Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Self-Control”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Stress management in rehabilitation.

Chronic disability, especially of an acquired nature, is a stressor which requires significant adjustment and adaptation. This ongoing demand for change represents an additional source of stress for disabled as as compared with nondisabled individuals. In response to this need, a stress management program was established for groups of outpatients at an adult rehabilitation center. The program consists of eight 2-hour sessions and is delivered within a psychoeducational context. The present study evaluates the efficacy of the program, based upon a series of six groups. A total of 40 participants, comprised primarily of patients with chronic pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and multiple sclerosis, were assessed on psychometric and psychophysiologic measures both before and after the program. Results indicated a significant decrease at posttest in state anxiety, as well as a significant decrease on a measure of somatization, suggesting less preoccupation with physical symptoms following completion of the training. These findings suggest that rehabilitation patients can profit from self-control techniques taught in a stress management program. Since anxiety can negatively influence the course of many disabilities, the benefits accrued from stress management skills may have generalized effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Methylphenidate and cognitive therapy in children with attention deficit disorder: a double-blind trial.

Stimulant medications have been the treatment of choice for children with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), yet long-term benefits have not been found. The present study examined the ability of an adjunctive cognitive behavioral self-control therapy program to improve upon these long-term results. Findings only partially supported the efficacy of the cognitive therapy, as demonstrated on the Matching Familiar Figures Test of impulsivity. However, this improvement did not persist over time. Results are discussed in terms of the need for pediatricians to consider individual differences in therapeutic response across patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Myocardial infarct promoting type A behavior--an attempt to modify stress-inducing behavior].

To change some crucial elements of coronary-prone behaviour in cardiac patients is considered an important task of behaviour medicine, to reduce physico-chemical and, in particular, psychosocial "risk factors". The experimental study presented had examined whether the type A behaviour pattern, defined as the essential element of coronary-prone behaviour for its latent provocation of stress reactions, can be positively modified through behaviour therapy-focussed treatment within a clinical setting. A total of 91 persons, i.e. 49 recent-MI patients from an inpatient rehabilitation programme and 42 clients of a smoker counselling centre, were examined to identify type A or type B behaviour patterns (Rosenman u. Friedman, 1964). Of 39 type A post-MI patients, 13 (randomly selected) subjects were included in the "trial group" (VG), and participated, within a 4-8 week inpatient rehabilitation programme, in psychological training of stress management, relaxation, and self-control techniques; 3 patients denied participation; the remaining 23 type A post-MI patients, and the 20 type A smoker counselling clients, served as control group KG (A) and KG (B), who did not receive psychological training. Psychological and physiological parameters were assessed at the beginning (t1), the end (t2), as well as 3 and 6 months (t3 and t4) following completion of the psychological training. The results obtained confirm that the MI group includes significantly more type A persons (80 percent) than the cardiologically inconspicious control group of smokers (48 percent). Analysis of the data obtained at the various measurement points show that, as opposed to KG (A) and KG (B), significant improvements have in fact occurred in the trial group, such as reduced mental and psychovegetative stress reactions, which persisted even 3 months after programme completion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Arousal↗
PubMed1987

Hypnosis as an intervention for pain control.

The use of formal hypnosis and/or positive, comforting suggestions to patients for control of pain, fear, and anxiety is simple and effective. In addition, it is easy to learn and teach to patients. Spiegel states that hypnosis, a group of techniques long associated with fantasies of loss of control, is ironically very helpful in actually enhancing patients' sense of control. The clinicians daring to become proficient in the use of hypnotic trance must begin with a conscious effort to abandon all negative suggestions such as "Do you have pain?"; "How much do you hurt?"; and "Move your bad leg." Simultaneously, a conscious effort is made to increase the use of the following positive suggestions: "How comfortable are you going to be tonight?" "Your hand feels so soft and warm"; "It is important to move this leg." These communication skills are best learned from clinicians skilled in hypnotherapeutic techniques. Simultaneously, it is important to become familiar with the works of Erikson and Barber. The American Society of Clinical Hypnosis will provide information about the national organizations and state hypnosis societies that offer approved workshops, conferences, and training opportunities. Hypnosis as analgesia surely provides rest, relaxation, and comfort for patients without the negative side effects of other analgesics. In addition, the ultimate benefit of hypnotic analgesia lies in enabling patients to potentiate their inner strength, resulting in improved self-esteem and self-control.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Factor analysis of the structure of nocturnal sleep and the results of psychodiagnostic examination in man].

