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PubMed1996

Naming norms for brief environmental sounds: effects of age and dementia.

Brief nontonal sounds are used in electrophysiology in the novelty oddball paradigm. These sounds vary in the brain activity they elicit and in the degree to which they can be identified, named, and remembered. Because ease of sound identification may influence sound processing, naming and conceptual norms were determined for 100 sounds for 77 young adults (Experiment 1). Naming ability decreases in normal and pathological aging. Therefore, norms were also derived for older adults (Experiment 2) and for probable Alzheimer's disease patients (Experiment 3). With respect to the young adults, perseverative naming behavior increased in these groups, and sound and picture naming performance were correlated. In Experiment 4, the sound-naming performance of children aged 5-6, 9-11, and 14-16 years was compared. Name and conceptual agreements improved with age, whereas perseverative behavior decreased. These normative data should be useful in guiding sound selection in future studies and help clarify the relationships between sound naming and other variables, including direct and indirect memory performance.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1997

Prediction of the Third and Fourth Heart Sounds by Doppler Echocardiography.

Doppler echocardiographic variables were sought for predicting the third and fourth heart sounds, as documented by phonocardiography. Phonocardiographic recordings of gallop sounds and Doppler echocardiographic investigations of mitral inflow and pulmonary venous flow were evaluated in 85 subjects by discriminant and multiple regression analysis. Of 85 subjects 47% had a third sound and 72% a fourth sound, evaluated by phonocardiography. A correct identification of 85% subjects with, and 82% without, the third sound was possible by discriminant analysis using the ratio of peak early diastolic to peak atrial mitral flow velocity (FV), the interval from peak ECG R wave to peak early diastolic mitral FV, and the early diastolic mitral FV deceleration time. At the observed prevalence of the third heart sound (47%), the predictive positive value was 81% and the predictive negative value was 86%. A correct identification of 72% of the subjects with, and 83% without, a fourth sound was possible by discriminant analysis using the ratio of peak early diastolic to peak atrial mitral FV, the interval between the end of atrial mitral FV and the peak ECG R wave, and the duration of pulmonary venous reverse FV at atrial systole. At the observed prevalence of the fourth heart sound (72%) the predictive positive value was 92% and the predictive negative value was 54%. By multiple regression analysis, up to 50% of the amplitude of both gallop sounds was predictable by a combination of Doppler echocardiographic variables.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Influence of rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic action of power toothbrushes on abrasion of sound and eroded dentine.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of sound and eroded dentine to brushing abrasion performed by different rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic toothbrushes. METHODS: Toothbrushing abrasion (20 cycles, each 30 s) was applied to bovine dentine samples (each subgroup n = 10) exhibiting both a demineralized (each cycle: 1% citric acid, pH: 2.3, 60 s; 30 min remineralization in artificial saliva) and a sound surface area. Toothbrushing was performed in an automatic brushing machine with the rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic toothbrushes either (a) activated, supplemented by 20 strokes/min of the brushing machine, (b) inactivated, supplemented by 20 strokes/min of the brushing machine or (c) inactivated, supplemented by 80 strokes/min of the brushing machine. A manual toothbrush was applied with 20, 80 or 100 linear strokes/min. Specimens of the control group were not brushed after erosion. After each cycle, the samples were stored in artificial saliva for 4 h. After 20 cycles, loss of sound and softened dentine was determined by profilometry. Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test and Bonferroni corrections were applied to the data (p < 0.05). RESULTS: For all groups, demineralized dentin areas exhibited significantly higher abrasion values than the respective sound dentine surfaces. However, mean dentine loss of both softened and sound dentine was higher after use of the rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic brushes with the activated regime [(a) eroded dentine: 9.94-16.45 microm; sound dentine: 3.31-5.47 microm] than after brushing with the inactivated regimes [(b) eroded dentine: 5.10-5.62 microm; sound dentine: 1.16-1.81 microm; (c) eroded dentin: 7.64-8.89 microm; sound dentine: 1.38-1.69 microm]. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that rotating-oscillating, sonic or ultrasonic action of the power toothbrushes leads to an increased loss of demineralized and sound dentine.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Annoyance caused by the sounds of a magnetic levitation train.

