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PubMed1990

[Genetic behavioral aspects of agricultural animals].

This paper reviews some experimental methods used in the study of genetic fixed behaviour, some examples of investigations in farm animals as well as some results of the author's studies on the emotionality in pigs are given. Many investigations have been made on the estimation of heritability of behaviour patterns in cattle, pigs, poultry and dogs. Behaviour patterns such as temperament, aggressiveness, and nervousness showed relatively high h2-values; other behaviours like trainability, emotionality, and pre-laying showed relatively low values. Selection experiments were carried out in poultry and dogs. The results showed that after a few generations remarkable differences in behaviour patterns between the new lines and the original populations were obvious. Besides the selected traits, modifications occurred in other behaviour patterns and in physiological responses. The emotionality in pigs was investigated with the open field test in 3 genetic groups: German Landrace (DL), Duroc (DU), and cross-breeding between these breeds (DU x DL). Increasing emotionality was displayed by increasing ambulatory activity and vocalization. The lowest activity was observed in the pure breeds, DU showed less signs of emotionality than DL, whereas DU x DL showed the highest of emotionality.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Self-medication in a urban population of Cuernavaca, Morelos].

This work contains the results of a study on the prevalence of family drug consumption. In our country, self medication should be considered a public health problem due to the population's lack of medical education. Nevertheless, this problem has not been properly studied. For this reason, we completed an exploratory study in an urban population of Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Its purpose was to gather information about the situation of drug consumption and self medication. A survey was given to 373 domestic groups from the Carolina neighborhood in Cuernavaca. These groups were selected through systematic and probabilistic sampling. A total of 1,537 individuals of all ages were surveyed with an average of four participants per domestic group. Thirty one per cent of those surveyed had consumed drugs during the two weeks prior to the survey. Of these consumers, 53.3 per cent did it through self medication, and 64.9 per cent of them were females. If classified by age group, the highest consumer rate, 7.6 per cent, belonged to the users between 25 to 44 years. If the classification is done by sex and age, women between 25 to 44 years consumed more antibiotics and analgesics which were obtained over the counter. Among the surveyed population, the consumption of medicines was done primarily through self medication, mostly administered by women, and most frequently consumed by infants under one year of age. This phenomenon occurred regardless of the availability and accessibility of public and private health services. The data collected do make us identify women as a fundamental element in the consumption of drugs and self medication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Haplotype structure at seven barley genes: relevance to gene pool bottlenecks, phylogeny of ear type and site of barley domestication.

Archaeological remains indicate that the origin of western agriculture occurred in a brief period about 10,500 years ago in a region of the Middle East known as the Fertile Crescent, where the wild progenitors of several key agricultural cereal species are endemic. Domestication entailed the appearance of agronomic traits such as seed size and threshability. For a representative sample of 20 domesticated barley (Hordeum vulgare) lines, including 13 two-rowed and 7 six-rowed varieties, we determined the haplotypes at seven loci-Adh2, Adh3, Amy1, Dhn9, GAPDH, PEPC and WAXY encompassing 5,616 bases per line-and compared them to the haplotypes at the same loci for 25 wild forms (Hordeum spontaneum) collected within and outside the Fertile Crescent. In comparisons of wild versus domesticated barley, the number of haplotypes (70 vs. 17), average nucleotide diversity, pi, (0.0077 vs. 0.0028), and Watterson's theta at silent sites (0.0104 vs. 0.0028) was reduced in domesticated lines. Two loci, Amy1 and PEPC, were monomorphic in domesticated lines; Amy1 and GAPDH produced significant values of Tajima's D. At GAPDH, pi was slightly higher in domesticated than wild forms, due to divergent high-frequency haplotypes; for the remaining six loci, 87% of nucleotide diversity has been lost in the domesticated forms. Bottlenecks acting on neutrally evolving loci either during the domestication process, during subsequent breeding, or both, are sufficient to account for reduced diversity and the results of Tajima's test, without the need to evoke selection at these loci. Phylogenetic networks data uncover distinct wild and domesticated barley genotypes and suggest that barley may have been domesticated in the Jordan valley. Because, based on AFLP data, the domesticated Turkish cultivars had a genetic basis as large as that present in large germplasm collections, all comparisons provided in this paper are of general value more than being restricted to the Turkish barley germplasm.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1995

Determinants of the high-methionine trait in wild and exotic germplasm may have escaped selection during early cultivation of maize.

