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PubMed2005

Accessory sperm: a biomonitor of boar sperm fertilization capacity.

The number of accessory sperm found in the zona pellucida of porcine embryos was correlated to their individual quality and to the embryo quality range found within a single sow. Our goal was to determine whether accessory sperm counts provide semen evaluation with additional, useful information. Accessory sperm count was highest when only normal embryos were found in a given sow and diminished if oocytes or degenerated embryos were present (P<0.01). Within a given sow, normal embryos had higher (P<0.05) accessory sperm counts than degenerated embryos, although not when oocytes were also present. Fertilization capacity of sperm is optimal when only normal embryos are found in a given sow; this capacity is indicated by high accessory sperm counts. A decrease in fertilization capacity is reflected in diminishing accessory sperm counts. The boar had a significant effect (P<0.01) on accessory sperm count, but not on the percentage of normal embryos; this suggests that accessory sperm may be more sensitive indicators of the fertilization capacity of sperm than the percentage of normal embryos. We conclude that accessory sperm count can be used for the detection of compensable defects in sperm and is a valid parameter for assessing sperm fertilization capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Longitudinal study of semen quality of unexposed workers. I. Study overview.

A longitudinal study of 45 men was conducted evaluating the semen quality of monthly samples collected over 9 months. The statistical variation of sperm count, semen volume, percentage of motile sperm, sperm velocity, sperm morphology, and sperm viability, assessed by both the vital stain and the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) assay, were each evaluated using intraclass correlations and coefficients of variation. Sperm count and semen volume had large intraclass correlations (62% and 60%, respectively), indicating that if a subject has a high count or volume he will tend to continue to have high counts or volumes. On the other hand, sperm velocity had an intraclass correlation of only 16% indicating that fluctuations within a subject were nearly as large as fluctuations from subject to subject. The remaining parameters had intraclass correlations ranging from 42% to 47%. Sperm count, percent motile sperm, and semen volume each had large coefficients of variation (both between and within subjects). These variables, especially count, had relatively poor precision. Sperm velocity, percent motile sperm, percent normal morphology, the HOS assay, and the vital stain assay had lower coefficients of variation, indicating greater precision.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of Y virilin on male infertility.

A prospective placebo controlled double blind study was conducted in patients attending male infertility clinics of our hospital to evaluate effects of a herbal formulation for male infertility--'Y-virilin'. In phase 1 forty patients with oligospermia with or without asthenospermia were randomly allocated to 2 treatment groups--Treatment Group A i.e. formulation under test and treatment Group B (Placebo). Therapy with these agents was given twice a day for 6 months. In phase 2, 12 patients with azospermia were administered either 'Y virilin' or the placebo (n = 6/Gp). In all patients along with semen analysis (sperm count, percentage of motile sperms and grade of motility) was done monthly for 6 months. Serum FSH levels were estimated before and at the end of therapy. A significant increase in sperm count was observed from 2-3 months in oligospermics receiving Y virilin as compared to basal values (p < 0.05). In Group B the follow-up sperm counts were either comparable to basal values or were lesser. However, the percentage and grade of motility did not differ in two groups at the end of respective treatment. No change was found in mean FSH value. During the therapy period incidence of conception was 20% in treatment Group A and 5% in Group B. Of the azospermic receiving 'Y-virilin' 50% showed a count of 10-20 millions/cmm while none from the placebo group. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of the tested formulation in the patients with infertility.

Double-Blind Method↗
PubMed1990

Damaging effects of cisplatin on mouse spermatozoa.

The effect of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin: CDDP) on mouse spermatozoa was evaluated quantitatively by means of equilibrium sedimentation in Percoll. CDDP was administered subcutaneously at doses of 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg/week for 5 weeks. After different periods (1, 3, and 10 weeks) without CDDP, the quality of epididymal sperm was evaluated by sperm count, motility, morphology of sperm, and the apparent density of sperm. At 10 mg/kg dose, about 80% mortality occurred during the administration period. There were no sperm even 10 weeks after discontinuing CDDP. With the 3 mg/kg dose, sperm count, motility, and normal morphology of sperm declined after 1 and 5 weeks, but recovered to the control level after 10 weeks. The sperm distribution profiles in the Percoll gradient were quite different among the groups. The control sperm showed two separated peaks in the gradient, whereas the peak of sperm at 1 and 3 mg/kg were shifted forward to lighter apparent density. CDDP causes a reduction in sperm apparent density and impairs semen quality in mice.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Setting standards of male fertility I. Semen analyses in 1500 patients--a report.