In a laboratory study, the annoyance caused by the passby sounds from a magnetic levitation (maglev) train was investigated. The listeners were presented with various sound fragments. The task of the listeners was to respond after each presentation to the question: "How annoying would you find the sound in the preceding period if you were exposed to it at home on a regular basis?" The independent variables were (a) the driving speed of the maglev train (varying from 100 to 400 km/h), (b) the outdoor A-weighted sound exposure level (ASEL) of the passbys (varying from 65 to 90 dB), and (c) the simulated outdoor-to-indoor reduction in sound level (windows open or windows closed). As references to the passby sounds from the maglev train (type Transrapid 08), sounds from road traffic (passenger cars and trucks) and more conventional railway (intercity trains) were included for rating also. Four important results were obtained. Provided that the outdoor ASELs were the same, (1) the annoyance was independent of the driving speed of the maglev train, (2) the annoyance caused by the maglev train was considerably higher than that caused by the intercity train, (3) the annoyance caused by the maglev train was hardly different from that caused by road traffic, and (4) the results (1)-(3) held true both for open or closed windows. On the basis of the present results, it might be expected that the sounds are equally annoying if the ASELs of the maglev-train passbys are at least 5 dB lower than those of the intercity train passbys. Consequently, the results of the present experiment do not support application of a railway bonus to the maglev-train sounds.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prediction of underwater sound levels from rain and wind.

Wind and rain generated ambient sound from the ocean surface represents the background baseline of ocean noise. Understanding these ambient sounds under different conditions will facilitate other scientific studies. For example, measurement of the processes producing the sound, assessment of sonar performance, and helping to understand the influence of anthropogenic generated noise on marine mammals. About 90 buoy-months of ocean ambient sound data have been collected using Acoustic Rain Gauges in different open-ocean locations in the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Distinct ambient sound spectra for various rainfall rates and wind speeds are identified through a series of discrimination processes. Five divisions of the sound spectra associated with different sound generating mechanisms can be predicted using wind speed and rainfall rate as input variables. The ambient sound data collected from the Intertropical Convergence Zone are used to construct the prediction algorithms, and are tested on the data from the Western Pacific Warm Pool. This physically based semi-empirical model predicts the ambient sound spectra (0.5-50 kHz) at rainfall rates from 2-200 mm/h and wind speeds from 2 to 14 m/s.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Exploratory laboratory studies of the relative aversiveness of traffic sounds.

Two experiments examined the acoustical correlates of traffic sound aversiveness. In experimnet I all pairs of 13 45-s traffic sound recordings were presented; subjects chose the sound of each pair to which they would rather be exposed and judged the relative similarity of the sounds. The energy equivalent sound level, Leq, accounted for choice and similarity judgments better than any other noise index, and there was no substantial improvement in ability to account for subjective judgments when other indices were used in conjunction with Leq. In experiment II subjects judged the same sounds which had been made equal in Leq level. Responses were nonrandom, showing that Leq is not the only subjectively important information in traffic sounds, but no acoustical measure employed in the study captured that information. Instead, two subjective measures of information content accounted best for the data of experiment II. Response data for the equal Leq sounds were less structured than for the sounds differing in Leq. The data of the two experiments were statistically related; it is argued that the data sets were related via the measure of information content. Experiment I replicated a previously reported study, while experiment II failed to replicate the results of a second study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated mitochondrial cell death pathway restores auditory function in sound-exposed animals.

We tested and characterized the therapeutic value of round window membrane-delivered (RWM) d-JNKI-1 peptide (Bonny et al., 2001) against sound trauma-induced hearing loss. Morphological characteristics of sound-damaged hair cell nuclei labeled by Hoechst staining show that apoptosis is the predominant mode of cell death after sound trauma. Analysis of the events occurring after sound trauma demonstrates that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase activates a mitochondrial cell death pathway (i.e., activation of Bax, release of cytochrome c, activation of procaspases, and cleavage of fodrin). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated d-JNKI-1 peptide applied onto an intact cochlear RWM diffuses through this membrane and penetrates cochlear tissues with the exception of the stria vascularis. A time sequence of fluorescence measurements demonstrates that FITC-labeled d-JNKI-1 remains in cochlear tissues for as long as 3 weeks. In addition to blocking JNK-mediated activation of a mitochondrial cell death pathway, RWM-delivered d-JNKI-1 prevents hair cell death and development of a permanent shift in hearing threshold that is caused by sound trauma in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 = 2.05 microM). The therapeutic window for protection of the cochlea from sound trauma with RWM delivery of d-JNKI-1 extended out to 12 h after sound exposure. These results show that the mitogen-activated protein kinase/JNK signaling pathway plays a crucial role in sound trauma-initiated hair cell death. Blocking this signaling pathway with RWM delivery of d-JNKI-1 may have significant therapeutic value as a therapeutic intervention to protect the human cochlea from the effects of sound trauma.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Speed of low-frequency sound through lungs of normal men.

