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PubMed1988

Serodiagnostic profiles of HIV and HIV pathogenesis in vivo.

Different stages of HIV infection are marked by expression of HIV genes, production of HIV antibodies, formation of antigen/antibody complexes and clearance of such complexes. Transient HIV antigenemia appearing generally 6-8 weeks prior to HIV antibody (HIV-Ab) seroconversion and lasting 3-4 months is generally seen in acute infection. If IgG antibodies to both envelope and core protein persist in the absence of HIV-Ag the short-term prognosis is relatively good. However, HIV-Ag seroconversion may appear at any time after HIV-Ab seroconversion. Progression to AIDS is strongly associated with declining or absent levels of IgG antibodies to p24. Titers of antibodies to HIV p24 below 64 are strongly associated with the presence of HIV antigen and a poor clinical outcome. HIV antigen may be less efficiently detected with the present assays in sera from regions where the prototype strains of HIV (HTLV-III and LAV) are less prevalent, like Central Africa. Levels of HIV-Ag in serum, and possibly in CSF, can be decreased by nucleoside analogues, like AZT. This indicates HIV-Ag and possibly antibody to HIV core protein p24 as suitable markers for selecting individuals for antiviral therapy as well as monitoring the efficacy of such therapy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

[Epidemiology of AIDS].

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Education against AIDS.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1979

[On the therapy and rebabilitation of juvenile drug addits in a special hospital (author's transl)].

A successful therapy of drug-dependents can only be carried out in special facilities providing intensive inter-disciplinary care. In the Hochstadt district hospital (Bezirksklinik Hochstadt) treatment encompasses detoxication, weaning and after-care. The goal of the therapy is the permanent abstinence of the patient, finding of his identity, treatment of his somatic and psychic disturbances and diseases as well as the learning of techniques enabling him to resist addiction producing substances after his discharge from hospital, and his social re-integration. The methods used are group-therapy, as a behavioural therapy with psychodynamic aspects, ergotherapy and physiotherapy as well as socio-therapeutic measures. The therapy has a high success rate. Catamnestic studies show that 50% of the patients were still abstinent one year after their date of discharge.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical features of HIV infection in drug users of Manipur.

BACKGROUND: The human immunodeficiency virus was first detected in young intravenous drug users in Manipur in 1989 and it quickly reached a high prevalence in this group. Diagnostic facilities are scarce and it is thus important to suspect the presence of the infection by its clinical features. METHODS: We did a cross-sectional survey for 13 months among residents of different detoxification centres of Imphal, Manipur, to study the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values of different signs and symptoms occurring at the early phase of the infection. RESULTS: Most of the young injectors in this survey were found to be in the early phases (stage I 43%; stage II 32%; stage III 15% and stage IV 9.9%) of the World Health Organization clinical staging of human immunodeficiency virus infection and disease. Herpes zoster, oral candidiasis, pruritic papular eruptions, jaundice and lymphadenopathy had positive predictive values of 100%, 100%, 93%, 93% and 88% respectively. Cryptosporidial diarrhoea and tuberculosis (pulmonary and extrapulmonary) were also encountered. CONCLUSION: Intravenous drug users in Manipur who have human immunodeficiency virus infection suffer from different opportunistic infections which give rise to clinical features that are easily recognizable. It is important to be aware of these in areas which lack diagnostic facilities for confirming the infection.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1994

[Alcohol and drugs in Central Europe--problems and possible solutions].

The high alcohol consumption and increasing abuse of other addictive inducing substances in Central Europe calls for broadley conceived preventive programmes and cheap and widely applicable therapeutic strategies (early treatment at the first contact level, self-help manuals, self-aid organizations). Social instability along with greater availability of alcohol and drugs create a dangerous combination. In addition to strategies of stress prevention at the societal level also strategy at the individual level is important (e.g. relaxation training, yoga, psychotherapy). It is also important to change the "image" of western society and commercial interests of those who make profits on alcohol and drugs should be under control and advertising should be greatly restricted if not prohibited. Prevention of problems caused by alcohol and drugs in particular in youths must be combined and really effective strategies should be used such as peer programmes. The authors mention also their own preventive programme FIT IN and print materials oriented specifically on certain population groups.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1994

Sex, drugs, relationships, contraception, and fears of disease on a college campus over 17 years.

