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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Studies on the removal of dyes from a synthetic textile effluent using barley husk in static-batch mode and in a continuous flow, packed-bed, reactor.

The adsorption of five reactive dyes in a synthetic textile dye effluent onto barley husks has been studied in static-batch mode and in a continuous flow, packed-bed, reactor (CFPBR). Effective adsorption, thermodynamics and various initial concentrations (C0) were studied for static batch conditions. The effect of C0 and retention time (r), by varying height and weight of packing, along with the kinetics of dye adsorption in CFPBR, were studied. The Langmuir isotherm was used to predict saturation capacities. The barley husks were found to remove 8 mg g(-1) of dyes at C0 100 mg l(-1) in CFPBR with a residence of 11 min, with 90% adsorption being achieved.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Degradation and toxicity reduction of textile dyestuff by ultrasound.

Degradability of four textile dyes was investigated in deionized water solutions during 520 kHz ultrasonic irradiation. It was found that for all dyes, the rate of color decay was first order in the visible absorption of the dye, and related to the type of functional groups that characterized the chromophore in the dye molecules. The destruction of aromatic/olefinic carbons in azo dyes was slower than that of color--to be attributed to the priority of hydroxyl radical attack on the N=N bonds, and to the formation of numerous oxidation intermediates of organic character during the course of dye degradation. Toxicity analysis of the dye solutions prior to sonolysis revealed that "reactive" dyes were non-toxic, but "basic" ones were toxic at the test concentrations employed in the study. Significant degrees of toxicity reduction were accomplished along with color and aromatic carbon degradation.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of the Foster & Freeman Fx5 Fibre Finder in forensic textile examinations.

The Fx5 Fibre Finder has been developed by Foster & Freeman Ltd to automatically search tape lifts for coloured fibres specified by the operator. Experiments and casework studies have been conducted to assess primarily the performance of the instrument but also, where possible, to compare it with manual searching. Tape lifts have always been manually searched at this laboratory and it is a laborious task. The use of a machine such as the Fx5 would release a scientist from many hours of low power microscopy to be free for other duties and therefore could be a valuable labour saving device in forensic textile examination.

Clothing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adsorption step in the biological degradation of a textile dye.

This research documents the removal of the dye Gris Lanaset G from aqueous solutions by fungal pellets. Adsorption of the dye by dead biomass pellets of Trametes versicolor was determined and compared with dye removal by enzymatic degradation. Six kinetic equations were fitted to the experimental adsorption data obtained. The results indicate that kinetics such as the Elovich equation, which considers that the rate-controlling step is the diffusion of the dye molecules, show the best fit. Nonlinear Langmuir and Freundlich equations were also fitted into the adsorption data, and it can be concluded that the adsorption equilibrium can be interpreted by the Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption plays an important role in the process of the elimination of color from textile wastewater, although not all of the elimination is due to this physical process when the microorganism is active. The removal of color (around 90%) with active microorganisms is greater than that obtained with the adsorption process.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bioremediation of textile azo dyes by an aerobic bacterial consortium using a rotating biological contactor.

The degradation of an azo dye mixture by an aerobic bacterial consortium was studied in a rotating biological reactor. Laterite pebbles of particle size 850 microm to 1.44 mm were fixed on gramophone records using an epoxy resin on which the developed consortium was immobilized. Rate of degradation, BOD, biomass determination, enzymes involved, and fish bioassay were studied. The RBC has a high efficiency for dye degradation even at high dye concentrations (100 microg/mL) and high flow rate (36 L/h) at alkaline pH and salinity conditions normally encountered in the textile effluents. Bioassays (LD-50) using Thilapia fish in treated effluent showed that the percentage mortality was zero over a period of 96 h, whereas the mortality was 100% in untreated dye water within 26 h. Fish bioassay confirms that the effluent from RBC can be discharged safely to the environment.

Azo Compounds↗
PubMed2004

The natural constituents of historical textile dyes.