The speed of propagation of vesicular lung sound through the lung has not been clearly established. In a recent study (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 54: 304-308, 1983), Rice measured the speed of sound through the parenchyma of excised horse lungs and found it to be 25-70 m/s (less than 20% the speed of sound in air). Filling the lung with helium or sulfur hexafluoride changed the speed of transmission by less than 10%, indicating nongas propagation. The present study was designed to measure the speed of sound through human lungs in vivo. Five healthy, nonsmoking males (aged 27-38 yr) were studied. A microphone was placed on the neck beneath the larynx and another at each of eight locations on the chest wall. Measurements were made at functional residual capacity. White noise was band-pass filtered between 125 and 500 Hz, amplified, and delivered to a loudspeaker connected to a mouthpiece. The speed of sound was measured by cross-correlation analysis of the signals simultaneously detected by the tracheal and chest microphones. This was done after breathing both air and a mixture of 80% He in 20% O2 (He-O2). With air, the mean sound-transit time (trachea to chest wall) ranged from 2 ms at the upper chest to 5 ms at the lower chest (speed of approximately 30 m/s). With He-O2 the mean speed increased by only 10%, whereas the predicted increase of sound speed through gas alone would be greater than 100%. These results are consistent with the in vitro findings of Rice and suggest that within the frequency range of vesicular lung sounds transmission of sound introduced at the mouth is predominantly through the lung parenchyma, not through the airways.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1993

Closest speaking space during the production of sibilant sounds and its value in establishing the vertical dimension of occlusion.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the production of sibilant sounds involved adopting a jaw position that corresponded to the closest vertical speaking space (CSS), by analysis of the smallest vertical excursion of the mandible during the performance of different phonetic exercises. A further objective was to establish the variability in the CSS produced by individual sibilant phonemes. Thirty young adult subjects had their CSS determined during three separate phonetic tests, using a kinesiograph (Sirognathograph, Siemens A.G., Benshiem, Germany) and a Bio-Pak (BioResearch Associates Inc., Milwaukee, WI) jaw-tracking software program. The first test was a general phonetic articulation test containing all the sounds of the English language and specifically including all six sibilant word sounds. The second phonetic test contained the six sibilant sound making up a short sentence. The third test included six single words, each expressing a different sibilant sound. No statistically significant difference among the mean CSS determined in each of three exercises was demonstrable. A phonetic test containing all sibilant sounds produced a CSS equivalent to that of a test containing all speech sounds. The vertical component of the CSS was also independent of the form or duration of the phonetic tests containing the sibilant word sounds used in this investigation. The CSS determined for 5 of the individual sibilant phonemes in the third exercise differed (p < 0.05) from that calculated for the three complete exercises. It was concluded that voicing sibilant phonemes, or word sounds, does cause the subject to adopt the CSS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The representation of conspecific sounds in the auditory brainstem of teleost fishes.

Temporal patterns of sounds are thought to be the most important carriers of acoustic information in teleost fishes. In order to investigate how conspecific sounds are processed by the auditory system, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) elicited by conspecific sounds were recorded in five species of teleosts. In the catfishes Platydoras costatus and Pimelodus pictus, the loach Botia modesta and the labyrinth fish Trichopsis vittata, all of which are hearing specialists, each pulse within the sounds elicited a separate brainwave that closely followed the temporal structure. The ABRs of P. costatus and B. modesta also represent amplitude patterns of conspecific sounds. By contrast, ABRs of the sunfish Lepomis gibbosus, a hearing non-specialist, consisted of long series of waves that could not be attributed to specific sound pulses. A more detailed analysis, however, indicated that each stimulus pulse contributed to the compound ABR waveform. Spectral analysis of low-pitched drumming sounds of P. pictus and corresponding ABRs showed peaks in the ABR spectra at the harmonics of the sound. Our results indicate that, besides temporal patterns, amplitude fluctuations and the frequency content of sounds can be represented in the auditory system and help the fish to extract important information for acoustic communication.