The 18 kDa high-methionine delta-class zein gene from maize has been cloned, and its regulation, structure, and map position studied. These studies have shown that (i) zein genes may also contain tryptophan and lysine codons, (ii) the 18 kDa and the related 10 kDa zein gene are coordinately regulated, but their products accumulate to different levels in a genotype-dependent manner, (iii) the duplication of delta-zein genes probably involved unequal crossing over, (iv) no copy correction in either direction has occurred from teosinte to modern corn, and (v) the duplication of of the 18 kDa zein gene probably occurred before the tetraploidization of a progenitor chromosome. The work shows that important nutritional quality determinants like the high-methionine seed proteins are abundant in several exotic and wild corn varieties and low in most of the inbreds screened. The lack of a selectable phenotype for such quality traits during initial domestication and breeding of corn would have eliminated cis and trans regulatory determinants from the germplasm used in modern corn breeding. Examples of the high-methionine delta-class zeins shown here may be generally applicable in explaining the low nutritional quality of most present-day corn grown.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1977

Sexual dimorphism of bone robusticity in different strains of rats.

A quantitative method was used to establish the sexual dimorphism of bone robusticity in 10 domesticated strains of rats and in wild rats. Sexual dimorphism had its highest frequency in the pelvis, followed by the ulna, the skull, and the femur and tibia. Humerus and tail showed the lowest frequency of such sexual dimorphism. This distribution in an unspecialized mammal such as the rat, in which selective pressures are at their minimum becauses of the factor of domestication, can serve as a baseline for comparison with taxa in which selective forces are more strongly active.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Correlation with changes in horns and pelage, but not reproduction, of seasonal cycles in the secretion of prolactin in rams of wild, feral and domesticated breeds of sheep.

Seasonal cycles were monitored in groups of wild (mouflon), feral (Soay) and domesticated breeds of sheep (Shetland, Blackface, Herdwick, Norfolk, Wiltshire, Portland, Merino, Soay x Portland and Soay x Merino) living outdoors near Edinburgh (56 degrees N). Changes in the blood plasma concentrations of prolactin and FSH, and growth of the horns and pelage were measured every half calendar month from 1 to 3 years of age. In all breeds there was a clearly defined seasonal cycle in the plasma concentration of prolactin with an 18-66-fold increase in mean values from the nadir in November and December to the peak in May and June. The seasonal increase in prolactin was closely correlated with the seasonal increase in the growth of the horns, both within and between breeds (e.g. time of peak prolactin vs horn growth for 11 breeds, R = 0.62, P less than 0.05). In the mouflon, Soay and some of the domesticated breeds of sheep (Wiltshire, Herdwick and Shetland), the seasonal increase in prolactin was also temporally correlated with the resurgence of growth of the pelage in spring and a conspicuous moult. In the other breeds developed to produce fine wool (e.g. Norfolk, Portland and Merino), there was no clear seasonal change in the pelage and growth continued throughout the year. Comparison between breeds indicated that continuous growth of the pelage was associated with higher plasma prolactin concentrations in winter. The times of the seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of prolactin were not significantly correlated with the corresponding changes in the plasma concentrations of FSH. The overall results are consistent with a role for prolactin related to the growth of the horns and pelage rather than the seasonal cycle in reproduction. The differences between the wild-type and the domesticated breeds in the pelage represent the effect of selective breeding to produce a long fine fleece which has involved changes in both the seasonal pattern of prolactin secretion and the growth characteristics of the hair fibres.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Involvement of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus.

The alpha 1-adrenergic receptor ligand, 3H-WB4101, and the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor ligand, 3H-para-aminoclonidine, were utilized at a 1.0 nM incubation concentration to determine relative alpha 1-and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor binding by cell membranes from selected tissues within the brain, ovary and oviduct of the domestic fowl. Significant specific alpha 1-adrenergic binding was observed in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, pineal, cerebrum and cerebellum but only the cerebrum had significant alpha 2-receptor binding. Significant levels of alpha 1-adrenergic binding were observed in the granulosa cells of the three largest ovarian follicles and in the postovulatory follicle. Significant specific alpha 2-adrenergic binding was measured in the infundibulum, magnum, isthmus and shell gland of the oviduct. The physiological implications of alpha-adrenergic receptors in these tissues are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Research productivity in the areas of child abuse and domestic violence.

