Inter-response time distribution as a function of differential reinforcement of temporally spaced responses.
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To characterize temporal aspects of information processing in the human visual field, we studied the topographical distribution of temporal and non-temporal performance parameters in 95 normally sighted subjects. Visual field maps of double-pulse resolution thresholds (DPR) (the minimum detectable temporal gap between two light stimuli) and simple visual reaction times (RT) (measuring the speed of reaction to a light stimulus) were compared to maps of luminance thresholds determined by standard perimetry. Thus, for the first time, the topography of a visual variable without temporal constraints (perimetry) could be compared to visual variables in the temporal domain, with (RT) and without (DPR) motor reaction. The goal of the study was to obtain and to describe the pattern of co-variation of performance indicators. In all three measures, performance was best in the central visual field and dropped significantly towards the periphery. Although the correlation between DPR and RT was significant, shared variance was low, and we observed large topographical differences between these two temporal-performance variables. In contrast, DPR and perimetric thresholds correlated more substantially, and visual field maps were similar. The Gestalt of DPR maps shares characteristics of basic visual processing (e.g., light sensitivity), but it also reflects top-down influences, i.e., from spatial attention. Although the correlation between DPR and RT suggests common characteristics between these two temporal variables, the topographic distributions reveal significant differences, indicating separate underlying processing mechanisms.
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Recent customer service surveys have indicated that patients in the Psychiatric Emergency Service (PES) are increasingly dissatisfied with the "waiting" time connected with expanded services. This study examined the impact of six interventions that altered the environment of waiting patients and their resulting perceptions of time spent in PES. The interventions were communication (three styles), relaxing music, educational videos, and recreational activities. Each intervention was conducted for 7 days, followed by 7 days of no intervention. Patients completed a Time Assessment Tool that measured expectations of, perceptions of, and satisfaction with waiting time. These data were compared to actual time, as reflected on the log maintained in the PES. In general, environmental interventions reduced patients' perceived time, compared to no intervention. Significantly, interacting with patients with caring and concern consistently resulted in a reduced perception of waiting time, compared to the other interventions.