Semen samples obtained from 1500 men requesting vasectomy were analysed. The data obtained were compared with the earlier reports. Two semen samples with an interval of fifteen days between the two samples with a continence period of 3 to 5 days, were analysed from each patient. The frequency distributions of fructose and citric acid estimated in the seminal plasma is also reported. Greater percentage of men with sperm counts 20 to 40 millions per ml and total sperm counts 100 to 200 millions per ejaculate were observed in the present series. About 13.8 percent of the total men studied had sperm counts below 20 millions per ml and total sperm counts below 100 millions per ejaculate were also seen in the present series. This changing pattern of fertility towards lowered levels of sperm counts needs careful consideration of other factors including hostile environmental influences. The levels of fructose and citric acid seem to increase with increase in sperm counts. Thus, it necessitates that along with routine established standards of fertility, every individual must be carefully analysed by an andrologist before asserting the fertility status of the individual.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Study of spermatozoa and their relationship with fertility in men of Arunachal Pradesh.

172 semen samples were collected from a cross section of the infertile population of North-East India, consisting mainly of tribal people and were analysed and evaluated for different parameters. Significant negative correlations were found between sperm count and motility, sperm count and morphology and between motility and abnormal morphology in this series. The percentage of abnormal morphology was very high and prospective study on the aetiology of this factor in these tribal people is warranted.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1989

Testicular damage induced by megadoses of pyridoxine.

Pyridoxine hydrochloride, 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg or 1,000 mg/kg, daily, was intraperitoneally injected into Wistar male rats and its effects on weights and mature spermatid or sperm counts in the testis and the epididymis were investigated. After six weeks administration, weights of the testis and the epididymis in the 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg groups dramatically decreased and weights of the epididymis in the 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg groups also decreased significantly. Mature spermatid counts in the testis and sperm counts in the epididymis decreased in the 500 mg/kg and 1,000 mg/kg groups, and sperm counts in the tail plus body of the epididymis also decreased in the 250 mg/kg group. From these results, it was elucidated that megadoses of pyridoxine induced testicular damage in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Assessment of reproductive and fertility effects of amitraz pesticide in male mice.

Forty adult male Swiss mice were exposed to tap water containing 0, 40, 80, or 160 ppm amitraz for 12 weeks. Based on fluid consumption the mice received an average of 0, 5.42+/-0.47, 10.56+/-0.97, and 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz, respectively. The average body weights gains and fluid consumption were significantly decreased in males exposed to amitraz pesticide. Fertility was significantly reduced in male mice ingesting 10.56+/-0.97 or 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz in that the number of females impregnated by them was significantly reduced. The number of viable fetuses was significantly reduced in females mated with males that ingested 10.56+/-0.97 or 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz. A significant increase in the total number of resorptions and the number of females with resorptions was observed in females impregnated with the exposed males. Absolute testis weight was significantly decreased at 10.56+/-0.97 mg/kg concentration. The weight of the epididymis was decreased in test males ingested 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg amitraz. The seminal vesicles weights were significantly increased in male mice ingested 10.56+/-0.97 or 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz. Similarly, the preputial gland weights were increased in males that ingested 5.42+/-0.47 or 10.56+/-0.97 mg/kg and decreased in males ingested 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg amitraz. Testicular sperm counts and daily sperm production were significantly decreased in males that ingested 10.56+/-0.97 or 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg/day amitraz. Epididymal sperm counts were significantly decreased in exposed male's at 10.56+/-0.97 or 20.39+/-2.17 mg/kg amitraz. These results strongly suggest that exposure to amitraz pesticide have an adverse effect on the fertility and reproductive system of male mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

DEET (N,N-diethyltoluamide) does not affect sperm number, viability and head morphology in male rats treated dermally.