The sources and structures of dyes used to colour Western historical textiles are described in this tutorial review. Most blue and purple colours were derived from indigo--obtained either from woad or from the indigo plant--though some other sources (e.g. shellfish and lichens) were used. Reds were often anthraquinone derivatives obtained from plants or insects. Yellows were almost always flavonoid derivatives obtained from a variety of plant species. Most other colours were produced by over-dyeing--e.g. greens were obtained by over-dyeing a blue with a yellow dye. Direct analysis of dyes isolated from artefacts allows comparison with the historical record.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Study of some parameters affecting noise level in textile spinning and weaving mills.

Noise was evaluated in six spinning and five weaving halls located in three textile mills in Egypt. Spindle speed (rpm) and loom speed (picks per minutes) were found to be important parameters affecting the noise level in these mills. Reduction of the number of spinning machines to five spindles per square meter of floor area will probably bring the noise level below the TLV. In the weaving departments, the decrease in the number of looms will not effectively reduce the noise level.

Environment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Respiratory-function changes in textile workers exposed to synthetic fibers.

The prevalence of respiratory symptoms and acute and chronic changes in ventilatory function were studied in three groups of textile workers: 68 workers with exposure to synthetic fibers only, 30 with previous exposure to cotton, and 77 with previous exposure to hemp. The prevalence of dyspnea, grade 3 to 4, was significantly lower (P less than .01) in workers with a history of exposure to synthetic fibers only than in those previously exposed to hemp or cotton. No case of byssinosis was found in any of the workers studied. Values in ventilatory-function tests (FEV 1.0, FVC and MEF 50%) were significantly reduced during the work shift on Monday and Thursday. The Monday MEF 50% preshift values were significantly lower than expected in all three groups of workers. A comparison of the 1963-1973 data on the 77 workers previously exposed to hemp showed a lower prevalence of most chronic respiratory symptoms and smaller acute FEV1.0 and FVC reductions when they worked with synthetic fibers (1973) than when they were exposed to hemp (1963).

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emphysema and other chronic lung disease in textile workers: an 18-year autopsy study.

Review of 2895 consecutive autopsies from 1962 to 1980 inclusive showed no significant differences in the prevalence of emphysema or other chronic lung disease between 282 active and retired employees of a cotton textile mill and the nontextile population. There was no statistical evidence that exposure to cotton dust, even after many years, produced emphysema, interstitial fibrosis, or cor pulmonale. The prevalence of emphysema in the series was highest in white males (22.0%), followed closely by black males (18.3%). In white females it was 7.5%, in black females, 5.5%. The prevalence in subjects under age 50 yr was 4.5%; in the age group 60-64 yr, 14.6%; and in subjects 65 yr of age and older, 21.9%. A significant increase in the prevalence of emphysema occurred between the 1962 to 1969 period and the 1970 to 1980 period.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Potential applications of the oxidoreductive enzymes in the decolorization and detoxification of textile and other synthetic dyes from polluted water: a review.

Recently, the enzymatic approach has attracted much interest in the decolorization/degradation of textile and other industrially important dyes from wastewater as an alternative strategy to conventional chemical, physical and biological treatments, which pose serious limitations. Enzymatic treatment is very useful due to the action of enzymes on pollutants even when they are present in very dilute solutions and recalcitrant to the action of various microbes participating in the degradation of dyes. The potential of the enzymes (peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, lignin peroxidases, laccases, microperoxidase-11, polyphenol oxidases, and azoreductases) has been exploited in the decolorization and degradation of dyes. Some of the recalcitrant dyes were not degraded/decolorized in the presence of such enzymes. The addition of certain redox mediators enhanced the range of substrates and efficiency of degradation of the recalcitrant compounds. Several redox mediators have been reported in the literature, but very few of them are frequently used (e.g., 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, veratryl alcohol, violuric acid, 2-methoxy-phenothiazone). Soluble enzymes cannot be exploited at the large scale due to limitations such as stability and reusability. Therefore, the use of immobilized enzymes has significant advantages over soluble enzymes. In the near future, technology based on the enzymatic treatment of dyes present in the industrial effluents/wastewater will play a vital role. Treatment of wastewater on a large scale will also be possible by using reactors containing immobilized enzymes.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2004

Application of ozonation process in industrial wastewaters: textile, kraft E1 and whey effluents.

