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PubMed1987

Cross-reactivity in serological tests for Lyme disease and other spirochetal infections.

Serum specimens from 163 persons with Lyme disease, tick-borne or louse-borne relapsing fever, yaws, syphilis, leptospirosis, or Rocky Mountain spotted fever were analyzed to assess the specificity of indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and microscopic agglutination (MA) procedures. Strong cross-reactivity occurred when sera from individuals with Lyme disease, tick-borne relapsing fever, and louse-borne relapsing fever were tested against heterologous Borrelia antigens. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi bound to Treponema pallidum in immunofluorescence tests for syphilis. Sera from subjects with syphilis cross-reacted in IFA tests and the ELISA for Lyme disease. Immunoglobulin antibodies to Borrelia or Treponema spirochetes, however, did not react with serovars of Leptospira interrogans in MA or IFA tests, and the prevalence of false-positive results in the reciprocal analyses was negligible.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

Adult Ixodes dammini on rabbits: development of acute inflammation in the skin and immune responses to salivary gland, midgut, and spirochetal components.

Rabbits exposed to female Ixodes dammini (both uninfected and infected with Borrelia burgdorferi) or injected with B. burgdorferi showed an acute inflammatory response in the skin. Granulocytes and monocyte-histiocytes were the predominant infiltrating cells. Spirochetes were detected in the tick feeding cavities in the deep dermis. The inflammatory process was accompanied by polyclonal antibody responses to tick salivary gland components. Western blots showed that immune rabbit serum reacted with proteins of molecular masses of 8, 24, and 36-41 kilodaltons in both unengorged and engorged tick salivary glands. Additional reacting bands in the immunoblot of the engorged salivary gland indicated that new antigenic components of the salivary gland are synthesized during engorgement. Rabbits did not produce antibodies to tick midgut components. Murine monoclonal antibody 11G1 detected outer surface protein A of B. burgdorferi in immunoblots of midguts from unengorged ticks, faintly in engorged salivary gland, and seldomly in unengorged salivary gland, findings suggesting that the spirochete is transmitted to the host via tick saliva during the later stages of feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The incidence of swine dysentery in pigs can be reduced by feeding diets that limit the amount of fermentable substrate entering the large intestine.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that feeding diets which limit the amount of fermentable substrate entering the large intestine would protect pigs against experimental infection with Serpulina hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery. Experiment 1 examined the effect of grain processing (hammer milling vs. steam flaking) and grain type (barley, groats, corn, sorghum and wheat) on indices of fermentation in the large intestine and the incidence of swine dysentery. Experiment 2 examined the role of five diets, steam-flaked corn, steam-flaked sorghum, hammer-milled wheat, extruded wheat and cooked white rice, on these same measures. All diets contained an animal protein supplement and no antibiotics. Pigs fed diets based on steam-flaked corn and steam-flaked sorghum had a lower incidence of disease (11-33%) than pigs fed diets based on other grains (75-100%). Pigs fed the diet based on cooked white rice were fully protected against swine dysentery. Both the soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) concentration and the total NSP concentration of the diets explained a significant proportion of the variation in swine dysentery (R2 = 0.56, P = 0.016, and R2 = 0.71, P = 0.002, respectively), such that pigs eating diets containing <1.0 g/100 g soluble NSP showed reduced disease. However, pigs fed corn, sorghum and steam-flaked sorghum (Experiment 2), which contained only 0.4-0.5 g/100 g soluble NSP, still had a high incidence of disease (>50%). This was attributable to a higher level of resistant starch present in these grains. These data provide evidence that the expression of swine dysentery is associated with an increased concentration of fermentable substrate entering the large intestine.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1998

Confirmation of the role of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates in the expression of swine dysentery in pigs after experimental infection.

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and resistant starch (RS) cause swine dysentery (SD) in pigs experimentally infected with the spirochete Serpulina hyodysenteriae. In Experiment 1, a source of soluble NSP (guar gum; GG), insoluble NSP (oat chaff; OC), resistant starch (retrograde cornstarch; RS) or a combination of GG and RS (GG + RS) was added to a diet containing cooked white rice (R), soybean meal (SBM) and animal protein (meat and bone meal, bloodmeal, fishmeal). A diet containing only cooked white rice, SBM and the sources of animal protein (AP) was also fed. In Experiment 2, three rice-based diets containing different levels of RS were fed to pigs. In Experiment 1, the pH of digesta in the cecum, proximal colon and distal colon of pigs fed diets R-GG, R-RS and R-GG + RS was lower (P < 0.001), and volatile fatty acid concentration higher (P < 0.001), than in pigs fed diets R-OC and R-AP. Pigs fed diets with RS and GG + RS had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of ATP in the large intestine than pigs fed other diets. There were no significant differences in any fermentation indices measured in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, pigs fed diets R-GG, R-RS and R-GG + RS were colonized with S. hyodysenteriae after experimental infection. However, only pigs consuming diets R-GG (4 of 5) and R-GG + RS (5 of 5) showed clinical signs of SD. Spirochetes were isolated from the feces of all pigs fed diets containing RS in Experiment 2. However, and in contrast to Experiment 1, 80-100% of pigs infected with S. hyodysenteriae displayed clinical signs of SD. These data confirm the role of fermentable carbohydrate in the pathogenesis of SD.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Nutritional regulation of porcine bacterial-induced colitis by conjugated linoleic acid.