Animal Communication↗
PubMed1999

The snoring spectrum: acoustic assessment of snoring sound intensity in 1,139 individuals undergoing polysomnography.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To quantify the snoring sound intensity levels generated by individuals during polysomnographic testing and to examine the relationships between acoustic, polysomnographic, and clinical variables. DESIGN: The prospective acquisition of acoustic and polysomnographic data with a retrospective medical chart review. SETTING: A sleep laboratory at a primary care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All 1,139 of the patients referred to the sleep laboratory for polysomnographic testing from 1980 to 1994. INTERVENTIONS: The acoustic measurement of snoring sound intensity during sleep concurrent with polysomnographic testing. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Four decibel levels were derived from snoring sound intensity recordings. L1, L5, and L10 are measures of the sound pressure measurement in decibels employing the A-weighting network that yields the response of the human ear exceeded, respectively, for 1, 5, and 10% of the test period. The Leq is a measure of the A-weighted average intensity of a fluctuating acoustic signal over the total test period. L10 levels above 55 dBA were exceeded by 12.3% of the patients. The average levels of snoring sound intensity were significantly higher for men than for women. The levels of snoring sound intensity were associated significantly with the following: polysomnographic testing results, including the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), sleep latency, and the percentage of slow-wave sleep; demographic factors, including gender and body mass; and clinical factors, including snoring history, hypersomnolence, and breathing stoppage. Men with a body mass index of > 30 and an average snoring sound intensity of > 38 dBA were 4.1 times more likely to have an RDI of > 10. CONCLUSIONS: Snoring sound intensity levels are related to a number of demographic, clinical, and polysomnographic test results. Snoring sound intensity is closely related to apnea/hypopnea during sleep. The noise generated by snoring can disturb or disrupt a snorer's sleep, as well as the sleep of a bed partner.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Control of responding by sound location in monkeys: rapid acquisition in darkness.

Rapid control of responding by sound location is obtained in squirrel monkeys when sound stimuli are presented from one of two loudspeakers, each one adjacent to a response key. With this arrangement of loudspeakers and response keys, squirrel monkeys quickly learn to respond on the key near the source of the sound stimulus, and this pattern is the same whether or not responses near the sound source are differentially reinforcedmthis result may depend on a pre-experimental tendency in squirrel monkeys to orient head and eyes toward a sound, which would lead the animal to look at the response key in front of the loudspeaker producing the sound. The present experiment sought to determine whether visual stimuli are necessary for rapid control of responding by sound location. Two monkeys were trained in darkness in a sound-localization task similar to that described above. Results were similar to those obtained from animals trained in light, indicating that visual stimuli are not required for rapid acquisition of sound-localization behavior in monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of custom sounds for achieving tinnitus relief.

Tinnitus masking has been a widely used method for treating clinically significant tinnitus. The method, referred to herein as "sound-based relief," typically uses wearable ear-level devices ("maskers") to effect palliative tinnitus relief. Although often effective, this approach is limited to the use of broadband noise with the maskers. We hypothesized that the effectiveness of treatment can be improved by expanding the auditory-stimulus options available to patients. A pilot study was conducted to determine for each of 21 subjects the most effective of custom sounds that are designed to promote tinnitus relief. While sitting in a sound booth, subjects listened to white noise and to custom sounds that are available commercially for providing tinnitus relief. Three sound formats ("E-Water," "E-Nature," and "E-Air") were provided by the Dynamic Tinnitus Mitigation (DTM-6a) system (Petroff Audio Technologies, Inc.). Additionally, seven sounds were provided by the Moses/Lang CD7 system (Oregon Hearing Research Center). Considering group data, all of the sounds provided a significant reduction in tinnitus annoyance relative to the annoyance of tinnitus alone. Two of the commercial sounds (DTM E-Nature and E-Water) were judged significantly more effective than the other sounds.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The sound exposure of the audience at a music festival.

During the Paleo Festival in Nyon, Switzerland, which took place from 24th to 29th July 2001, ten volunteers were equipped each evening with small sound level meters which continuously monitored their sound exposure as they circulated among the various festival events. Sound levels at the mixing console and at the place where people are most heavily exposed (in front of the speakers) were measured simultaneously. In addition, a sample of 601 people from the audience were interviewed over the six days of the festival and asked their opinion of sound level and quality, as well as provide details of where in the arena they preferred to listen to the concerts, whether they used ear plugs, if they had experienced any tinnitus, and if so how long it had persisted. The individual sound exposure during a typical evening was on average 95 dB(A) although 8% of the volunteers were exposed to sound levels higher then 100 dB(A). Only 5% of the audience wore ear plugs throughout the concert while 34% used them occasionally. While some 36% of the people interviewed reported that they had experienced tinnitus after listening to loud music, the majority found both the music quality and the sound level good. The sound level limit of 100 dB(A) at the place where the people are most heavily exposed seems to be a good compromise between the public heath issue, the demands of artists and organisers, and the expectations of the public. However, considering the average sound levels to which the public are exposed during a single evening, it is recommended that ear plugs be used by concert-goers who attend more than one day of the festival.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[SAM sound studied by pulsed Doppler echocardiography].

