Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Immunocytochemical localization of a developmentally regulated, isoproterenol-inducible protein (LM protein) in rat submandibular gland.

Administration of the beta-adrenergic drug isoproterenol (IPR) produces hyperplastic and hypertrophic enlargements of the submandibular gland of the rat and induces the synthesis of specific proteins in this organ. One of these proteins, the LM (large mobile) protein, was demonstrated immunocytochemically in the submandibular glands of developing untreated and IPR-treated rats. Immunoreactive LM protein was absent in the glands of 20-day-old fetuses and 1- and 2-day-old rats. It was localized in the proacinar and immature acinar cells in the glands of 6- to 21-day-old animals, but it was undetectable at 28 days of age. In the glands of adult rats, secretory granules of the granular convoluted tubule cells showed immunostaining for the LM protein which was also present in trace amounts in the acinar cells. Daily administration of IPR for 5 days to newborn or 8- or 15-day-old rats caused an apparent acceleration of proacinar/acinar cell differentiation, and consequently it increased the frequency of cells immunostained for the LM protein as well as the amount of immunoreactive material in these cells. Thus, the expression of LM protein in the submandibular gland is developmentally regulated, and it is restricted to the stage of differentiation of proacinar cells from terminal tubule cells. IPR is capable of inducing this protein in fully differentiated acinar cells in 3-week-old or older animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Cytochemical glucose-6-phosphatase activity in the cells of mouse pancreas and submandibular gland.

Ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphatase activity was studied in the cells of the pancreas and submandibular gland of the mouse using a incubation medium modified from that of Wachstein & Meisel (1956). In pancreatic acinar cells, the reaction product for the enzyme activity was not found even after 90 min of incubation with three changes of the medium. However, the reaction product was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of all other cell types composing the pancreas and submandibular gland. The reaction product appeared in moderate to abundant amounts in acinar cells and striated duct cells of the submandibular gland, and in the B cells, A and D cells of the pancreatic islet, but it was scarce in other cell types.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mucous droplets with multiple membranes in the accessory submandibular glands of long-winged bats.

BACKGROUND: Certain species of bats possess two sets of submandibular glands, namely, principal and accessory. The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the accessory submandibular gland was examined in three species of long-winged bats. METHODS: Specimens of Miniopterus schreibersi and M. magnator were live-trapped in Thailand, and of M. inflatus were live-trapped in Kenya. For electron microscopy, accessory submandibular lands were initially fixed in triple aldehyde-DMSO, postfixed in osmium tetroxide, and embedded in Epon-Maraglas. A portion of the glands collected in Thailand (M. schreibersi and M. magnator) was fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections of the latter material were subjected to a battery of histochemical tests for glycoconjugates. RESULTS: Although in all three species the accessory submandibular glands have normal histological structure, the glands in two, M. schreibersi and M. magnator, were distinguished by possessing mucous droplets of unusual morphology. These droplets, whose identity as mucous was confirmed by histochemical tests for glygoconjugates, are delimited by manifold membranes: up to 10 in M. schreibersi and fewer, but still multiple, in M. magnator. In both species, the entire array of surface membranes may fold inward in the fashion of mitochondrial cristae, forming packets of membranes, many of which have the spurious appearance of floating free in the droplet matrix. These multipartite limiting membranes appear to originate simply by Golgi saccules and moderately large, flattened Golgi vesicles repeatedly wrapping themselves around the surface of nascent mucous droplets. During exocytosis, the outermost membrane of each mucous droplet contacts the luminal membrane, this barrier ruptures, then the remainder of the droplet--multiple membranes and matrix--either flow into the lumen or are cast out in toto. In either case, a great deal of membrane phospholipid is added to the saliva. This salivary lipid may permit these bats to consume insects that normally are able to repel predators with chemical defenses that make them unpalatable. The third species that we studied, M. inflatus, has mucous droplets of normal appearance, i.e., they have only one limiting membrane. CONCLUSIONS: The varying structure of mucous secretory products among the species of Miniopterus provides important clues as to the evolution of this genus as well as to the evolution of secretory cells in general.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Abnormal blood flow to the submandibular glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome: Doppler waveform analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess abnormalities in blood flow to the submandibular glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS: Doppler waveform analysis was performed on the facial artery to assess blood inflow to the submandibular gland of 21 patients with primary SS and 69 healthy subjects. Blood flows were compared before and after secretory stimulation with lemon extracts. RESULTS: The facial artery of healthy subjects in the resting state exhibited a biphasic waveform with a high systolic peak and a prominent second peak of compliance followed by a low diastolic flow. In contrast, the waveform of patients with SS was more uniform compared with the healthy subjects, substantiated by decreased resistive and pulsatility indices, suggesting a hyperemic state of the downstream vascular bed. After stimulation of salivary secretion, the facial artery of healthy subjects responded by decreasing resistive and pulsatility indices, waveform changes indicative of increased blood inflow to the submandibular gland. In contrast, the facial artery of patients with SS responded insufficiently to the stimulation, with the magnitude of changes in the resistive and pulsatility indices being significantly lower than those of the controls. Doppler waveform abnormalities were correlated with the severity of gland damage, supporting a close connection between abnormal blood inflow to the salivary gland and impaired secretory function in SS. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that blood inflow responses to secretory stimulation may be defective in the salivary glands of patients with SS.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Nerve growth factor in mouse serum and saliva: role of the submandibular gland.