A large variety of organic and inorganic compounds can be found in wastewater from industrial processes. In this work, Advanced Oxidative Processes (AOPs) have been applied for the control of water pollution and the ozonation of different effluents was investigated. Wastewater from textile, kraft E1 and cheese manufacturing processes were chosen as examples of industrial effluents. The efficiency of substrate mineralization has been comparatively analyzed by the decrease in total organic carbon (TOC), color, and toxicity. The results revealed that the ozonation process can be a method for decolorization of effluent, but it is not effective for TOC reduction. The whey effluent was the most recalcitrant wastewater for ozone treatment which produced no TOC removal.

Industrial Waste↗
PubMed2003

Removal of textile dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption on biodegradable wastes.

The adsorption of the textile dyes Basic Blue 41, Aniline Blue, Reactive Black 5 and Mariposa Blue was studied from model solutions prepared in distilled water in the concentration range up to 2000 mg l(-1). Biodegradable wastes were used and are proposed here as adsorbents due to their abundance and inexpensiveness in the authors' country. The influence of the particle size, pH, presence of an electrolyte in the dye solution, adsorbent activation and competition in ternary dyes mixtures was determined in this study. Adsorption capacity of the adsorbents designated as HOMAP and POMAP with particle diameter less than 3 mm for the Basic Blue 41 dye was found to be 164 and 77 mg g(-1), respectively. The efficiency of the prepared adsorbents for removing basic, acid and reactive dyes with a concentration of 400 mg l(-1) was examined. A comparison of the adsorption capacity and desorption feasibility of the adsorbents was made. The basic dye was adsorbed with efficiencies varying from 87-98%, the reactive dye was removed in the range 60-98% and the add dye, 60-70% by three of the four adsorbents tested in this study. The determination of adsorption equilibrium concentrations was followed by HPLC with diode array detection.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

A degradation and toxicity study of three textile reactive dyes by ozone.

Textile reactive dyes are very recalcitrant to biodegradation, causing aesthetic, acute and chronic toxicity problems in receiving waters. In this study, we present the degradation of three different reactive dyes (Reactive Black 5, Reactive Blue 19 and Reactive Blue 21) by ozone, at two different pH conditions. The ozonation process achieved a very fast decoloration rate for the studied dyes. The influence of pH in the ozonation of these dyes was only significant for Reactive Black 5. The toxicity of dyes, after pre-treatment, was evaluated using Vibrio fisheri (microtox). There was little change in toxicity for Reactive Black 5, but there was a reduction for Reactive Blue 19. A significant increase in toxicity for Reactive Blue 21 was verified, caused by the increase in the bioavailability of th e cooper ion that was in the complexed form before the treatment with ozone.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Occupational exposure and respiratory illness symptoms among textile industry workers in a developing country.

This study investigates the respiratory health profile of textile mill workers in Bangladesh, aiming to develop workers' awareness and public attention, and to ensure a proper implementation of health and safety measures. Forced vital capacity was measured by peak expiratory flow rate instrument among 210 subjects. The personal history, the occupational history, and the state of health were also determined using a questionnaire and checklists. The subjects who had a considerably low peak expiratory flow rate (< 290 liters/min), and had symptoms of chronic respiratory illness, underwent X-ray examination. A statistically significant low peak expiratory flow rate was identified among 52.9 percent of workers. Among them, 42.9 percent had symptoms of cough with or without phlegm; 5.7 percent had a history of chronic bronchitis and/or asthma, and 4.3 percent experienced chest tightness or breathlessness. This study showed a high degree (p < .001) of respiratory-related illness symptoms present among the workers in the blow/card rooms and the workers in the spinning section. Irrespective of variation of age as well as work pattern, non-smokers were less likely to be affected. Whether worker were occupationally exposed to other incidences was also investigated. The results of these investigations are presented and the findings discussed in light of other studies carried among similar occupational groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Treatment of a textile dye wastewater by an electrochemical process.