The occurrence of a systolic sound in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) has been well known for more than 20 years. This was phonoechocardiographically regarded as the sound coincident with the abrupt halt of the systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the mitral valve echo, and it has been termed the SAM sound. A 58-year-old man with HOCM was admitted with right hemiplegia. He was found to have a SAM sound which waxed and waned in intensity, and at times moved earlier into systole. He was studied by cardiac catheterization, M-mode and two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography (pulsed, continuous wave and color flow Doppler methods). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (interventricular septal thickness = 25 mm, left ventricular posterior wall thickness = 14 mm), as well as SAM and midsystolic aortic valve closure were demonstrated. The presence and intensity of the sound was not related to rhythm (normal sinus rhythm vs atrial flutter), heart rate, respiration, position, or inhalation of amyl nitrite. Two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography revealed the following: 1. In the left ventricular outflow tract just below the aortic valve, a systolic turbulent flow was always present. 2. In the left ventricular chamber near the apex, a systolic laminar flow was interrupted in those cycles where the SAM sound was present. Otherwise, in cycles lacking the SAM sound, laminar flow in this locality continued throughout systole (even shorter duration than normal). 3. In the left ventricular inflow tract, diastolic flow was unaffected by the presence of the sound. 4. No mitral regurgitation was observed using color flow Doppler echocardiography. In summary, a SAM sound appeared to be associated with sudden deceleration of blood flow from the apex to the mid left ventricle.

Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic↗
PubMed1985

[Synchronized hemifacial spasm induced by sound stimulation].

A 42-year-old woman whose hemifacial spasm develops not only involuntarily but also synchronously to the sound stimulation to the left ear is presented. She had about 10 years history of left hemifacial spasm which occurred only involuntarily, and she was treated successfully by microvascular decompression method on June 1982. She had been uneventful and free from facial spasm until around January 1983, about 7 months after the first surgery, when her hemifacial spasm recurred and interestingly enough, this spasm started to occur not only involuntary but also synchronously to stimulation of the sound. On her electromyography (EMG) of the face, high amplitude discharge were noted sporadically during her facial muscle twitching, but more constant and regular high amplitude discharge on EMG were also evoked invariably and synchronously with the sound stimulation which was induced by 90 dB click sound and once this sound stimulation discontinued her facial muscle twitching ceased and abnormal discharge of EMG which appeared with sound stimulation disappeared instantly. On March 18, 1983, her left posterior fossa was explored and another angled artery was found compressing the facial nerve just at the root entry zone, more proximally than the previous site where the nerve was found compressed and decompressed at the first surgery. After complete replacement of this offending artery from the nerve, her facial spasm disappeared completely and was never evoked by the sound stimulation. Her postoperative EMG revealed no abnormal discharges at all after the sound stimulation by click sound in the ear.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Responses of superior collicular neurons of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to stationary and moving sounds.

Responses of 59 superior collicular neurons (SC) of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, to stationary and moving sounds were studied under free-field stimulation conditions. Neurons responding to sound stimulation were recorded from all three layers of the SC; however, responses of neurons in the superficial and upper intermediate layers generally show poor signal to noise ratio. Spatial sensitivity of each SC neuron was studied by determining variation of the number of impulses and minimum threshold (MT) of the neuron with a sound broadcast from a stationary loudspeaker at several selected azimuthal angles. More than 95% of SC neurons showed a lowest MT and maximal number of impulses to sound broadcast from a contralateral angle. However, the angle of lowest MT and the angle of maximal number of impulses of a given neuron were not always the same. Responses of 40 SC neurons to moving sounds were studied by determining the number of impulses of each neuron to a sound broadcast from a moving loudspeaker at selected azimuthal angles. Most (n = 27, 67%) neurons were sensitive to a sound with low moving velocity (36 degrees/s). There were 9 (23%) neurons which discharged maximally to a sound moved in a preferred direction but poorly when moved in the opposite direction. In addition, 5 (13%) neurons discharged maximally to a sound moving away from the midline and across 20 degrees lateral of the bat's frontal auditory space. These findings suggest that SC neurons may help a bat acoustically "gaze" at insect during hunting.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1993

Status of sound field audiometry among audiologists in the United States.

Results of a national survey on sound field usage and sound field calibration are presented. Respondents to the survey were 418 ASHA certified audiologists, who answered questions on demographic variables, sound field testing conditions, and sound field calibration procedures. Demographic characteristics of the respondents indicate that they were representative of ASHA certified audiologists. Eighty-one percent of the respondents use sound field audiometry as part of their audiologic practice. Electroacoustic calibration of the sound field stimuli is done most often by an equipment technician, and only a small percentage of the respondents knew how the calibration was done. Results show a lack of standardization among sound field test rooms, great diversity in the stimuli used for sound field testing, and inconsistent calibration methods. Results indicate the need for standards and improved preservice and in-service training in sound field calibration techniques.

American Speech-Language-Hearing Association↗