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PubMed1975

[Data on the epidemiology of venereal diseases in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region].

Data relating to the diffusion of venereal diseases in the Fiuli and Venezia-Giulia region over the period 1946-71 are presented. The picture is much the same as that observed elsewhere in Italy and in other European and non-European countries. This was more true of the provinces of Trieste and Gorizia than those of Udine and Pordenone. Cases of syphilis fell after the war to minimum figures in 1955-57, since when there has been a considerable increase. Blenorrhoea has followed a more fluctuating pattern, but is still an epidemiological factor of some importance, particularly in the province of Trieste. These various patterns in terms of the many factors that may be involved. The main clinical features of venereal diseases today are described. While less striking than in the past, they still result in serious and by no means negligible pictures.

Gonorrhea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sociopathologic behavior and repeated infection with venereal disease].

INTRODUCTION: The sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) comprise a large group of infections produced by different microorganisms including spirochetes, bacteria, chlamydia, mycoplasme, protozoa, fungi, parasites, and viruses. A considerable number of sexually transmitted diseases patients are STD repeaters. As reported by Marjanovitsh and Laloshevitsh [2], in Belgrade, among patients who during the years 1985 and 1986 visited the City Department for Skin and Veneral Diseases, because of syphilis or gonorrhea, 22.8% had these diseases two or more times during their lives (male/female ratio 10:1). In Richert et al. [6] study over 30% of all patients who in one year visited sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Dade County, Florida, returned with a new infection within 3 years of their index visit. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between antisocial behaviour and repeated STD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case-control study was performed in the population of Belgrade, from June 1997 to April 1998. Participants were recruited among patients attending the City Department for Skin and Venereal Diseases of Belgrade because of sexually transmitted diseases (syphilis, gonorrhea, nongonoccocal urethritis and genital warts). The group comprised 101 patients who in their personal histories already had STD two or more times. The control group consisted of 210 patients treated at the same institution for micotic diseases, patients who in their personal histories have never had STD or had it only once (13% of controls). All participants were men aged 20 to 50 years and all were from Belgrade. Data on demographic characteristics, sexual history and sexual behaviour, as well as data on use of sedatives, smoking habit and sport activity, and data on antisocial behaviour (alcohol abuse, prostitution, drug abuse, prosecution for minor and criminal offences) were collected from all participants by an anonymous questionnaire. In the present paper only data on antisocial behaviour are presented. In the analysis of data chi 2 was used. RESULTS: According to the results obtained, STD repeaters in comparison to their controls used more frequently alcohol (17.8%:0.9%) and drug 18.8%:3.8%), had more frequently sex for money (17.8%:2.8%), and were more frequently prosecuted for minor offences (58.4%:24.8%) and criminal offences (24.8%:4.3%). All these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION: In the present study STD repeaters consumed alcohol more frequently than their controls, especially hard liquors, and 55.5% of them had used alcohol at the time of STD infection. In the study of Myliueva et al. [4], 50% of venereal disease patients consumed alcohol now and then and 10% consumed alcohol frequently. Scheidt and Windle [5] found that 60% of alcoholics had at least one sexually transmitted disease as the result of a high number of sexual partners, low use of condoms and practicing sex for drugs or money. Alcohol has depressive effect on the central nervous system, reduces anxiety and increases libido. In this study STD repeaters in comparison with their controls were significantly more frequently drug users (the majority of them inhaled drugs). In several studies conducted in the USA [7, 8] the increase of gonorrhea and syphilis was related to drug use. Upchurch et al. [9] reported that individuals with repeated episodes of gonorrhea were frequently intravenous drug abusers. Drugs are most frequently used by young people, at ages of the highest sexual activity. While most of the subjects developed sexual disinterest and dysfunction with prolonged crack cocaine use, some of them become more sexually promiscuous and consequently contracted sexually transmitted diseases more often. Inciardi /10/ found that 1/3 of men who had exchanged sex for crack (or for money needed to by crack) had 100 or more sex partners during a 30-day period prior to study recruitment. Cleghorn et al. (ABSTRACT TRUNCAT

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Reactivity of microhemagglutination, fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, and rapid plasma reagin tests in primary syphilis.

Seroreactivity of sera from 109 patients with first-infection primary syphilis was 98.2% in the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test, 92.7% in the rapid plasma reagin 18-mm circle card test, 72.5% in the microhemagglutination test (MHA-TP), and 72.5% in the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test. Seroreactivity of sera from 18 patients with primary syphilis with documented previous infection(s) was 100% in the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test, the rapid plasma reagin 18-mm circle card test, and the MHA-TP test and 88.9% in the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test. The MHA-TP test failed to confirm reactivity in 13 of 79 sera which were reactive in the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test and in 24 of 101 sera which were reactive in the rapid plasma reagin 18-mm circle card test. Testing another production lot of MHA-TP reagents resulted in even poorer correlation. The reactivity of the MHA-TP test in primary syphilis appeared to vary with the sensitivity of the production lot of reagents.