The concept that the salivary gland of the mouse is an endocrine organ for nerve growth factor (NGF) has been reexamined. Serum concentrations of the protein have been measured by radioimmunoassay in male and female mice and in mice from which the submandibular glands were removed. In spite of the fact that the submandibular glands of male mice contained more NGF than did those of female mice, no sex differences in circulating concentrations of the factor were detected. Furthermore, serum concentrations of NGF did not change after submandibular gland removal or after administration of several autonomic agonists. These results indicate that the submandibular glands are not endocrine organs with respect to NGF. On the other hand, extremely high concentrations of the factor are normally secreted in mouse saliva at levels that reflect the sex differences in the amount of NGF present in the glands. This finding suggests that the salivary gland is an exocrine organ for NGF and that the protein may play a biological role in saliva.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced malignancy on the subcellular distribution of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in submandibular glands of rats.

The binding of [3H]Ro 5-4864 to peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) was studied in normal and malignant submandibular glands of rats. The carcinoma was induced by implantation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) into the glands. [3H]Ro 5-4864 binding to normal and malignant submandibular glands indicated one population of binding sites with high affinity (KD of 3.4 and 4.4 nM for normal and malignant respectively) and saturability (Bmax) of 487 and 321 pmol/g tissue for normal and malignant respectively). Subcellular localization of PBRs indicates that mitochondria was the primary locale of the receptor in both cases and the decrease in Bmax was due primarily to a decrease in the binding capacity of PBRs in mitochondria.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1998

Activation of the Na+-K+(NH4+)-2Cl(-)- cotransporter from rat submandibular glands in response to VIP.

A cellular suspension from rat submandibular glands was prepared with collagenase. The intracellular pH (pHi) was estimated with 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxy-ethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). After exposure to NH4Cl, the pHi transiently increased (diffusion of NH3) and then dropped (influx of NH4+). Isoproterenol increased 2.5-fold the rate of NH4+ influx; bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+-K+-2Cl(-)-cotransporter blocked the response to isoproterenol, confirming that the beta-adrenergic agonist stimulated the cotransporter. Forskolin (1 micromol/L) mimicked the response to isoproterenol. VIP (1 nmol/L(-1) micromol/L) also increased the activity of the cotransporter. Cyclic AMP rather than calcium was the mediator of this activation since 1) carbachol which increased the [Ca2+]i fivefold increased the uptake of NH4+ by only 50%; 2) only high concentrations of VIP significantly increased the [Ca2+]i; 3) incubation in the presence of EGTA had no effect on the response to VIP; 4) low concentrations (nmol/L) of the neuropeptide increased the intracellular level of cAMP; and 5) the stimulation of the cotransporter by VIP, forskolin, and isoproterenol was inhibited by H8, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is concluded that the Na+-K+-2Cl(-)-cotransporter of rat submandibular glands is activated by isoproterenol, forskolin, and neuropeptides of the VIP family by a mechanism involving cAMP-dependent processes. The activation of the cotransporter by VIP could partly explain the potentiating effect of VIP on the response to sialagogues like substance P or muscarinic agonists.

