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PubMed1983

Group modification of affective verbalizations in a psychiatric population.

An operant group procedure significantly increased the frequency of here-and-now affect, feedback and empathy statements made by psychiatric patients when compared with non-reinforced patients and with base-line performances. Transfer effects were also noted when randomly selected patients from these original groups were 'seeded' into new groups during a non-reinforced session one week after training. Self-disclosure, measured by a modification of Jourard's scale, showed pre-post increases, but the expected interaction with reinforcement was non-significant (P less than 0.20). Scores on the Mooney Problem Check List were unaffected by the procedures. No apparent problem resulted from the absence of a therapist during the group process and it was concluded that the operant group procedures may prove useful both as an adjunct to and as preparation for other therapeutic methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Association of identity and intimacy: an exploration of gender and sex-role orientation.

This study examined Erikson's psychosocial crises of identity versus identity diffusion and intimacy versus isolation, focusing specifically on how sex-role orientation contributes to gender differences in the resolution of these two crises. Perceptions of competence in self-disclosure and emotional support in both same-sex friendships and relationships with heterosexual dating partners, along with achievement of ideological and interpersonal identity, were included in the study so that differences could be examined. First-year and fourth-year college students (n = 135) at a large midwestern university responded to measures assessing identity, capacity for intimacy, and sex-role orientation. When controlling for sex-role orientation, the relationship between identity and intimacy was nonsignificant for men but significant for women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety.

Socially anxious (N = 41) and non-anxious (N = 41) individuals participated in a getting acquainted situation that was based on the reciprocity self-disclosure paradigm. Subjects' appraisals of the situation were manipulated to be either positive or negative by highlighting the likelihood of positive or negative social outcomes. Subjects' social goals and use of safety behaviors were assessed, as were others' reaction to the subjects. As predicted, socially anxious individuals elicited significantly more negative responses from others in the negative appraisal condition, where they employed safety behaviors, than in the positive appraisal condition, where they did not. The results supported a cognitive model of social anxiety, rather than alternative explanations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Environmental determinants of memory improvement in late adulthood.

Two studies were conducted with nursing home residents to determine whether memory could be improved. This was accomplished by increasing the cognitive demand of the environment and then varying the extent to which residents were motivated to attend to and remember these environmental factors. In Study 1, motivation to practice recommended cognitive activities was manipulated by varying the degree of reciprocal self-disclosure offered by interviewers in a series of dyadic interactions. In Study 2, motivation to practice recommended cognitive activities was manipulated by varying whether positive outcomes were contingent on attending to and remembering these activities, which increased in demand over time. Whether as a function of interpersonal (Study 1) or practical (Study 2) incentives, engaging in cognitive activity resulted in improvement on standard short-term memory tests, including probe recall and pattern recall, as well as in improvement on nurses' ratings of alertness, mental activity, and social adjustment for experimental groups relative to controls.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Attraction and exchange in continuing and noncontinuing dating relationships.

Measures enabling one to assess general feelings about a relationship, social exchange behaviors, and the particularism and symbolism of resources given to and received from another were examined longitudinally in 38 dating couples. These variables were first measured shortly after a couple began to date and again approximately 4 months later. We found that in contrast to what might be expected from prevailing theories of relationship development, the later status of couples (still dating or broken up) could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy from the initial measures. This finding corroborates and extends previous work dealing with same-sex friendships. Couples who were still dating 4 months later demonstrated greater love, more relationship-maintaining behaviors, more favorable evaluations of the dating relationship, and greater amounts of self-disclosure at the time of initial contact than did couples who broke up. Over time, these differences (as well as others) between couples who did and who did not continue dating intensified. In terms of the types of resources subjects gave and received from their dating partner, more particularistic and more symbolic resources were exchanged in continuing couples only later. Although both continuing and noncontinuing couples showed a decrease in the correlation between the love that members reported, this was offset in continuing daters by increasingly similar reports of reward, equity, and liking. Results are discussed in terms of initial versus gradually evolving differences between continuing and noncontinuing relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Qualities of online friendships with different gender compositions and durations.