Factor analysis was carried out of sleep structure and results of complex psychodiagnostic study in 35 subjects. Seven orthogonal factors were singled out. It is shown that alarm level is connected with fast sleep general presentation; the system of psychological defences is linked with the fast sleep in the second cycle; the self-control in alert state and the transfer from alertness to sleep are interrelated, and duration of the first and last sleep cycles are reciprocally connected.

Cattell Personality Factor Questionnaire↗
PubMed1986

Oral phenylalanine loading and sunlight as source of UVA irradiation in vitiligo on the Caribbean island of Curacao NA.

Recently, favourable results have been reported from oral L-phenylalanine (Phe) combined with UVA/sunlight irradiation (Phe-UVA) in the treatment of vitiligo. In the present pilot study vitiligo patients were treated on a thrice weekly scheme of 50 mg Phe.kg-1 body weight and exposed to sunlight as a source of UVA. An observed 81% response on the skin disorder correlates with earlier figures; 43% responded within 3 months. The self-controlled treatment includes the risk of over-irradiation, as possibly happened with one patient. The repigmentation was predominantly of follicular pattern. The assumption that Phe plays a central biochemical regulatory role in melanin, catecholamine and antibody synthesis forms an attractive challenge for the explanation of repigmentation and requires further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Developmental competency.

Society progressively has been giving children and adolescents a greater degree of autonomy in the decisions affecting their own lives. This increase in responsibility has followed the corresponding increases and awareness of their rights and developmental needs. In this article, a review of the historical development of competency in children is presented. The status of current psychiatric thinking and science is reviewed and the areas of much needed future research are addressed. A general schema is proposed for practical application in balancing parental input with increasing self-control of the child's decisions. Developmental competency of children is a difficult and complex issue that requires careful attention in its assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Psychotherapy of patients with hearing impairment].

The need for psychotherapy with hearing impaired persons, and its necessity, are undisputed among professional workers. Yet, hardly any theory-based, field-tested experience exists so far concerning the procedures to be employed. The present contribution delineates both potential and limitations of psychotherapy with this population. Four schools of psychotherapeutic thinking are investigated as to their specific potential for contributing to psychotherapeutic work with hearing impaired clients. The aspect of "communication channel" is picked out from systems theory; from psychoanalysis, the concepts of therapeutic contract and transference appear significant; Humanistic Psychology, with its contributions concerning extraverbal expression and verbalization of feelings, has opened major routes of access to the hearing impaired individual; the broadest range of concepts and intervention strategies is presented by behavioural therapy. Behavioural approaches--cognitive conditioning, self-control techniques, thought-stopping, cognitive re-structuring--may be of greatest use in working with deaf clients. Given the cognitive and communicative characteristics of the target population, therapeutic work needs to be performed in an eclectic and synoptical manner. Its prime objective lies in uncovering the "deaf identity", in developing and protecting it.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biofeedback and the behavioral treatment of disorders of disregulation.

This paper reviews biofeedback research from the perspective of cybernetic/feedback theory and applies the theory to the behavioral treatment of psychosomatic disorders. The concept of disregulation is used to elucidate how environmental factors can modulate the central nervous system and effect homeostatic, self-regulatory control of peripheral organs. When feedback from peripheral organs is disrupted, it is hypothesized that disregulation occurs, leading to physiological instability and functional disease. Within this framework, biofeedback provides a new feedback loop that can help individuals regain physiological self-control. Basic research using biofeedback to enhance self-regulation of cardiovascular responses is reviewed. The use of biofeedback in the behavioral treatment of disorders such as tension and migraine headache, hypertension, and epilepsy are selectively reviewed and critically evaluated. The need to consider feedback mechanisms in behavioral and biomedical approaches to treatment is highlighted. Predictions regarding the potential inadvertent perpetuation of disregulation and disease through inappropriate biomedical intervention is also considered.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1979

Reinterpretative cognitive strategies in chronic pain management.