Research productivity in the areas of child abuse and domestic violence was reviewed for the years 1990-1996 by examining articles published in Child Abuse and Neglect, the Journal of Family Violence, and the Journal of Interpersonal Violence. To examine productivity across institutions, quantification of productivity was based on ordinal position of authorship as previously used. Productivity across these three journals was also summed based on the 1987 composite productivity index formula of Howard, et al., and the data were compared with a productivity assessment based on a search process in the PsycLIT database. Rank-order correlations between the raw productivity total, the composite measure, and productivity based on first-authored publications in PsycLIT were all significant. The findings suggest that the composite measure represents a good estimate of productivity across the three journals and that publication in these three journals provides a good representation of research in the general areas of child abuse and domestic and interpersonal violence. The findings, along with implications regarding the relative utility of such information for selection of graduate programs that have a strong research focus on child abuse or domestic violence, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Different levels of human intervention in domestic rabbits: effects on genetic diversity.

The effects of human interaction on domestic rabbits were evaluated through the analysis of animals (up to 267) belonging to fancy breeds (22), a commercial breed (1), and selected strains (2). Microsatellite loci and mtDNA polymorphism revealed that the genetic pool of domestic rabbits studied only originated from that available in France. The good conservation of the original diversity was probably ensured through the multiplicity of samplings from wild populations. Selected strains, because of the breeding strategy, keep a fairly high level of diversity compared to other breeds.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1983

Selected features of copper metabolism in the cat.

In separate experiments, domestic short hair kittens were fed diets based on soy or egg white protein containing from 1.98 to 9.64 or 0.58 to 9.8 micrograms Cu/g diet, respectively. Moreover, kittens were also nursed from queens fed diets containing either 0.58 or 12 micrograms Cu/g of diet. In each experiment, copper was analyzed in liver, spleen, lung, heart, muscle and brain samples. The liver copper concentration was the most responsive to changes in dietary copper intake. For example, in weanling kittens fed 0.58 or 9.8 micrograms Cu/g diet, the liver copper concentration was 24 or 45 micrograms/g wet weight, respectively. Likewise, the levels of hepatic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase were reduced in kittens fed the low copper diet. However, the concentrations of zinc, iron and manganese in liver, lung, spleen, brain, muscle and kidney were not consistently changed in response to low copper intakes. Anemia was also not a consistent feature in the copper-deficient cat or kitten, but signs of connective tissue lesions were observed in kittens born to and weaned from queens fed diets containing less than 1 micrograms Cu/g diet. Based on these observations and data for changes in growth in response to the differing levels of dietary copper, the copper requirement for the kitten was estimated to be 4-5 micrograms/g of diet (energy content approximately 5 kcal or 21 kJ per gram).

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

The effect of decreased growth rate on frequency and severity of osteochondrosis in pigs.

Rapid weight gain seems to be related to high incidence and severity of osteochondrosis. For this reason the effect of weight gain on osteochondrosis was investigated. In one experiment including 18 pigs, frequency and severity of osteochondrosis in pigs on a low caloric intake and in those on a high caloric intake (ad libitum feeding) were compared. In another experiment 8 pigs from 2 litters of pigs with a mainly wild hog ancestry were studied. These pigs had a much lower growth rate than modern domestic pigs and their constitution was different. The results of these two experiments were unequivocal. Animals with a low weight gain, nutritionally or genetically induced, had an incidence of osteochondrosis which was close to zero. It was considered that the very high growth rate in the modern domestic pig is the main reason for the high incidence of osteochondrosis. High growth rate is the result of selective breeding and intensive feeding. There are some morphologic characteristics of the modern domestic pig similar to those seen in acromegaly in man and in animals treated with growth hormone.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Ease of capture in lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) subjected to contrasting selection for fear or sociability.

Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) of lines, which have been subjected to contrasting selection for duration of the tonic immobility (TI) reaction or social reinstatement (SR) behaviour over many generations show corresponding differences in underlying fearfulness and sociality. As fearfulness and sociality are particularly influential traits in domesticated species, the finding that such traits respond to artificial selection may have important implications for poultry welfare and performance. However, it is not known if or how such selection has influenced human-animal interactions. The present experiment investigated the influence of fearfulness and SR behaviour on the ease with which birds could be caught and handled. Birds of lines selected for duration of the TI response or SR behaviour were reared in mixed line groups (LTI and STI or HSR and LSR) of 491 and 346 birds, respectively, until 6 weeks of age. When the birds were 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age, they were caught one by one and their individual capture ranks noted. In the group of birds selected for duration of the TI response, birds selected of the line selected for short duration of TI were caught before those selected for long duration of the response. In the group of birds selected for SR motivation, birds of the high line were caught before their low lines counterparts. Coefficients of concordance between capture ranks were significant and capture ranks did not differ significantly across ages. These results imply that selection for low levels of fear or high levels of sociality produces animals that are less disturbed by human interventions than animals selected for the opposite traits. The greater ease of capture of low fear line birds than high fear line birds may be explained by reduced fear of humans. The fact that the birds selected for high levels of SR behaviour are easier to catch than birds selected for low levels of sociality is less readily explicable. One hypothesis is that HSR line chicks tend to be more strongly imprinted on each other and the human caretaker. However, SR behaviour is highly species specific in both lines, existing evidence for line differences in social discrimination is limited and birds of the two lines show similar duration of the TI response. Despite this, whatever their underlying causation, these results demonstrate that genetic selection can be used to reduce negative reactions to human beings and may be of value in the improvement of both animal welfare and productivity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Comparative analysis of the development of wing-flapping and flight in the fowl.

The development of wing-flapping rate, lateral flight, wing area, and the ratio of wing area to body weight are described in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and three chickens (Gallus gallus) to determine common developmental phenomena and to assess the effects of domestication. The chickens were the White Leghorn (a commercial egg producer), the Cornish X Rock (a commercial meat producer), and the Red Jungle fowl (the probable ancestor of domestic chickens). All birds performed drop-evoked wing-flapping on the day of hatching, at least 1 week before lateral flight was possible. Flapping rate of chickens doubled between hatching (approximately 4-6 Hz) and 13 days (approximately 9-12 Hz), after which it leveled off. Japanese quail (JQ) maintained a high flapping rate (approximately 11-13 Hz) during the 21 days after hatching. The Jungle fowl (JF) and JQ flapped the fastest and the White Leghorn (WL) and Cornish X Rock (CR) chickens flapped the slowest. The JF, WL, and JQ developed lateral flight at 7-9 days. The CR first flew 1-2 weeks later but subsequently became flightless. The WL, JF, and JQ had similar ratios of wing area to body weight; the ratios increased to a peak at 11-15 days and later declined. The ratio of the very heavy, essentially flightless, CR was approximately one-half that of the flighted JQ, WL, and JF. The wing-flapping frequencies of the domestic WL and CR chickens approximated that of the JF, suggesting that domestication did not affect the motor pattern generator for flight. The artificial selection of the CR for high body weight drastically diminished its flight performance by producing an unfavorable ratio of wing area to body weight. The JF and the domestic WL both flew well and had similar ratios. Domestication affected flight performance but not the neural circuitry producing wing-flapping. The central nervous system is much more conservative in its response to selection than the peripheral effector structures that it drives.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Conservation of gene function in the solanaceae as revealed by comparative mapping of domestication traits in eggplant.

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for domestication-related traits were identified in an interspecific F(2) population of eggplant (Solanum linnaeanum x S. melongena). Although 62 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in two locations, most of the dramatic phenotypic differences in fruit weight, shape, color, and plant prickliness that distinguish cultivated eggplant from its wild relative could be attributed to six loci with major effects. Comparison of the genomic locations of the eggplant fruit weight, fruit shape, and color QTL with the positions of similar loci in tomato, potato, and pepper revealed that 40% of the different loci have putative orthologous counterparts in at least one of these other crop species. Overall, the results suggest that domestication of the Solanaceae has been driven by mutations in a very limited number of target loci with major phenotypic effects, that selection pressures were exerted on the same loci despite the crops' independent domestications on different continents, and that the morphological diversity of these four crops can be explained by divergent mutations at these loci.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1980

[Genetics and phenogenetics of the hormonal characteristics of animals. VI. Functional activity of certain chemoreceptors connected with the pituitary-adrenal system of silver foxes selected for their behavior].