Ammonium Chloride↗
PubMed1981

Chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular gland. A retrospective study of 108 case.

The main etiologic factor in chronic sialadenitis of the submandibular gland is the salivary calculus. One hundred eight extirpated submandibular glands with the clinical diagnosis of chronic sialadenitis were histologically examined. The intensity of parenchymal destruction was related to the duration of symptoms prior to surgery. With the exception of four cases the glands showed histologically a varying degree of pathologic alterations. In almost one-third of the cases no acinar structures were found. The duration of symptoms ranged from 1 week to 55 years. No statistical evidence of correlation existed between the duration of symptoms and the degree of histological changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Blood flow of the submandibular gland in sodium-depleted and -loaded rats: effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition.

The present investigations were designed to study the hemodynamic effects of different sodium diets in the submandibular gland of rats with or without nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibition. Experimental animals were kept on: (1) standard chow and tap water ad libitum (normal group, N), or (2) wheat and distilled water ad libitum for 4 weeks (sodium-depleted animals, SD), or (3) standard chow and saline ad libitum for 4 weeks (sodium-loaded animals, SL). NO synthase was inhibited by N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg per day) in the last week. The rats were anesthetized, and blood pressure, cardiac output (Stewart-Hamilton's principle) and blood flow (BF) of the submandibular gland (Sapirstein's technique) were determined. High sodium intake resulted in a 47% increase of glandular BF as compared to BF measured in the control group. In all groups L-NAME decreased BF (ml/min per 100 g gland) as compared to those of rats with no L-NAME treatment (N: 76.4 +/- 15.4 vs. 56.0 +/- 11.6, P < 0.05; SD: 71.0 +/- 17.7 vs. 56.2 +/- 15.1, n.s.; SL: 112 +/- 29.4 vs. 66.9 +/- 18.4, P < 0.001), whereas the vascular resistance (VR, mm Hg x ml-1 x s x kg-1) increased (N: 11.0 +/- 2.3 vs. 17.5 +/- 4.1, P < 0.001; SD: 11.0 +/- 2.7 vs. 17.0 +/- 4.2, P < 0.01; SL: 8.5 +/- 2.4 vs. 14.9 +/- 4.6, P < 0.001). The increase in VR after L-NAME treatment was 64% in normal, 55% in sodium-depleted and 75% in sodium-loaded rats. Our results suggest that NO takes part in the regulation of vascular resistance and BF in the submandibular gland. Sodium load itself increases BF of the submandibular gland and this phenomenon may partly be mediated by NO.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Microvascular autologous submandibular gland transfer in severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