DEET (N,N-Diethyltoluamide) was applied dermally to groups of 80 Sprague Dawley rats 5 days/week for 9 weeks (63 days), at three dose levels, (100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg). The undiluted material was applied with micropipettes to shaved patches. There was no run off and the material wet out onto the skin. Dose levels were calculated based on mean weights and adjusted weekly by reweighing half the animals in each group and calculating a mean body weight. Animals were scheduled for kill at three times; days 36-37, 65-66 and 95-96 after initiation of treatment. Data collected at each kill included sperm count, viability as assessed by ATP levels and morphology; testes histopathology (control and high-dose groups only) and body and organ weights (liver, kidneys and testes). DEET, when applied dermally, did not alter sperm count, sperm morphology, sperm viability, body weight or food consumption at any dose level tested.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2003

Variations in the length of the Y chromosome and the seminal attributes of Karan Fries bulls.

Fresh semen and blood samples from 20 Karan Fries bulls (4-6 years of age), maintained at the Artificial Breeding Complex of the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, were collected for one year. All the bulls had 60 chromosomes, comprising 58 acrocentric autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, with X as the larger and Y as the smaller submetacentric. The mean lengths of Yp and Yq; the total length of the Y chromosome and the length ratio were 1.10 +/- 0.01 microm, 1.83 +/- 0.02 microm, 2.92 +/- 0.02 microm and 62.46% +/- 0.18%, respectively. Analysis of the length measurements of the the Y chromosomes in Karan Fries bulls showed that all the measurements, viz., the short arm of the Y chromosome, the long arm of the Y chromosome, the total length of the Y chromosome and the variation in length of Y chromosome, varied significantly among bulls. All the seminal parameters, the volume of semen, mass activity, initial motility, concentration, live sperm count and the total abnormal sperm count, were significantly affected by bulls, whereas season had a significant effect on all the seminal parameters except the total abnormal sperm count. No significant relationship between the ratio of the long arm to the total length of the Y chromosome and seminal attributes was observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Clomiphene citrate therapy in idiopathic male infertility].

Clomiphene citrate therapy was performed on 30 patients with idiopathic male infertility, who were intractable to non-hormonal therapy. Clomiphene citrate was administered orally at a dose of 25 mg per day for 25 days with 5 days of rest following Paulson' protocol, and we favorable results were obtained: Both sperm count and sperm motility improved in 11 cases (36.7%). Odera's score count decreased in 14 cases (46.7%), which were judged as effective. The wives of 4 patients treated by this therapy became pregnant. After this therapy, the serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, testosterone and prolactin were 1.90, 1.81, 1.89 and 1.22 times higher, respectively. These findings indicate that clomiphene citrate therapy is an effective for idiopathic male infertility, but we need to consider that the sudden and marked elevation of serum testosterone level by this therapy might affect male accessory sex organs such as the prostatic gland which shows androgen dependency later in life.

Clomiphene↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Repair of experimental varicoceles in the rat. Long-term effects on testicular blood flow and temperature and cauda epididymidal sperm concentration and motility.

The effects of varicocele and varicocele repair on testicular blood flow, temperature, sperm counts, and sperm motility were assessed in adult male rats. The duration of the experimental varicocele and the varicocele repair were three and two times as long, respectively, as that studied previously. Varicoceles were created by partial ligation of the left renal vein and repairs were accomplished by high ligation of the left spermatic vein. Testicular blood flow was determined by using the radiolabeled microsphere technique. Testicular temperature was taken via needle probe thermometer. Sperm samples were obtained by micropuncture of the cauda epididymidis, and were counted on a hemacytometer and observed for motility under the light microscope. Varicoceles were studied 100 days after their creation. Repairs were performed on varicoceles that had lasted 100 days and the animals were studied 60 days after repair. Mean testicular blood flow (ml/100 g tissue/min) was significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in animals with varicocele (left testis (LT) = 42.2 +/- 1.1, right testis (RT) = 39.1 +/- 1.2) when compared with normal controls (LT = 29.3 +/- 1.6, RT = 29.6 +/- 1.7), animals with varicocele repair (LT = 30.7 +/- 1.3, RT = 30.0 +/- 1.6), or sham-operated animals (LT = 29.7 +/- 1.4, RT = 31.1 +/- 1.4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dermal exposure to the herbicide-paraquat results in genotoxic and cytotoxic damage to germ cells in the male rat.