This preliminary study was conducted to test the effectiveness of cognitive treatment of clinical pain. Chronic pain patients were trained in a self-control cognitive strategy procedure. Specifically, they were provided with a conceptualization of their pain, instructed in an awareness of their thoughts prior to and during their experience of pain, and trained in the use of several cognitive strategies to replace these thoughts and relabel their pain experience. Training was provided in a group setting to further consolidate the use of the instructions by enabling patients to roleplay the instructions to one another. Patients were also encouraged to verbally reinforce themselves each time they used the procedure. The experience of pain was measured by the McGill pain questionnaire, a behavioral checklist and staff reports. Results suggest that cognitive strategies can effectively alter the experience of clinical pain. Moreover, pain as a cognitive label for a nonspecific state of arousal is suggested.

Cognition↗
PubMed1979

[Self control developing function of self verbalization in children in experimental situations].

80 children received 5 different instructions which the children were supposed to repeat when exposed to classical tempting situations. As one result it could be shown that children of the middle class under the treatment conditions of verbalizing positive consequences were significantly better concerning the time of latency than those of other groups. In contrast to the expectations there were no differences according to factors like class, intelligence and latency. Results are discussed in terms of the development of self-control, relations between verbal and nonverbal behavior, cognitive behavior modification, and in the relation to a similar experiment by Hartig and Kanfer (1973).

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

An eclectic approach to parent group education.

Many factors contribute to a need for parent education today. Parent education has changed over the past centuries as a result of our changing values, our increasing knowledge base, and changes in family structure. The parent education group attempts to meet the parents' need to validate their concerns and offer them process and skills that promote mental health in children. Two popular models of parent education, the reflective model and the behavioral model, stem from two schools of psychologic thought-the phenomenologic school and the behavioral school. Because of the weaknesses and strengths of each model, an eclectic model of parent education is proposed which facilitates an authoritative patern of parenting correlated with self-reliant, explorative, and self-controlled children. This eclectic model of parent education is perceived as being within the role description of the generalist nurse who has access to back-up specialists in the health care system. Many opportunities exist for the nurse to offer this type of health education.

Female↗
PubMed1978

Behavior rating inventory for moderately, severely, and profoundly retarded persons.

The reliability and validity of the behavior of a sample of institutionalized mentally retarded children, with total IQs between 2 and 53, were assessed by a new scale measuring the following areas; communication, self-help, physical skills, self-control, and social behavior. Clinically and statistically acceptable levels of interrater agreement were found. With respect to validity: (a) several factors loaded very highly on items consistent with the a priori labeling of subscales; (b) two of the factors (cognitive and psychomotor development) could account for about 75% of the explained variance in ward placement levels (multiple R = .86); and (c) individual items on the Behavior Rating Inventory for the Retarded correlated highly with independently derived measures of the actual behavior these items represented. The major advantages of this scale over existing ones include its clearly demonstrated validity and relative ease of administration and scoring.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Autogenic training in psychophysiological preparation for parachute jumps].

The efficiency of specific psychophysiological preparation--autogenic training--to parachute jumps was measured in two groups of cadets (test subjects and controls). Hetero- and autogenic training was carried out according to a scheme specially developed for this type of activity. The study of questionnaires and physiological data demonstrated that the specific psychophysiological preparation by means of autogenic training for a certain type of activity helped to develop active self-control over one's own state and emotions, alleviated tension, arrested adverse neurotic manifestations (sleep disturbances, depression, anxiety), contributed to the feeling of confidence in the successful completion of the jump and promoted positive tuning towards subsequent jumps.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1978

Diver adaptability during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA.

