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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Repellency and efficacy of a 65% permethrin spot-on formulation for dogs against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes.

A topically applied 65% permethrin spot-on (Defend EXspot Treatment for Dogs, Schering-Plough Animal Health) used for flea and tick control on dogs was evaluated for repellency and efficacy against the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, a vector of canine filariasis. Six dogs were randomly assigned to receive a single application of 65% permethrin on Day 0 (n=3) or to remain untreated as controls (n=3). Dogs were anesthetized and exposed to 100 unfed, female mosquitoes in screened cages for 2 hours on Days -6, -4, -1, 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Mosquito landing rates, engorgement rates, and mortality were determined for each mosquito challenge. Cages were thoroughly cleaned after each mosquito challenge. Treatment of dogs with 65% permethrin reduced the mosquito landing rates by 96.3% 6 hours after treatment and by 82.5% on Day 1. Mosquito mortality, relative to the control group, was 28.2% 6 hours after treatment, ranged from 84.0% to 90.9% through Day 21, and declined to 50.3% 28 days after treatment. Successful feeding by mosquitoes was significantly (P=.05) reduced on Days 1 through 28. The 65% permethrin spot-on treatment killed and repelled significantly (P =.05) more mosquitoes on treated dogs versus untreated dogs for 28 days after treatment.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2003

PCR-based detection of the transovarial transmission of Uruguayan Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina vaccine strains.

Bovine babesiosis is responsible for serious economic losses in Uruguay. Haemovaccines play an important role in disease prevention, but concern has been raised about their use. It is feared that the attenuated Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina vaccine strains may be transmitted by the local tick vector Boophilus microplus, and that reversion to virulence could occur. We therefore investigated the possibility that these strains could be transmitted via the transovarial route in ticks using a Babesia species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. DNA was extracted from the developmental stages of the tick vector that had fed on calves immunized with the haemovaccine. It was possible to detect Babesia DNA not only in adult ticks, but also in their eggs and larvae. In addition, it was shown that calves infested with larvae derived from eggs laid by ticks fed on acutely infected calves, were positive for Babesia using PCR. Caution should therefore be shown with the distribution of the haemovaccine in marginal areas. It is still advisable that suitable tick control measures be used to prevent transovarial transmission and the potential risk of attenuated Babesia reverting to virulence.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Adult Amblyomma hebraeum burdens and heartwater endemic stability in cattle.

Several conclusions of importance to studies on the epidemiology of heartwater were drawn from an investigation in which the numbers of adult Amblyomma hebraeum ticks, to which a closed herd of Hereford cattle were exposed over a period of 6 1/2 years, were manipulated. With a tick Cowdria ruminantium infection rate of 3-5%, an endemically stable situation was created by dipping the herd only when an average of 10 adult male and female A. hebraeum ticks were counted on 10 animals. When the average was increased to 15 during the calving period, 97% of calves acquired a tick-mediated immunity at the age of 6 months. Because only adult ticks confined to the hindquarters are counted, this procedure is recommended as a feasible and practical guideline to stock owners wishing to determine a dipping programme that would ensure endemic stability. The indirect fluorescent antibody test gave a true reflection of the infection rate through ticks in calves 3-6 months old, but not in older animals that had been re-infected more than once. This is because on one hand antibody may persist for 2 years after withdrawal from tick exposure and on the other the artificial re-infection of cattle with a tick acquired immunity is not always followed by a rise in antibody titres and may even result in seronegativity. Four cows infected and re-infected through ticks, remained immune to challenge for 2 years after withdrawal from tick exposure. Within the confines of one farm 3 isolates of C. ruminantium that differed in pathogenicity and immunogenicity were recovered from ticks. One of these isolates was almost non-pathogenic to cattle.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methods of detection of tick allergens in house dust].

Different detection methods of housing dust allergens (belonging to the tick species Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae) were considered. As shown in this study, the immunochemical method in combination with acarological analysis proved to be most promising. On the basis of the data on the cross activity of tick allergens and changes in their content in dust, grounds were given for the expediency of detection by the immunochemical method with the use of polyclonal antibodies to specially obtained immunogen.

Allergens↗
PubMed2004

The roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick Ixodes pacificus.