Fluorescent Antibody Technique↗
PubMed2004

Popular health education and venereal diseases in Croatia between two World Wars.

The article presents the research of popular health education on venereal diseases in Croatia between the World Wars. In the inter-war period, the traditional plain approach to popular health education was replaced with new, complex meth-ods, which became the basis for the modem work in this field. New social medicine ideas and new health politics, as well as the new founded institutions such as the School of Public Health in Zagreb and different anti-venereal outpatient facilities, were crucial for changing popular health education after World War I. Based mostly on archival documents, this article explores popular health education as a vehicle for identification of attitudes and concepts within the medical community. Ambivalence in the perception of essential approaches towards popular heath education is elaborated on the ground of controversies within prominent medical representatives. With the support of new technologies, public health methods in the inter-war period matured in form and complexity. Despite various new methods, which made their way into different parts of everyday life, the subject matter of venereal diseases was treated through a limited number of methods due to the conservative attitudes of society, as well as resistance of many physicians.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

[Physicians, prostitution, and venereal disease in Colombia (1886-1951)].

The article examines the Colombian medical field's fight against so-called venereal diseases between 1886 and 1951, a period when the country was undergoing processes of urbanization, population growth, and the emergence both of industry as well as of a middle class and an urban proletariat. Physicians found a close connection between the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea and the rise of prostitution in cities. At the close of the 19th century, doctors and public health bodies assumed prostitution was inevitable. In 1907 they managed to have it legalized and they opened clinics to dispense mercury therapy and treatment with arsenic compounds. Starting in the 1930s amd 1940s, treatment of venereal diseases was viewed as the State's duty, necessary to protect "la raza" and safeguard progress and civilization. As of 1950, the efficient use of penicillin once again caused the question of prostitution to be posed in more moral and aesthetic terms and brought an end to the regulations groverning its practice, at least in Bogota.

Colombia↗
PubMed1976

Increased serum immunoglobulin E concentrations in venereal diseases.

Total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations were determined by a competitive solid phase radioimmunoassay technique in serum samples from patients with a variety of venereal diseases. The mean IgE concentrations for groups of normal persons without venereal diseases was significantly lower then the means for groups of appropriately matched patients with primary syphilis and gonorrhoea. There were also relatively higher IgE values in patients with trichomoniasis. Our data indicate that patients with urogenital infections have higher concentrations of IgE in the serum than matched control patients without such infections.

Female↗
PubMed2003

[The fight against venereal diseases in different political systems].

The fight against venereal diseases (VD) has often been influenced by the prevailing political and social conditions. At the end of 19th century the increase of VD demanded new strategies. In 1902 the German Society for the Control of VD was founded in Berlin. It was then followed by the foundation of the International Society against VD in Brussels in 1899. In the German empire and during the Nazi regime, authoritarian structures dominated the strategies against VD. The individual had to submit the interests of the society. Sociopolitical aspects influenced the discussions in the fight against VD during the Weimar republic. In 1927 the new laws to control VD met liberal demands.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Culture, community medicine and venereal disease.

This paper reports a remarkable case of venereal disease. It discusses the serious implications and enormous difficulties of control in an Aboriginal community in which striking cultural practices play a unique and major role in disease transmission. Despite known aetiology and the ready availability of inexpensive treatment, patients continue to suffer whilst health education remains extremely difficult.

Adult↗
PubMed1974

Survey of venereal disease treated by Manitoba physicians in 1972.

A personally conducted survey of 829 Manitoba physicians has been carried out in order to obtain data of practical value to future medical planning for the management of venereal disease. Two thirds of the physicians interviewed see and treat venereal disease in office practice, although only a limited number of cases are fully investigated. The annual number of cases of confirmed and unconfirmed disease in the province is estimated to be approximately 16,000. Notification of disease to the public health authorities is extremely limited and therefore epidemiological measures necessary for proper control are rarely activated. Organized medicine should develop an awareness of the responsibility which must be assumed in this situation by its individual members, responsibility which can rarely be handled alone.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1975

A venereal disease knowledge evaluation instrument.

The purpose of this study was to develop a valid, reliable test to measure the knowledge of elementary school teachers about venereal disease. Recommended scientific test construction procedures were carefully followed. These included the development of a content outline and a table of specification; submitting potential test items to a review panel; revision of items and initial administration of the test; item analysis, revision, and a second administration; and the item analysis and revision which resulted in the Schmidt VD Knowlege Evaluator. This test consists of 45 multiple-choice items related primarily to syphilis and gonorrhea with some items related to the other venereal diseases. Test construction procedures assure face validity and the Kuder-Richardson formula estimates reliability to be 0.79. The instrument would be useful as a pre-test and/or post-test for inservice programs, workshops, and seminars for teachers, school nurses, or any similar group.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Forensic and medical expertise of sexual transmission of venereal diseases and HIV infection].