This study was designed to examine the qualities of online friendships with different gender compositions that had been maintained for varying periods of time. A total of 167 Hong Kong Internet-users rated the qualities of their same-sex and cross-sex online friendships on measures such as intimacy, trust, self-disclosure, and relational satisfaction. A 2 (gender of respondents: male vs. female) x 2 (gender of online friends: same-sex vs. opposite-sex) x 3 (duration of friendships: less than 1 year vs. 1-2 years vs. more than 2 years) factorial design was adopted. MANOVA results reveal the three-way interaction effect on intimacy, trust, and relational satisfaction. Specifically, the qualities of male-female, female-male, and female-female online friendships were generally higher for those with a longer duration than those at the early stage of friendship development. However, the qualities of male-male friendships that had been maintained for more than 2 years were lower than those maintained for 2 years or less. These findings suggest that qualities of online friendships are subject to effects of gender composition and duration. The conceptual implications of these results are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein in a Brazilian urban community.

Psychological depression is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. C-reactive protein has been implicated as a mediator of the effect of psychological depression. Several studies have found that individuals, especially men, who report higher levels of psychological depression also have higher levels of C-reactive protein. The current study was undertaken to replicate these results in a Brazilian population, in which there is a much wider range of variation in both background characteristics (such as socioeconomic status) and coronary artery disease risk factors. A sample of 271 individuals was interviewed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Fasting blood samples were obtained and evaluated for C-reactive protein (assessed by a turbidimetric immunoassay using a Dade Behring kit) analysis in a subsample (N = 258) of individuals. The mean +/- SD C-reactive protein for the entire sample was 0.43 +/- 0.44, with 0.42 +/- 0.48 for men and 0.43 +/- 0.42 mg/L for women. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic status, tobacco use, and both total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Higher reported depressive symptoms were correlated with higher C-reactive protein for men (partial r = 0.298, P = 0.004) and with lower C-reactive protein for women (partial r = -0.154, P = 0.059). The differences in the associations for men and women could be a result of differential effects of sex hormones on stress reactivity and immune response. On the other hand, this difference in the associations may be related to gender differences in the disclosure of emotion and the effect that self-disclosure has on physical health and immune response.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Psychoneuroimmunology: can psychological interventions modulate immunity?

There is ample evidence from human and animal studies demonstrating the downward modulation of immune function concomitant with a variety of stressors. As a consequence, the possible enhancement of immune function by behavioral strategies has generated considerable interest. Researchers have used a number of diverse strategies to modulate immune function, including relaxation, hypnosis, exercise, classical conditioning, self-disclosure, exposure to a phobic stressor to enhance perceived coping self-efficacy, and cognitive-behavioral interventions, and these interventions have generally produced positive changes. Although it is not yet clear to what extent these positive immunological changes translate into any concrete improvements in relevant aspects of health, that is, alterations in the incidence, severity, or duration of infectious or malignant disease, the preliminary evidence is promising.

Arousal↗
PubMed1999

Self-efficacy and disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus to sex partners.

HIV-positive persons face significant challenges to disclosing their HIV serostatus, and failure to disclose can place their sex partners at risk. The current study examined HIV serostatus disclosure in 266 sexually active HIV-positive persons recruited from the community. Results showed that 41% had not disclosed their HIV serostatus to sex partners. Men who had not disclosed to partners indicated lower rates of condom use during anal intercourse and scored significantly lower on a measure of self-efficacy for condom use compared to individuals who had disclosed. Emotional distress was also greatest among persons who had not recently disclosed. Having not disclosed to sex partners was closely associated with lower self-efficacy for disclosing, with women who had not disclosed reporting the lowest disclosure self-efficacy. As people living with HIV-AIDS are encouraged to disclose their HIV status, interventions are needed to facilitate disclosure decision making.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Self-certitude and self-being in schizophrenic delusional patients].

When asking how a schizophrenic delusional patient can achieve a new, psychotically determined entity of his existence, we can differentiate the following aspects: 1. A quasi-transcendental organization of the delusional experience establishing the patient's singular self-certitude and the absoluteness of the delusion. 2. A reflexive self-confrontation and self-disclosure within his psychotic experience as the basis of the patient's new, psychotically different self-being. 3. The directly intrusive experience of becoming psychotic as a fundamental transformation of oneself may trigger the awareness of a specific new-beginning and therefore of a radical change in personal self-being. This means as well an existential self-seclusion.