The effects of exposure to low doses of paraquat, a herbicide, via the dermal route were studied on the spermatozoa of Sprague-Dawley rats. Paraquat (1, 1'-dimethyl-4, 4'-bipyridinium dichloride) was administered once a day for five days, at intervals of 24 h at 0, 6, 15 and 30 mg/kg, and the rats were sacrificed on days 7, 14, 28, and 42 after the last exposure. The sperm suspensions were obtained by mincing the caudae epididymes and ductus deferens for the purpose of performing a sperm morphology test, sperm count and analysis of sperm mortality and sperm motility, as per the standard procedures. The sperm count was decreased (p < 0.05) only on days 7 and 14 but sperm abnormalities increased on all days (p < 0.05). Sperm mortality increased at higher dose-levels (p < 0.05) except on day 42, and motility was affected by 30 mg/kg only on day 42. In conclusion, paraquat is a genotoxic and cytotoxic agent to germ cells in the male rat.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1994

Study of the effects of occupation and industry on sperm quality.

Most of the environmental exposures known to affect testicular function and/or male fertility are to pharmacologic agents, alkylating agents and antitestosterone agents. There are however, few firmly-based associations with occupational exposure. The aim of this study was therefore to determine if there is any association between different semen parameters (viz. sperm count and motility) in relation to occupations and industrial groupings. A total of 614 subjects who attended an andrology clinic were studied. The investigation included a detailed occupational history, clinical examination and seminal analysis for volume, sperm count, and sperm motility. Each subject's last occupation and the industry he represented was classified according to the standard classification code of the Singapore Standard Occupational Classification (SSOC) and the Singapore Standard Industrial Classification (SSIC), respectively. The results showed that subjects who worked as "plant and machine operators" had a significantly higher risk of oligozoospermia, with an adjusted (for age, smoking, medical history, and testicular size) odds ratio (OR) of 1.93 (1.12-3.30), as compared with other occupational groups. Exposure to excessive heat was a possible factor for the poorer sperm count. "Senior officials and managers" were less likely to have poor sperm count, adjusted OR = 0.52 (0.32-0.84), compared to individuals from other occupations. As for abnormal sperm motility, workers from the "transport and communication" industry had significantly higher adjusted OR of 1.80 (1.08-3.00) when compared to the other occupational groups. This could not be attributed to excessive noise, heat or solvent exposure at the workplace.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed2006

Oligozoospermia: recent prognosis and the outcome of 73 pregnancies in oligozoospermic couples.

The minimum value for each of the five main semen parameters, below which conception rarely occurred or did not occur at all, was calculated in a group of 1884 couples complaining of primary and secondary infertility: 304 conceptions including first as well as consecutive conceptions, occurred. The parameters evaluated were (minimum value calculated in this study between brackets) volume (1.0 ml), sperm count ml(-1) (2.0 million), total sperm count (4.0 million), motility (10%), forward progression (2.0 MacLeod units: scale 1-4) and normal sperm morphology (3%). The pregnancy rate in the group of 308 oligozoospermic men and the minimum value of semen parameters were the cornerstones in determining the prognosis for oligozoospermic patients. A sperm count of >2.0 million ml(-1) was considered relatively adequate for eventual conception judged by the 68 of 308 (22.1%) pregnancies that occurred among oligozoospermic men in this study, provided that the other five semen parameters showed values above the minimum value. In cases where the average sperm count was <2 million ml(-1), the chances for conception became rare, viz five of 308 (1.6%). The total number of pregnancies in the group classified as oligozoospermic was 73 (23.7%). With these pregnancies there was no increase in the rate of foetal wastage and congenital abnormalities. Abortion occurred in 15.09% and ectopic pregnancy in 0.9% among first and consecutive pregnancies. One infant among the 56% boys and 44% girls was born with congenital abnormalities. Most of these infants had a normal birth mass of >2500 g.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed2005

[Study on the reproductive effects of carbon disulfide in male rats and their subgeneration].

