses, resulting in a clonal depletion of MBP reactive T cells in all patients. Five years after TCV, MBP reactive T cells were observed in five out of nine MS patients. These clones had a different clonal origin from those isolated before vaccination. We have studied the cytokine profile, cytotoxicity and epitope specificity of these reappearing clones. Our data indicate that the clones express similar effector functions as those isolated before TCV, suggesting that they also could play a pathogenic role in the disease. We demonstrated that these clones can be depleted by an additional sequence of immunizations. These findings may be relevant to other T cell targeted immunotherapies for MS and other autoimmune diseases.

Clone Cells↗
PubMed2004

Microarray detection of E2F pathway activation and other targets in multiple sclerosis peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

We performed microarray analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and detected a profile of immune cell activation, autoantigen upregulation, and enhanced E2F pathway transcription. Accordingly, E2f1-deficient mice manifested only mild disability upon induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Furthermore, PBMCs from Avonex-treated patients had lower expression of E2F targets. The profile was enriched in genes known to harbor MS-associated polymorphisms, or localized to MS susceptibility chromosomal regions. Our study shows that PBMC microarrays reflect MS pathobiology that can be validated in the EAE model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Kinetic analysis of the specific host response to a murine gammaherpesvirus.

Respiratory infection of BALB/c mice with the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) induces the clonal expansion of virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) precursors (CTLp) in the regional, mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN). Some of these CTLps differentiate to become fully functional CTL effectors, which can be detected in both the lymphoid tissue and in the site of pathology in the lung. Though the lymph nodes and spleen harbor substantial populations of latently infected B cells for life, the level of virus-specific CTL activity decreases rapidly in all sites. The CD8+ CTLp numbers fall to background levels in the MLN within several months of the termination of the productive phase of MHV-68 infection in the respiratory epithelium but are maintained at relatively low frequency in the spleen. The continued presence of a gamma interferon-producing, MHV-68-specific CD4+ set can also be demonstrated in cultured spleen cells. The virus-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) response is slow to develop, with serum neutralizing antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers continuing to rise for several months. The level of total serum IgG increases dramatically within 2 weeks of infection, probably as a consequence of polyclonal B-cell activation, and remains high. The immune response profile is clearly influenced by the persistence of this DNA virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Protection from pathogenic SIV challenge using multigenic DNA vaccines.

To assess DNA immunization as a strategy for protecting against HIV infection in humans, we utilized SIVmne infection of Macaca fascicularis as a vaccine challenge model with moderate pathogenic potential. We compared the efficacy of DNA immunization alone and in combination with subunit protein boosts. All of the structural and regulatory genes of SIVmne clone 8 were cloned into mammalian expression vectors under the control of the CMV IE-1 promoter. Eight M. fascicularis were immunized twice with 3 mg of plasmid DNA divided between two sites; intramuscular and intradermal. Four primed macaques received a further two DNA immunizations at weeks 16-36, while the second group of four were boosted with 250 microg recombinant gp160 plus 250 microg recombinant Gag-Pol particles formulated in MF-59 adjuvant. Half of the controls received four immunizations of vector DNA; half received two vector DNA and two adjuvant immunizations. As expected, humoral immune responses were stronger in the macaques receiving subunit boosts, but responses were sustained in both groups. Significant neutralizing antibody titers to SIVmne were detected in one of the subunit-boosted animals and in none of the DNA-only animals prior to challenge. T-cell proliferative responses to gp160 and to Gag were detected in all immunized animals after three immunizations, and these responses increased after four immunizations. Cytokine profiles in PHA-stimulated PBMC taken on the day of challenge showed trends toward Thl responses in 2/4 macaques in the DNA vaccinated group and in 1/4 of the DNA plus subunit vaccinated macaques; Th2 responses in 3/4 DNA plus subunit-immunized macaques; and Th0 responses in 4/4 controls. In bulk CTL culture, SIV specific lysis was low or undetectable, even after four immunizations. However, stable SIV Gag-Pol- and env-specific T-cell clones (CD3+ CD8+) were isolated after only two DNA immunizations, and Gag-Pol- and Nef-specific CTL lines were isolated on the day of challenge. All animals were challenged at week 38 with SIVmne uncloned stock by the intrarectal route. Based on antibody anamnestic responses (western, ELISA, and neutralizing antibodies) and virus detection methods (co-culture of PBMC and LNMC, nested set PCR- of DNA from PBMC and LNMC, and plasma QC-PCR), there were major differences between the groups in the challenge outcome. Surprisingly, sustained low virus loads were observed only in the DNA group, suggesting that four immunizations with DNA only elicited more effective immune responses than two DNA primes combined with two protein boosts. Multigenic DNA vaccines such as these, bearing all structural and regulatory genes, show significant promise and may be a safe alternative to live-attenuated vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dietary gamma-linolenic acid dose-dependently modifies fatty acid composition and immune parameters in rats.

gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) has been reported to improve several inflammatory disorders through regulation of eicosanoid production. However, since GLA is a precursor of arachidonic acid, it may bring about increasing tissue arachidonic acid levels with subsequent pro-inflammatory events. To explore this possibility, we examined the effect of high-dose GLA acid on the fatty acid profile of immune cells, leukotriene B4 production by peritoneal exudate cells and immunoglobulin productivity of mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were fed 10% fat diets containing graded levels, 0, 20, 40 and 60% of GLA for 3 weeks. The results showed the distinction in activity of metabolizing GLA between immune cells and liver. Thus, in immune cells such as mesenteric lymph node and spleen lymphocytes and peritoneal exudate cells, more dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid was found than in the liver. Leukotriene B4 production by peritoneal exudate cells was significantly suppressed when fed the highest level of GLA suggesting a lower risk of allergic reaction. Moreover, immunoglobulin productivity in mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes was promoted by dietary GLA. The present study indicates that a high dose of GLA may exert anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of leukotriene B4 release and strengthening of gut immune system, thus ameliorating allergic reaction.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Antibody-mediated immuno-regulation in chick embryos and baby chicks.

Two- and three-week old chicks that received at hatching serum from either unimmunized birds or from chickens immunized with bovine serum albumin responded with normal hemagglutinin titers to immunization with mouse erythrocytes (MRBC). Other chicks administered at hatching or as embryos with homologous serum high in anti-MRBC activity responded poorly to MRBC immunization. When donor serum samples collected on different days after immunization were tested, the immunosuppressive capacity was negligible the first two days, increased in potency thereafter to a maximum level by the end of the week. The increase with time in the inhibiting property of the donor serum paralleled the serum anti-MRBC hemagglutinin response profile. The immune capacity of the antibody-treated recipients was severely depressed for over two weeks. By the fourth week, however, the immune responsiveness to MRBC, as measured by serum hemagglutinin titers and production of antigen sensitive units, had recovered to near normal levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Clinical pharmacology: special safety considerations in drug development and pharmacovigilance.

The dose of a drug is a major determinant of its safety, and establishing a safe dose of a novel drug is a prime objective during clinical development. The design of pre-marketing clinical trials precludes the representation of important subpopulations such as children, the elderly and people with co-morbidities. Therefore, postmarketing surveillance (PMS) activities are required to monitor the safety profile of drugs in real clinical practice. Furthermore, individual variations in pharmacogenetic profiles, the immune system, drug metabolic pathways and drug-drug interactions are also important factors in the occurrence of adverse drug reactions. Thus, the safety of a drug is a major clinical consideration before and after it is marketed. A multidisciplinary approach is required to enhance the safety profile of drugs at all stages of development, including PMS activities. Clinical pharmacology encompasses a range of disciplines and forms the backbone of drug safety consideration during clinical drug development. In this review we give an overview of the clinical drug development process and consider its limitations. We present a discussion of several aspects of clinical pharmacology and their application to enhancing drug safety. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling provides a method of predicting a clinically safe dose; consideration of drug pharmacokinetics in special populations may enhance safe therapeutics in a wider spectrum of patients, while pharmacogenetics provides the possibility of genotype-specific therapeutics. Pharmacovigilance activities are also discussed. Given the complex nature and unpredictability of type B reactions, PMS activities are crucial in managing the risks drugs pose to the general population. The various aspects of clinical pharmacology discussed make a strong case for this field as the backbone of optimising and promoting safe development and use of drugs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Monitoring of immune response by blood serum profiling using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to the analysis of blood serum leads to the observation of a large variety of reproducible mass spectral peaks corresponding to blood components. In this study, the use of MALDI-TOFMS was developed as a tool for monitoring immune response to bacterial infection. Employing the MALDI-TOFMS approach, the levels of many components of blood were found to be immune response independent whereas others were found to correlate directly with the response of the immune system to two known types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis). The methodologies reported here should be useful for the rapid monitoring of blood, especially that of the immune response mechanisms in various animal species.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Distinct VH repertoires in primary and secondary B cell lymphocyte subsets in the preimmune repertoire of A/J mice: the CRI-A idiotype is preferentially associated with the HSA(low) B cell subset.