Delusions↗
PubMed1998

[Effects of PAC (personal attitude construct) analysis in counseling].

The aim of the present study is to prove that the use of PAC Analysis will enhance and facilitate counseling effects. Eleven functions were hypothetically presented: (1a) Intake Facilitation Function, (1b) Self-Disclosure Facilitation Function, (1c) Trust Formation Function, (1d) Dialogue Development Function, (2a) Mutual Understanding Function, (2b) Clarification Function, (2c) Self-Understanding Facilitation Function, (2d) Counselor's Awareness Function, (3a) Descriptive Documentation Function, (3b) Practical Explanation Function, and (3c) Evaluation-Assessment Function. By examining two case studies of international students' counseling process, these functions were analyzed. Results showed that all the functions were confirmed. Introducing PAC Analysis into counseling is proved to be effective in the direct intermental function field in counseling process (1a to 1d), the intramental function field between a client and a counselor (2a to 2d), and the indirect intermental function field including description, explanation, and assessment (3a to 3c). It is discussed that PAC Analysis is expected to take an important role in counseling in general.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Therapeutic engagement styles of child sexual offenders in a group treatment program: a grounded theory study.

It is widely observed that child sexual offenders typically exhibit considerable reluctance to self-disclose at a level that reflects the full reality of their offending. Their successful engagement in relapse prevention-based programs is therefore problematic. This paper describes a study involving men undertaking a prototypical group treatment program, facing the challenge of revealing to others the details of their offense process. A procedure was developed to access their covert responses at the time of this encounter. From a grounded theory analysis, participants were found to employ various strategies to manage situations where self-disclosure was required. Four distinct disclosure management styles emerged: exploratory, oppositional, evasive, and placatory; the latter three of which appear unfavorable to effective engagement in treatment. As well as suggesting ways of influencing disclosure management style, analysis indicated that it might be possible to predict these different orientations during routine assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of alcohol intoxication on self-focused attention.

OBJECTIVE: Self-focused attention has been associated with many cognitive, affective and behavioral consequences. Although Self-Awareness Theory predicts that alcohol intoxication reduces self-focused attention, empirical support for this effect has been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to provide a critical test of the conditions under which alcohol intoxication will reduce self-focused attention. Consumption of alcohol and exposure to a mirror were independently manipulated to evaluate the effects of alcohol intoxication on self-focused attention both in the presence and the absence of situational cues that maintain self-focus. METHOD: Subjects were 47 male volunteers; 24 consumed alcohol and 23 consumed a placebo beverage. Approximately one-half of each group sat in front of a mirror while completing a sentence completion task, a situational manipulation previously shown to enhance self-focus. RESULTS: Manipulation checks indicated that all subjects believed that they had consumed alcohol, although subjects who actually drank alcohol did feel more intoxicated than those who did not. The pattern of means suggests that both mirror exposure and alcohol intoxication enhanced the frequency of self-focused responses. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of alcohol consumption were contrary to predictions from Self-Awareness Theory, but consistent with findings from previous research on the acute effects of alcohol intoxication on self-disclosure. That is, alcohol intoxication may have prompted subjects to focus on immediate and salient information which, in the absence of distractions, happened to be self-focused.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Video self-portraits: a novel approach to group psychotherapy with young adults.

A group therapy model was formulated for exploring the intersubjective processes of adolescents and young adults whose group bonds had been fragmented by their severe emotional illnesses. The model involved having adolescents and young adults who were psychiatric inpatients make video self-portraits; that is, videotapes which focused on various aspects of their emotional pathology. These tapes were then presented before a larger group of nine patients for discussion. The video team method is shown to aid in self-disclosure and facilitate the working through of severe emotional conflicts in this age group. It is an especially useful method with more severely disturbed patients for whom narcissistic self pathology is a prominent feature.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Quitting smoking.