Excessive intake of saturated fatty acids and/or linoleic acid favors the induction of an array of lipid mediators and cytokines enhancing inflammatory responses. Conversely, dietary supplementation with (n-3) fatty acids or vitamin D ameliorates inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Although it was well accepted that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevented diseases with a common inflammatory pathogenesis (i.e., cancer and atherosclerosis), no studies were available on the roles of CLA in mucosal inflammation. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory actions and molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of colonic health by CLA. We hypothesized that colonic inflammation can be ameliorated by dietary CLA supplementation. To test this hypothesis, inflammation of the colonic mucosa was triggered by challenging pigs fed either soybean oil-supplemented or CLA-supplemented diets with an enteric bacterial pathogen (i.e., Brachyspira hyodysenteriae). Immunoregulatory cytokines and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) mRNA expression were assayed in colonic lymph nodes and colon of pigs. Colonic mucosal lesions and lymphocyte subset distribution were evaluated by histology and immunohistochemistry. Supplementation of CLA in the diet before the induction of colitis decreased mucosal damage; maintained cytokine profiles (i.e., interferon-gamma and interleukin-10) and lymphocyte subset distributions (i.e., CD4+ and CD8+), resembling those of noninfected pigs; enhanced colonic expression of PPAR-gamma; and attenuated growth failure. Therefore, CLA fed preventively before the onset of enteric disease attenuated inflammatory lesion development and growth failure.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

A focus of Lyme disease in Monmouth County, New Jersey.

An endemic focus of Lyme disease is present in Colt's Neck, Howell, Freehold, and Wall Townships in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Cases of Lyme disease have occurred in this area from 1978 to 1982. Fifty-seven of the 117 persons (49%) who acquired their infection in New Jersey from 1978 to 1982 live or work in these four townships, whose population of 82,491 is only 1.1% of the population of the entire state. Thirty persons who contracted Lyme disease were exposed to ticks at the Naval Weapons Station, Earle, which is located within Colt's Neck and Howell Townships. The annual incidence rate for persons stationed at or working on this military facility in 1981 and 1982 was about 1%. At Naval Weapons Station, Earle, persons working outdoors in 1981-1982 were at higher risk than those working indoors.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

GAPDH gene diversity in spirochetes: a paradigm for genetic promiscuity.

In this study we have determined gap sequences from nine different spirochetes. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequences in the context of all other available eubacterial and a selection of eukaryotic Gap sequences demonstrated that the eubacterial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene diversity encompasses at least five highly distinct gene families. Within these gene families, spirochetes show an extreme degree of sequence divergence that is probably the result of several lateral gene transfer events between spirochetes and other eubacterial phyla, and early gene duplications in the eubacterial ancestor. A Gap1 sequence from the syphilis spirochete Treponema pallidum has recently been shown to be closely related to GapC sequences from Euglenozoa. Here we demonstrate that several other spirochetal species are part of this cluster, supporting the conclusion that an interkingdom gene transfer from spirochetes to Euglenozoa must have occurred. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the GAPDH genes present in the protists Parabasalia may also be of spirochetal descent.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1990

Spirochetal forms in the dermal lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus.

Morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus are cutaneous diseases that are manifest by an early edematous stage, followed later by sclerosis and atrophy. They share features with acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans and erythema chronicum migrans, diseases that have been linked to infection by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. A modified silver stain was used to identify the presence of spirochetes in skin biopsy specimens of patients with morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Spirochetal forms were identified in the lesional skin of 10 of 25 patients with morphea and in 10 of 21 cases of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. These spiral forms of bacteria had a significant tendency to occur in early and fully developed lesions of morphea and in early lesions of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, whereas they tended to be absent in lesions demonstrating late pathological changes.

Atrophy↗
PubMed1993

Condyloma acuminatum with superficial spirochetosis simulating condyloma latum.

We report a case of a 12-year-old boy with a large perianal condyloma. The lesion was found to contain both spirochetes (Warthin-Starry stain) and human papillomavirus types 6 or 11 (in situ hybridization). Because of persistent negative serologies for syphilis and lack of other clinical stigmata of syphilis, the lesion was diagnosed as condyloma acuminatum with secondary involvement by spirochetes of probable intestinal origin. The case demonstrates the potential histologic similarities between condyloma latum and condyloma acuminatum, as well as the pitfalls of using the Warthin-Starry stain to establish the diagnosis of secondary syphilis.

Anus Diseases↗