The objective is to evaluate the technique of microvascular autologous submandibular gland transfer for the treatment of severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca. From August 1999 to April 2002, 38 patients with severe keratoconjunctivitis sicca were treated by autologous submandibular gland transfer to the temporal region of the skull. The related vessels were anastomosed to the superficial temporal artery and vein. When the vein was too small, venous bridging was applied. Prior to cutting off the gland, the facial artery was preserved and infused with heparin in normal saline after the gland had been freed to allow inspection of the blood oozing from the three veins. This would be helpful in the selection of a relevant vein for anastomosis. Wharton's duct was transplanted to the upper lateral conjunctiva fornix, and the gland was left denervated. Postoperative scintigraphy with Tc99m pertechnetate, follow-up studies, and management of complications were performed. The transplantations were successful in 33 cases, their symptoms of xerophthalmia disappeared. The discomfort resulting from bright light and wind was also relieved. These patients could stop applying artificial tears. In five patients the transplanted glands did not survive. Epiphora occurred in eight cases. They were successfully treated by reducing the size of the graft. Obliteration of Wharton's duct took place in two cases and was treated by the reconstruction of the duct or duct orifice. Microvascular autologous submandibular gland transfer is a lasting and effective solution for severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Role for the submandibular gland in modulating pulmonary inflammation following induction of systemic anaphylaxis.

Previous studies have shown that bilateral decentralization of the superior cervical ganglia (SCG; decentralization) attenuates allergen-induced pulmonary inflammatory responses in male rats sensitized to the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The present report examines the neuronal and glandular mechanisms mediating the protection against pulmonary inflammation afforded by decentralization. Tissues and organs innervated by the SCG are responsible for this protection since, in a manner similar to decentralization, bilateral removal of the SCG (ganglionectomy) reduced anaphylaxis-induced accumulation of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Removal of the submandibular gland (sialadenectomy) did not modify the severity of the pulmonary inflammation, but concurrent sialadenectomy and decentralization abolished the protective effect of decentralization. Thus, we postulate that cervical sympathetic nerves tonically inhibit release of anti-inflammatory factors from submandibular glands. No relationship was found between noradrenaline and serotonin content of submandibular glands and the degree of protection against pulmonary inflammation offered by decentralization and ganglionectomy. Both decentralization and ganglionectomy appeared to increase the level of transcripts that encode immunomodulatory growth factors (nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor) in submandibular glands, but these denervations evidently did not modify the transcripts for TGF beta 2. Systemic inflammatory events are regulated by the central nervous system at a level superior to the SCG probably through modulation of immunoregulatory factors in submandibular glands.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1990

Histologic assessment of the submandibular glands in autoimmune-disease-prone mice.

Submandibular glands were examined from three autoimmune-disease-prone strains of mice (NZB/W, MRL/l and MRL/n) and controls (C57BL/6J). Focal lymphocytic adenitis was more prevalent and more severe in autoimmune-disease-prone strains than controls and in females than males. Lymphocytic foci were more frequent in older age groups, but female MRL/1 mice exhibited high levels of focal lymphocytic adenitis irrespective of age. Salivary parenchyma was generally well preserved. In the strain-age groups with the highest focal lymphocytic scores proportional acinar volumes were significantly less than in controls. However, the proportion of acinar tissue showed no consistent relation to the severity of focal lymphocytic adenitis across all strains and age groups of either sex. Sexual dimorphism in granular duct prominence was weakened in NZB/W and MRL/l strains compared to controls.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Developmental study of androgen responsiveness in the submandibular gland of the mouse.

The development of androgen responsiveness in the submandibular gland of normal and androgen-resistant (Tfm) mice of different ages was studied after varying hormonal treatments. Total esteroproteolytic (tamase) activity of submandibular gland homogenates was used as a marker for androgen action. Newborn mice of all four genotypes (normal male, normal female, carrier Tfm females, and Tfm males) were resistant to androgen. However, at 3 weeks of age the capacity to develop a tamase response appears in normal and carrier Tfm animals given androgen and rapidly rise to maximal levels. The level in the normal animal is regulated thereafter primarly by the level of circulating androgen. In contrast, the tamase response in the Tfm male of all ages and under all androgen regimens was minimal.

Aging↗
PubMed1977

The role of the submandibular glands in extrarenal erythropoietin production in mice.