Sexual behavior was surveyed in 1991 for the fourth time in 17 years at a northeastern college with 98 male and 148 female participants. Variables included virginity, religiosity, relationship to parents, relationship to last sex partner, sex philosophy, attractiveness, drug use, contraceptives used, fear of AIDS and effect of this fear on behavior. Results indicated a 91% nonvirginity rate for men, 76% for women. Both genders initiated sex at the same age. Men exhibited a more liberal sexual philosophy. Neither gender had a sexual double standard. Women's attractiveness, but not men's, related to nonvirginity. Relationship with parents was not associated with virginity, but religiosity was. Drug use was related to nonvirginity. Frequent drug users had less commitment to last sex partner than did infrequent users. Nondisease-protective contraceptive methods decreased. Despite fear of AIDS, only one-third of the students practiced "safe sex" consistently, and men were less concerned with practicing it than women. Commitment has not increased since the 1986 survey.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Joseph A. Califano Jr. A former HEW secretary looks at health care reform. Interview by Terese Hudson.

Joseph A. Califano Jr. was secretary of Health, Education and Welfare in the Carter administration and is now president of the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, an independent not-for-profit research center. He also serves as an adjunct professor of public health at Columbia University. Califano has written eight books, including America's Health Care Revolution: Who Lives? Who Dies? Who Pays?, published in 1986. He will speak at the American Society for Healthcare Marketing and Public Relations 15th annual meeting, Sept. 11-14 in San Francisco. He spoke recently with Senior Editor Terese Hudson about the possibilities and problems in the current move to reform health care.

Cost Control↗
PubMed2004

[Excessive compulsive buying or "behavioral addiction"? A case study].

Compulsive buying is characterized by repetitive compulsive and excessive misappropriated buying. Labels for this pathological behavior vary and its classification is uncertain. To date, there is no consistent concept for diagnosis and treatment. We present the case of a 36-year old woman with a history of excessive pathological buying. According to the assumption that addiction is a learned behavior, we assume that for the patient compulsive buying as a rewarding behavior has the function of an inadequate stress coping strategy. Therefore, in this case the diagnosis "non-substance-related behavioral addiction" is appropriate. This diagnosis is important for the choice of the therapeutic intervention, which is in accordance to the current therapeutic interventions for substance-related addictions.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Children of substance abusers: the life experiences of children of opiate addicts in methadone maintenance.

We interviewed 70 substance abusers in methadone maintenance treatment regarding the life experiences of their 188 children. Sixty-four percent of the mothers reported using psychoactive drugs during their pregnancies. Eighty percent of parents reported an arrest during the time the child was growing up, 34% reported receiving treatment for an emotional disorder, and 14% were hospitalized. Four percent of the parents reported that their children had been placed in adoptive care, 9% in foster care, and 1% had a child in a group home. Forty-one percent of the parents reported that at least one of their children repeated a grade in school, 19% were involved in truancy, and 30% had been suspended from school. Twenty percent of parents reported their children's involvement with the law, and 17% reported drug or alcohol use. Problems with the law correlated highly with 1) being held back a grade, 2) truancy, 3) suspension from school, 4) expulsion from school, and 5) treatment for alcohol or drug abuse.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The psychodynamics of opiate addiction.

Opiate addicts and polydrug, but nonopiate, substance abusers were assessed for depression on the Raskin rating scale for a clinical interview and several self-report measures of depression including the Hamilton, SCL-90, and the recently developed Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), which differentially assesses depression focused around neediness from a depression focused around self-criticism (guilt and shame). Opiate addicts were consistently more depressed than polydrug drug abusers on all the measures. On the DEQ, opiate addicts were significantly (p less than .001) more depressed than normals and even somewhat more depressed than psychiatric patients. This depression, however, was focused primarily around issues of self-criticism, guilt, and shame rather than issues of dependency, abandonment, rejection, and neglect. Even further, depression focused around self-criticism, as measured on the DEQ, was significantly correlated (p less than .001) with the extent to which the polydrug, non-opiate-addicted substance abusers had begun to experiment with opiates. These data suggest that intense depression, particularly depression focused around issues of self-criticism, has an important role in opiate addiction.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Treatment failures: the role of sexual victimization in women's addictive behavior.

Women substance abusers usually labeled as treatment failures are described and case illustrations are presented. The role of sexual victimization in the substance abuse is considered, as is the use of substances to mitigate posttraumatic stress symptoms. Abstinence as a precondition of treatment is examined, and more objective case conceptualization and treatment planning advocated. Aspects of the long-term therapeutic relationship are discussed.

Adolescent↗