This study explored the effectiveness of an electrochemical process to treat a sulfur dye wastewater from a textile industry. The treatment system included a 4.0 L reactor equipped with five steel electrode plates, and a separate sedimentation tank of equal liquid volume. The experimental part involved two distinct, sequential stages. In the first stage, the effect of initial pH and electrical charge (i.e., current times reaction time) on the treatment process was explored. Experiments were conducted in a factorial mode, involving three initial pH values (3, 4 and 5), and six electrical charges (ranging from 150 to 1,350 coulomb), respectively. Results indicated that chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and color removal efficiency improved with a decrease in initial pH and an increase in electrical charge. Overall, high percent removal values were observed ranging from 63% to 80% for COD, 81% to 96% for TSS, and 93% to 99% for color. During the second stage, the electrode corrosion pattern was investigated for a period of 45 days. Under stable operating conditions, electrode consumption was found to conform to Faraday's law. Moreover, process performance regarding COD, TSS, and color reduction was comparable to that obtained in the first stage of the study.

Coloring Agents↗
PubMed2006

Evaluation of coagulation-flocculation on a COD-based molecular size distribution for a textile finishing mill effluent.

The chemical treatability of wastewaters generated from a textile manufacturing plant performing wool, polyester, wool-polyester blends, woven fabric as well as yarn dyeing and finishing operations was investigated. Coagulation and flocculation experiments were conducted with alum, sodium bentonite and iron salts on wastewaters collected from both the fabric finishing line, after being subjected to in-plant control measures covering water conservation practices and segregation of reusable streams, and dyeing line. The effect of optimum treatment alternatives on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) values of different molecular weight cut-off fractions was also examined.

Alum Compounds↗
PubMed1980

Comparison of the hearing levels of Nigerian textile workers and a control group.

The comparative auditory performance of 61 industrially exposed male textile workers (noise level, 90 dBA - 115 DBA) and 90 age matched control subgroup was determined by means of a manual Diacoustic As-60 audiometer. The audiograms of both the exposed and control subgroups were convex upwards, indicating that the hearing sensitivity of the Nigerian, black subjects increased with frequency, a finding that is in contrast with that reported elsewhere for white subjects. The impact of ageing on the hearing of both the exposed and control groups was minimal and not statistically significant, supporting an earlier study that found no age related hearing loss among South Sudanese blacks. The impact of noise on the hearing of the subjects was, however, very marked. In each age group and at each frequency, the hearing thresholds of the exposed subjects were significantly higher (0.01 greater than p less than 0.005) than those of the control group. After seven years of continuous employment, the rate of hearing loss attributable to noise, among the exposed group, increased from 2.17 dB to 11.67 dB per year of employment compared to an increase of - 0.64 dB to 1.82 dB in age induced loss per year of age difference in the same group. It seemed the exposed subjects experienced a seven year hearing threshold of 30 dB irrespective of statistically significant differences in age (p less than 0.005) and duration of employment (p less than 0.01) of the groups covered by this period. After this "latency period" the hearing loss increased rapidly.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Long-term cotton dust exposure in the textile industry.

A three-year survey was conducted in six cotton-yarn manufacturing mills and one mill processing synthetic polyester fibers as part of a longitudinal epidemiologic investigation of the health experience of workers employed in the textile industry. A total of 1324 elutriated and total dust samples were collected during the three years of the study. The results indicate that the average elutriated dust concentrations in the surveyed mills were generally at or below the current OSHA standard and they ranged from 0.069 to 0.396 mg/m3, 0.089 to 0.391 mg/m3, and 0.106 to 0.210 mg/m3 for the first, second and third year surveys, respectively. Introduction of modern automated yarn processing equipment and elimination of some of the classic processes were associated with a decreasing trend in airborne dust concentrations in these mills.

Dust↗