The plasma erythropoietic activity of anephric mice and anephric mice without submandibular glands was compared. The erythropoietin production was stimulated by anemia (phenylhydrazine) and hypobaric hypoxia (0.4 atm). The activity was measured by the 59Fe incorporation in total circulating red blood cells in mice rendered polycythemic by hypoxia. The results were also calculated in units (IRP) of erythropoietin. The plasma erythropoietic activity of anephric mice was neutralized by antiserum against normal erythropoietin. Extrarenal erythropoietin production was significantly reduced in mice deprived of submandibular glands. These data indicate that this phenomenon is not restricted to the rat and support the concept that the submandibular glands are important extrarenal sources of erythropoietin.

Anemia↗
PubMed1978

Localization of kallikrein in the coagulating and submandibular glands of the guinea pig.

Antibody to pure kallikrein from the coagulating gland of the guinea pig was used to localize kallikrein in the gland by immunofluorescence techniques. This antibody also reacted with the guinea pig's submandibular gland kallikrein. The specific fluorescence in the coagulating gland was present diffusely in all secretory cells lining the crypts. In contrast to its diffuse location in the coagulating gland, kallikrein in the submandibular gland was specifically located in the luminal border of striated and some larger duct cells, whereas the acinar cells and interstitial tissue showed no significant fluorescence.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Differences in parasympathetic vasodilator and salivary responses in the cat submandibular gland between lingual and chorda-lingual nerve stimulation.

Experimental activation of parasympathetic vasodilatation and salivation in the submandibular gland by a "pseudoreflex" method has definite advantages over other commonly used methods. However, it is unclear which stimulation sites allow for avoidance of direct activation of the parasympathetic efferents to this gland. We examined this question in heavily anesthetized (alpha-chloralose and urethane), artificially ventilated, cervically vago-sympathectomized cats, using the intersection of the chorda-lingual nerve and the submandibular gland duct ("the intersection") as our reference point. Both vasodilatation and salivation evoked by electrical stimulation of the lingual nerve were abolished by section of the chorda-lingual nerve (10 mm proximal to the intersection), provided the stimulation site was distal to the intersection by 4 mm or more. This salivation was abolished by the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine. Thus, by careful choice of stimulation site, submandibular gland responses mediated solely by reflex parasympathetic mechanisms can be evoked by lingual nerve stimulation in this preparation.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMed1984

Metastasis to the submandibular gland as the initial presentation of small cell ("oat cell") lung carcinoma.

A 45-year-old man had a submandibular mass, which was resected. Histopathologic evaluation and the subsequent course revealed it to be a metastasis from a small cell carcinoma of the lung. This is the first case in which a metastatic lesion in the submandibular gland was the presenting manifestation of an extrasalivary neoplasm, predating discovery of the primary tumor. Metastases to the salivary glands in general and to the submandibular gland in particular are discussed, as is the differential diagnosis with primary salivary gland carcinoma.

Carcinoma, Small Cell↗
PubMed2005

Submandibular gland endoscopic resection: a cadaveric study.

Recent advancement of head and neck surgery has been marked by the development of endoscopic and video-assisted minimally invasive surgery. This study reports the feasibility of endoscopic submandibular gland resection in human cadavers. Twelve submandibular gland resections were performed in six human cadavers. A 30 degrees angle endoscope and conventional surgical instruments were inserted through two 15 mm submandibular incisions. Dissection was carried out bluntly with scissors in an avascular plane superficial to the gland. No insufflation was needed since transcutaneous sutures lead to effective retraction. Facial vessels, the lingual nerve and Wharton's duct were identified and protected. Vascular ligatures were performed using surgical miniclips. After the procedure, an open submandibular dissection was performed to control the integrity of the anatomical structures. In all cases, the resection of the submandibular gland was successful without the need for an additional incision. Injuries of the facial artery and lingual nerve occurred when the procedure was carried out initially. The operative time decreased with training, from 120 min for the first cases to 35 min for the later ones. In conclusion, endoscopic submandibular gland resection is possible without major difficulty. Training and experience reduce the operative time and the complication rate.

Aged↗