The major objective of this study was to demonstrate the advantages of transforming raw scores to ipsative form (deviation scores calculated around each subject's mean), particularly in diver research characteristically involving small subject samples in a self-control design. Measures of reaction time, response accuracy, anxiety, hostility, and depression were obtained from three U.S. Navy divers (Ss) during a nitrox saturation dive at 7 ATA (bottom time 7 days). It was argued and to some extent demonstrated that normative (interindividual) statistics obscure individual differences which are clearly delineated with the scores in ipsative form. Further, this score transformation allowed for meaningful between-Ss (same measure) and between-measures (same S) comparisons. These relationships could not be demonstrated with the scores in normative form. Application of P-technique of factor analysis within each S's arrays of data suggested that the characteristic adaptive patterns of two Ss in this study reacted to the pressure-stress by directing affect inward; for the third S, affect was directed outward. However, none of the 20 scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory clearly discriminated among the three adaptive types.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Oedipal grief: mourning or melancholia?

A discussion of "Oedipal Grief" by Robert May, Ph.D. A clinical syndrome seen in late adolescent men, oedipal grief refers to a depressive state sustained by a vengeful conscience and a pattern of self-punitive acting out. The psychopathology of this syndrome is clarified and differentiated sharply from the normal developmental process of grieving the loss of an idealized oedipal father. As a form of developmental melancholia, the repressed ambivalence and weakening of the ego in this syndrome is highlighted. May's reconceptualization of the structural-instinctual model of the superego and ego ideal is then critically reviewed; his tendency to reduce oedipal to preoedipal developmental phenomena is noted. A more developmentally differentiated theoretical model is suggested in terms of the incomplete internalization of the functions of self-control and self-esteem in the type of adolescent personality organization which underlies, and is perpetuated by, the psychopathology in the oedipal grief syndrome. The main task of brief psychotherapy is thus to promote the ego's capacity to tolerate increased inner conflict so that a developmental shift toward greater internalization can take place. The skillful treatment conducted by May is reinterpreted in these terms; and the therapeutic facilitation of adolescent grieving is placed in the context of structural-developmental change.

Child Development↗
PubMed1978

[The "ideal" pacemaker (author's transl)].

The therapeutic role of chronic cardiac pacing in cardiology has significantly altered for two fundamental reasons: a) on the one hand, there has been a widespread increase in the indications for cardiac stimulation, and consequently, today, approximately 50% of the patients with pacing do not suffer from advanced atrioventricular (A-V) block or syncopal attacks, but are frequently suffering from other pathological conditions: episodes of paroxysmal arrhythmia, atrial disease, depression of the habitual pacemaker by drugs or in the course of cardiomyopathy; b) on the other hand, through technological progress the life of the generator has been lengthened (lithium, plutonium), more variable frequencies within relatively high limits are available, electrodes, wiring, circuits etc. have improved. This extended use of the pacemaker, however, creates in itself a series of problems: it is now possible to envisage the characteristics of the "ideal" pacemaker, in other words, a stimulation unit endowed with resistance, modulation, self-control, innocuosness.

Cardiac Pacing, Artificial↗
PubMed1979

[Intensive care for newborns. Evaluation of questionaires (author's transl)].

This report contains three sections: A general definition of aims and tasks of neonatal intensive care is followed by the description of four regions and four neonatal units of different structure with some relevant statistics. According to this inquiry about 1.5 cots for maximum neonatal care and 4 cots for intermediate care per 1000 live births are needed. Considering efficiency and effectivity the smallest independent intensive care unit should "cover an area" of 4000 deliveries per year; it should be closely connected to a least one obstetrical unit. Where and how this neonatal unit may be integrated into a childrens hospital can be derived from the four examples given. It should be recognized that 1) high quality intensive care depends on the availability of additional pediatric services, 2) comprehensive care of newborn infants necessitates regional organization including a newborn ambulance system. Thus, close contacts with obstetrical, but also with pediatric units offering better facilities should be established. In yearly intervals results are to be self-controlled by statistical means. The following incidences of normal survival of infants referred to childrens hospitals can be gained currently [2]: Birth weights below 1000 g: above 20%; 1000--1499 g: above 85%; above 1500 g: better than 95%. Less favorable figures call for analyses of reasons and measures to abolish them.

Austria↗