We compared the infestation by ixodid ticks of lizards, rodents, and birds collected simultaneously within areas representing common habitat types in Mendocino County, CA. Lizards were infested only by Ixodes pacificus Cooley and Kohls, birds by I. pacificus and Haemaphysalis leporispalustris (Packard), and rodents by I. pacificus, I. spinipalpis Hadwen and Nuttall, I. woodi Bishopp, Dermacentor occidentalis Marx, and D. variabilis (Say). Infestation by I. pacificus larvae and nymphs of lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis Baird and Girard; Elgaria spp.) and western gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus Ord) (means of 9-35 larvae and 5-6 nymphs per animal) was several times greater than for Neotoma fuscipes Baird woodrats, Peromyscus spp. mice, and birds (means of 0.9-3.5 larvae and 0-0.3 nymphs). Overall, Borrelia-refractory lizards accounted for 84% of I. pacificus larvae and 91% of nymphs collected from animals in dense woodlands. Bird species frequently utilizing tick-questing substrates such as leaf litter (guild I birds) were more heavily infested by I. pacificus subadults (5.2 larvae and 1.0 nymphs per bird) than guild IV birds with minimal perceived contact with tick-questing substrates (0.08 larvae and 0.06 nymphs per bird). Notably, guild I birds carried similar larval loads and at least 20-fold higher nymphal loads relative to woodrats and mice. Only guild IV birds carried as few I. pacificus nymphs as did these rodents. The ratios of larvae to nymphs suggest that, relative to birds, lizards, and squirrels (infested by 1.3-6.0 larvae per nymph), nocturnally active ground-dwelling rodents such as woodrats and mice are underutilized by the nymphal stage (69 to >100 larvae per nymph). The western gray squirrel and guild I-II birds (e.g., the dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis [L.]) were the only potential reservoirs of Borrelia burgdorferi Johnson, Schmid, Hyde, Steigerwalt, and Brenner (the causative agent of Lyme disease in North America) that were frequently infested with both I. pacificus larvae and nymphs and commonly utilized dense woodland habitats.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effect of tick infestation on the productivity of cows of three breeds of cattle.

The effect of tick infestation of Hereford, Bonsmara and Nguni cows on the weaning masses of their calves in a dipping versus non-dipping situation was investigated. Breed had a major effect on the level of tick infestation, Herefords being most susceptible and Ngunis least. The productivity of Nguni cows, as measured by the weaning masses of their calves was also least affected. The effect of infestation on the productivity of Hereford cows was the greatest and that on the Bonsmara cows was intermediate. It was estimated that each engorged female tick (predominantly Boophilus decoloratus) caused a reduction of 8.9 g, 8.0 g and 8.6 g in the weaning masses of calves from Hereford, Bonsmara and Nguni cows respectively. The effect of infestation on the productivity of the Nguni cows was nevertheless small because a limited number of ticks fed to maturity on this breed due to its natural resistance.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Tick-borne zoonoses: Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

The primary health risk for veterinary staff and companion pet owners is exposure to ticks in the wooded/pasture areas or to ticks brought indoors by their pets. There are no proven cases of direct animal to human transmission for Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Direct inoculation of blood from a bacteremic animal, eg, by needle stick is a theoretical, but, so far, undocumented health risk. However, veterinarians should record needle sticks or other inoculation-type injuries that occur in their practices. Prevention of Lyme disease, ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and other tick-borne diseases depends on the avoidance of tick-infested areas and proper use of repellents and acaricides.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methods for suppressing the population count of pasture ixodid ticks].

The current methods of suppressing the quantity of Ixodes ticks in pasture populations are reviewed. For one- and two-host monoxenous [correction of monogostal] species the methods used were treatment of ticks during their parasitic existence on the cattle (washing in baths, spraying with acaricides, use of ear marks and collars, soaking with acaricides, selection of tick-resistant cattle species, administration of avermectins to the host) and separation of cattle and ticks by changing pastures. For two- and three-host polyxenous [correction of polxgostal] tick species the methods used were treatment of the affected area with acaricides (in the USSR anti-tick area treatments have been practically stopped), separation of cattle and ticks (pasture of cattle on cultural pastures, keeping the cattle in stables), changes of ecological conditions of tick habitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The use of flumethrin pour-on for de-ticking black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) prior to translocation in Zimbabwe.

The use of flumethrin pour-on in 1.0% and 0.5% concentrations for the purpose of de-ticking black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) prior to translocation is reported. Both formulations achieved a high level of efficacy within 8 to 12 h following treatment. The 0.5% formulation was found to be more suitable than the 1.0% for use on the dry, hairless skin of the rhinoceros because the increased dose volume resulted in more rapid spreading.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The effect of dipping on parasitic and free-living populations of Amblyomma hebraeum on a farm and on an adjacent nature reserve.

Domestic stock on a farm 30 km north of Grahamstown were treated with an acaricide at regular intervals over a period of several years. This resulted in a marked reduction in all stages of development of Amblyomma hebraeum on kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), scrub hares (Lepus saxatilis) and helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) which were on the farm compared with the burdens of similar animals in an adjacent nature reserve. The populations of free-living larvae of A. hebraeum on this farm and on another farm 10 km south of Grahamstown, on which the domestic stock were also regularly treated with acaricides, were markedly reduced when a comparison was made with the free-living populations in the adjoining nature reserves.

Animals↗