Seasonal differences in the reaction of the pituitary-adrenal system in domesticated and non-domesticated silver foxes of both sexes to substances activating alpha-, beta-adrenoreceptors, and serotonin receptors were studied. It was shown that the reactivity of the pituitary-adrenal system in silver foxes of either type of behaviour is due, at least partially, to seasonal differences in the state of adrenergic and serotoninergic mechanisms. At the same time, in silver foxes selected for behaviour to man the reaction of the pituitary-adrenal system to the injection of substances activating adrenergic and serotoninergic receptors differs, during the year, from the reaction to these compounds in non-selected animals. The conclusion was made, that in the process of domestication changes take place in the state of serotonin- and noradrenaline mechanisms connected with the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Breeding for profit: synergism between genetic improvement and livestock production (a review).

Fifty years of research in animal breeding and genetics are examined from four perspectives: 1) genetic prediction, 2) animal testing and selection schemes, 3) dissemination of genetic improvement, and 4) definition of breeding objectives in economic form. Breeding in all classes of livestock has moved from a purebred appearance orientation to a performance (either purebred or crossbred) orientation. Unfortunately, the evolution from a performance orientation to an economic orientation is incomplete, especially for some livestock classes. Placing breeding objectives into a mathematical form on a sound economic basis is key to integrating modern developments in animal breeding into more purposeful industry programs. Procedures used to develop such objectives are reviewed with attention to common approaches. Where consensus is reached about a breeding objective (in economic form) for a class of livestock, this objective can be used in conjunction with genetic predictions to rank animals within a breeding population. Ranking without undue attention to herd of origin facilitates a pyramid-shaped hierarchy of animals that can be fundamental to the functioning of breeding enterprises contributing improvements to operations concerned with production. Genetic improvements should flow from proven genetically superior animals to improved production systems. The tiers of the pyramid need to be organized relative to animals with differing levels of economic evaluation.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2005

Genetic consequences of selection during the evolution of cultivated sunflower.

We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling differences in seed oil content and composition between cultivated and wild sunflower and used the results, along with those of a previous study of domestication-related QTL, to guide a genome-wide analysis of genetic variation for evidence of past selection. The effects of the seed oil QTL were almost exclusively in the expected direction with respect to the parental phenotypes. A major, oil-related QTL cluster mapped near a cluster of domestication-related QTL on linkage group six (LG06), the majority of which have previously been shown to have effects that are inconsistent with the parental phenotypes. To test the hypothesis that this region was the target of a past selective sweep, perhaps resulting in the fixation of the antagonistic domestication-related QTL, we analyzed simple sequence repeat (SSR) diversity from 102 markers dispersed throughout the sunflower genome. Our results indicate that LG06 was most likely the target of multiple selective sweeps during the postdomestication era. Strong directional selection in concert with genetic hitchhiking therefore offers a possible explanation for the occurrence of numerous domestication-related QTL with apparently maladaptive phenotypic effects.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of the selection of Mustela vison mink for behavior on their folliculogenesis and reproductive function].

The selection of minks for behaviour in two directions (aggressive and domesticated one) brought about the correlative changes in function of sexual system. The sexual maturing of domesticated mink controlled by vaginal smears began more earlier. The fertility of domesticated mink with signs of earlier oestrus was larger than one in the same females with later maturing. Such correlation was absent in the aggressive females. In ovary of the aggressive mink the number of follicles of all types was decreased in comparison with those of the control and tame type of females. The HCG treatment in doses of 50 U and 100 U brought about the stimulation of folliculogenesis with the sharp increasing in a number of well developed vesicular and atretic follicles in all groups of females. Such shifts of folliculogenesis were directly proportional to the treated doses in control and tame type females and inversely proportional to the treated doses in aggressive females.

Aggression↗