Although, there is a steady growth in the total number of sexually transmitted infections (STI), the forensic medical method is a rare expertise type as applicable to venereal and HIV infections. Since sexually abused persons are an STI risk category, they must be diagnosed as soon as possible. A micro-trauma of sexual violence, if detected, is an important finding because it is an open entry gate for STI. The specialist in skin and venereal diseases must examine all victims and all suspected of raping or of sexual violence to rule out the possibility of venereal disease infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from patients of southeastern venereal disease clinic.

The authors determined the incidences of Chlamydia trachomatis colonization obtained by use of two methods of isolation in 169 specimens from individuals attending a venereal disease clinic. Speciments were collected in phosphate sucrose buffer and planted simultaneously onto McCoy cells previously treated with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUDR) and with cycloheximide. As controls, specimens were obtained from 76 hospital employees or medical students without clinical signs of infection and cultured in a similar manner. Qualitatively, recoveries of Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions from the differently treated cells were the same, but the number of inclusions per ml was greater for the cycloheximide-treated cells. Recoveries of Chlamydia trachomatis from the venereal disease clinic population were 33% for those patients who also had simultaneous culture positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and 42% for those with nongonococcal urethritis. The recovery of Chlamydia trachomatis from the control group was 5%.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1975

Venereal disease prevention and a selected group of college students.

This study was designed to discover the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of a selected group of undergraduate college students relative to individual venereal disease protective/preventive measures. A population of 373 students were drawn from two large, state-supported universities in the midwest. The investigation was conducted to provide base line data for medical personnel and health educators to consider when educating young adults about the prevention of venereal disease infection. The findings revealed the existence of desirable, as well as undesirable knowledge, attitudes, and practices with implications for education.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The establishment of a venereal disease clinic: II. An appraisal of current diagnostic methods in uncomplicated urogenital and rectal gonorrhea.

Some of the diagnostic procedures for uncomplicated urogenital and rectal gonorrhea were studied in a university-based venereal disease clinic. On the basic of our results, recommendations are made concerning the types of media to be used, sites to be sampled, methods of obtaining specimens, and other diagnostic considerations. We conclude that ongoing quality control including a review of diagnostic procedures should be carried on in all venereal disease clinics.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1979

Introduction to the modelling of venereal disease.

The continually rising trend in the incidence of venereal diseases, especially gonorrhoea, in a large number of countries, both developed and developing is causing considerable public health concern. There is a disquieting volume of human suffering involved, as well as large economic losses in treatment and hospitalization. The present paper reviews the existing state of development in the mathematical modelling of the relevant disease dynamics. The 'criss-cross' nature of the infections, which in heterosexual contacts switch between the male and female populations, together with the nonlinear form of the rate of spread normally occurring in infectious diseases, leads to special types of simultaneous nonlinear differential equations.

Decision Making↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Finding neurosyphilis without the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test.

BACKGROUND: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is only 27% sensitive for diagnosing neurosyphilis. Discriminant analysis, used on 124 patients, shows that other commonly used laboratory tests can, in combination, identify 87% of patients with neurosyphilis with 94% specificity. STUDY DESIGN: The insensitivity of the CSF-VDRL (27% in persons with neurosyphilis) and the foreseen greater need to identify and treat neurosyphilis in the era of human immunodeficiency virus caused us to analyze the serum and cerebrospinal fluid results of 73 patients with syphilis and of 51 patients with clinically diagnosed neurosyphilis. Discriminant analysis was applied to different sets of laboratory tests to find the combination of test results best able to predict retrospectively the clinical diagnosis of syphilis or neurosyphilis, without reference to the CSF-VDRL. RESULTS: The predicting function averages 94% specificity and 87% sensitivity. Test result variables considered together are: CSF-FTA-ABS, serum FTA-ABS, CSF-TPHA, serum TPHA, and CSF cells. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that clinicians or laboratories can, independently of the CSF-VDRL, compute a score showing whether the results of a set of commonly used tests suggest neurosyphilis in a patient.

Cardiolipins↗
PubMed2000

Use of synthetic cardiolipin and lecithin in the antigen used by the venereal disease research laboratory test for serodiagnosis of syphilis.

The Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test is a microflocculation test for syphilis that uses an antigen containing cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol. For more than 50 years, the preparation of natural cardiolipin and lecithin for this test has been based on the Pangborn method which involves isolating and purifying these components from beef hearts. This process is tedious and time-consuming and results in a variable purity range. In our studies, we found that a VDRL antigen using synthetic tetramyristoyl cardiolipin and synthetic 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lecithin) was as specific in detecting syphilis as a VDRL antigen made with natural components. In 85% of the cases, we obtained an endpoint titer of 1/2 or 1 dilution more than a titer obtained with a VDRL antigen made with natural components. The use of these pure synthetic compounds, with a purity of 99%, would offer advantages in the standardization and stability of the VDRL antigen. Because this antigen is the basic ingredient in the preparation of nontreponemal reagents such as the rapid plasma reagin, toluidine red unheated serum test, and the unheated serum reagin, the use of this synthetic VDRL antigen should also increase the reactivity of these reagents.

Cardiolipins↗