OBJECTIVE: To study reproductive toxicity of carbon disulfide and the effects of their subgeneration. METHODS: 40 male rats were randomly divided into four groups. It took ten weeks for the rats to breath CS2 in different densities (0, 50, 250, 1250 mg/m3). Five rats were randomly chosen from the controlling group, high and low dosage group, put them together with female rats for copulation in the ninth week. We observed the pregnant rates, miscarry counts, resorption counts, the numbers and body weight of their subgeneration, weight of the placenta, length of the body, length of the tail, length of the belly, the distance from the rectum to the genital, the effects of the sketetion and the purtenunce. In the eleventh weeks, we measured testide coefficient and testide horizontal of male rats, epididymal weight, sperm count, sperm motility and its classification, the ratio of sperm deformity, etc. RESULTS: The pregnant rats of the dosage groups were all lower than the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant. The data of the high dosage group was obviously lower than the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The body weight and the organ coefficient were all lower than the control group, but only brain coefficient of the high group between the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Teside coefficient of the high dosage group obvioulsly decreased than the control group (P < 0.05). Epididymal weight, sperm count, sperm molitity and incidence rate of ospermia of middle and high dosage group obviously decreased than control group. CONCLUSION: The effects of CS2 in distortion rate and abnormal data of growth are possibly related to the decrease in sperm quality and quantity.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

TEST-egg yolk buffer storage increases the capacity of human sperm to penetrate hamster eggs in vitro.

A total of 85 semen samples from infertility clinic patients were examined to study the effect of storage at 4 degrees C in TES-Tris (TEST)-egg yolk buffer for 24 h on the penetrating capacity of sperm in the zona-free hamster egg penetration assay (HEPA). The mean sperm penetration rate and the fertilization index increased significantly after storage in TEST-egg yolk buffer. Only five out of the 85 samples (5.9%) failed to show any improvement in sperm penetration rate after cold storage. The sperm penetration rate before cold storage showed no significant correlations with routine semen characteristics, semen ATP concentration or the functional integrity of sperm membranes as measured by the hypo-osmotic swelling technique. Significant but low correlations were observed between sperm penetration rate after cold storage and the following semen parameters: sperm count, % motility, total number of motile sperm, % normal sperm morphology, total number of normal sperm, semen ATP concentration and sperm penetration rate before cold storage. Partial correlation analysis revealed that the positive correlation between semen ATP concentration and sperm penetration rate after cold storage was not a direct relationship but was due to the correlation with sperm count. The combination of sperm penetration rate before cold storage, sperm count and % normal sperm morphology accounted for 26.2% of the variation in sperm penetration rate after cold storage by stepwise multiple regression analysis, while sperm penetration rate before cold storage alone explained 13.5% of the variation. The results indicate that TEST-egg yolk buffer treatment can enhance sperm penetration rate in vitro and may be useful in the treatment of impaired sperm fertility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2005

Semen characteristics and sperm morphology in the Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) and how these vary with age and season.

The Arabian leopard is a critically endangered species. Since there are only an estimated 200 animals remaining in the wild, careful management of the captive population is necessary to minimise inbreeding. The objective of this study was to characterise sperm morphology and ejaculate quality in captive males. Semen was collected by electroejaculation from 8 adult captive male leopards (aged 2-16 years) during the summer and winter months, and semen parameters, including sperm morphology, were assessed. Two-year-old leopards showed lower total sperm counts per ejaculate than older animals and these counts declined at > 8 years. Ejaculates collected during the hot summer showed significantly lower sperm concentrations, total sperm counts, sperm motility and viability and percentage of spermatozoa showing normal morphology than ejaculates collected in the cooler winter. The results showed that the male leopard attains sexual maturity between 2 and 3 years of age and exhibits good semen quality until 8 years. Collection of semen for artificial breeding or banking would best be carried out in the cooler winter months.

Age Factors↗