Four factors which influence smoking treatment outcome are identified: environmental variables, client characteristics, process variables, and specific treatment approaches. Important environmental factors are stress and social support. Of client characteristics, sex is the best predictor of treatment success. Men are more likely to quit and maintain abstinence than women. However, the majority of women alter their smoking habits during pregnancy. Low-income persons and ethnic minorities are underrepresented among subjects in treatment studies and have larger percentages of smokers in the population at large. Extraverted smokers are more likely to begin to smoke and have difficulty quitting. Also, the more anxious, poorly adjusted smoker has more trouble quitting than the less troubled smoker. The higher the client's sense of self-efficacy, the better the chance of that person entering treatment and doing well. Furthermore, smokers who take in lower levels of nicotine are more successful at quitting. Many process questions are suggested. Few have been approached empirically. The effectiveness of ex-smokers as therapists in smoking cessation programs has not been systematically investigated, even though the smoking history of therapists is a question frequently asked by clients. We suggest that the skill and empathy of group leaders is more important than smoking history. Smoking therapists should be aware of nonspecific treatment factors such as positive expectations, social reinforcement, and self-disclosure which may have a powerful influence on the efficacy of smoking treatment. Specific treatment approaches were classified into three categories: low-contact approaches, including educational, self-help, and minimal treatment approaches; psychological treatments; and pharmacological treatment. Education, self-help, and minimal treatment approaches are thought to be accretively effective when the large size of the audience is considered. Also, innovative treatments which address the influence of social support systems and physiological addition are promising treatments for individuals requiring a structured or intensive method of quitting.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2004

Recovery and mental illness: analysis and personal reflections.

My strong desire to enter the helping profession has been fuelled by my experiences as a consumer-survivor of the mental health system who is recovered and is symptom-free. And yet, driven by concomitant hopes of changing the system under which I found my care and the care of those around me to be flawed at best, and in order to relate to both consumers and practitioners the need for a recovery paradigm and for empowerment and hope, I found that in the academic world, I "passed." For fear of discrimination, tokenization, and the discreditation of my ideas, I took on the role of practitioner-in-training, never disclosing my identity as a consumer-survivor, no matter how much I felt this unique perspective could contribute to a discussion. I was torn. Had I not entered this field in order to bring about change and instill hope based on my story? Feeling hypocritical, I nonetheless decided that it would be best to delay self-disclosure until I achieved professional status.

Affect↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Body image in pregnancy].

Many women show a remarkable change in body experience during the second period of pregnancy; the enlarged abdomen is no longer perceived as such but as a child. These women have the impression that the child is growing forward and that they are themselves behind the child, sometimes also that the ventral body boundary has moved dorsally--less frequently even behind the child. This change in body experience should be considered as a kind of separation of the child from the mothers body, which can be more or less complete and which is interpreted as a gradual dissociation of the child from primary narcissistic mother child unit; this appears to be useful as a preparation for the birth and for the subsequent mother-child relationship. Factors which may influence the degree of dissociation are discussed. Self perception and awareness of other gravidae are particularly sensitive during pregnancy. The showing off the pregnancy in a sense of self-disclosure is an emotionally important act.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences for the predictors of depression in young adults with genital herpes.

Genital herpes is a chronic, stigmatizing, sexually transmitted disease (STD), which is increasing despite efforts to control its spread. Depression is commonly reported among people diagnosed with genital herpes and differences in depression by gender have been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify gender differences in the predictors of depression in young adults with genital herpes by secondary analyses of baseline data from a randomized clinical trial (RCT). For the RCT, young adults (193 females, 59 males) with genital herpes were recruited from newspaper advertisements. Participants completed questionnaires measuring illness burden, attitudes toward herpes, stress symptoms, mood states, depression, self-concealment, self-disclosure, substance use, and demographics. Univariate analyses and multiple regression techniques were used to identify variables predictive of depression in this sample. In women, increased anger, decreased vigor, increased confusion, a negative attitude toward herpes, self-concealment, and stress symptoms from genital herpes predicted more depression (R2 = 0.63). In men, increased depression was predicted by increased anger, a negative attitude toward herpes, and a decreased willingness to share personal information with a stranger (R2 = 0.51). Findings suggest that future psychoeducational interventions should address anger as a predictor of depression in this population. Gender-specific interventions need to be developed in order to assist young adults who are living with genital herpes.

Adaptation, Psychological↗