The anti-arsonate immune response of A/J mice is characterized by the occurrence of several recurrent idiotypes with a different temporal pattern of expression. The CRI-A idiotype is typically a memory idiotype since it appears late in the primary and dominates the secondary as well as subsequent immune responses. The CRI-C idiotype is present throughout the responses, including the primary one. Naive adult A/J mice treated repeatedly with anti-mu or anti-delta monoclonal antibodies exhibit a completely different balance of HSA(low) and HSA(high) B cell subsets and an opposite idiotype profile after immunization with p-azophenylarsonate coupled to hemocyanin. Anti-mu treatment leads to a striking enhancement of the HSA(low) cell subset associated with an earlier important synthesis of CRI-A(+) antibodies, while anti-delta treatment enhances significantly the HSA(high) compartment with a strong decrease of CRI-A and persistence of CRI-C1 antibodies. Semiquantitative PCR analysis reveals that the presence of CRI-A transcripts is associated with the HSA(low) compartment, while CRI-C transcripts are mainly associated with HSA(high) B cell subsets. This has been demonstrated with spleen cells of adult A/J mice treated with anti-mu or anti-delta antibodies and also with purified B cell subsets of unimmunized adult A/J mice and on neonatal spleen cells. It appears that the memory (CRI-A) idiotype is selected into the HSA(low) B cell subset before antigen arrival.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A focused microarray approach to functional glycomics: transcriptional regulation of the glycome.

Glycosylation is the most common posttranslational modification of proteins, yet genes relevant to the synthesis of glycan structures and function are incompletely represented and poorly annotated on the commercially available arrays. To fill the need for expression analysis of such genes, we employed the Affymetrix technology to develop a focused and highly annotated glycogene-chip representing human and murine glycogenes, including glycosyltransferases, nucleotide sugar transporters, glycosidases, proteoglycans, and glycan-binding proteins. In this report, the array has been used to generate glycogene-expression profiles of nine murine tissues. Global analysis with a hierarchical clustering algorithm reveals that expression profiles in immune tissues (thymus [THY], spleen [SPL], lymph node, and bone marrow [BM]) are more closely related, relative to those of nonimmune tissues (kidney [KID], liver [LIV], brain [BRN], and testes [TES]). Of the biosynthetic enzymes, those responsible for synthesis of the core regions of N- and O-linked oligosaccharides are ubiquitously expressed, whereas glycosyltransferases that elaborate terminal structures are expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner, accounting for tissue and ultimately cell-type-specific glycosylation. Comparison of gene expression profiles with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) profiling of N-linked oligosaccharides suggested that the alpha1-3 fucosyltransferase 9, Fut9, is the enzyme responsible for terminal fucosylation in KID and BRN, a finding validated by analysis of Fut9 knockout mice. Two families of glycan-binding proteins, C-type lectins and Siglecs, are predominately expressed in the immune tissues, consistent with their emerging functions in both innate and acquired immunity. The glycogene chip reported in this study is available to the scientific community through the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG) (http://www.functionalglycomics.org).

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Restricted T cell expression of IL-2/IFN-gamma mRNA in human inflammatory disease.

It has been difficult to demonstrate functionally distinct T cell populations in humans on the basis of cytokine secretion. As previous investigators have examined the T cell cytokine profile from immunized animals, we examined whether Th1 or Th2 type T cells could be identified in the peripheral blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune compartments from subjects with or without inflammatory diseases. Using limiting dilution analysis and growth with PHA and IL-2/IL-4, we directly cloned a total of 177 T cells from the peripheral blood and CSF of seven subjects, four with inflammatory disease and three control subjects, and examined the cytokine message profile after stimulation with ionomycin and PMA. We found that most clones from both the peripheral blood and CSF express IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IFN-gamma, or TNF-alpha cytokine mRNA after activation with ionomycin and PMA. All T cell clones tested produced TNF-alpha mRNA, and all but 14 produced IFN-gamma mRNA. As reported previously, Th0 cells, which produced IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-5 mRNA, were found in most subjects. In striking contrast, Th1 cells, which expressed IL-2 and IFN-gamma but not IL-4 or IL-5 mRNA, were present in both peripheral blood and CSF of subjects with inflammatory disease but not found in peripheral blood or CSF of subjects without systemic inflammation. Th2 cells, expressing IL-4 and IL-5 but not IFN-gamma or IL-2 mRNA, were not found in any subject. These data present the first evidence for Th1 T cell clones in humans that may be associated with systemic inflammation.

Antigens, CD↗