A comparison of urine specific gravity values in diaper vs. bagged specimens.
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Humans↗
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Creatinine versus specific gravity-adjusted urinary cadmium concentrations.
The aim was to assess how urinary creatinine is affected by age, gender, body size and meat intake, and to determine to what extent such factors might affect the creatinine adjustment of urinary cadmium. The study was based on three Swedish studies: (1) 67 non-smoking women aged 20-50 years (24-h urine samples); (2) 289 men and 434 women aged 16-81 years (spot urine samples); and (3) 98 men and 105 women aged 19-72 years (spot urine samples). The effects of age, body surface area (as an indicator of muscle mass), and meat intake on urinary creatinine and cadmium were analysed using multiple regression analyses. Gender- and age-related variations in urinary creatinine and cadmium adjusted for creatinine or specific gravity were compared by ANOVA or ANCOVA. In the multiple regression analyses, body surface area, gender, age and meat intake were the major determinants of urinary creatinine. Urinary cadmium adjusted for creatinine and specific gravity were also dependent on body size, gender and age. Urinary cadmium adjusted for creatinine was 15-92% higher in women or older individuals than in men or younger individuals. Women or older individuals had -3 to 79% higher urinary cadmium adjusted for specific gravity than men or younger individuals had, and such a difference between gender or age group was less obvious in specific gravity adjustment than in creatinine adjustment. Thus, urinary cadmium adjusted for creatinine is more affected by age, gender, body size and meat intake than is specific gravity adjustment. When comparing individuals or populations with large differences in muscle mass or meat intake, such effects can be especially important. In such studies, specific gravity adjustment seems to be more appropriate.
Adult↗
Utilization of byproducts from the tequila industry: part 1: agave bagasse as a raw material for animal feeding and fiberboard production.
Agave bagasse was successfully separated into fractions that were used in sheep feeding trials. Agave bagasse can be substituted for corn stubble in the sheep's diet which resulted in improved weight gain. Agave bagasse was also processed into long and short fiber fractions with a hammermill and fiberboards of medium and high specific gravities being produced. Medium specific gravity agave fiberboards had moisture and mechanical properties comparable to medium specific gravity fiberboards made using aspen fiber. All high specific gravity agave fiberboards made from short or long fibers were stronger in bending than the ANSI standard for hardboards.
Animal Feed↗
[Immunosuppressive effect of culture supernatant derived from decidual cell rich fraction].
The immunosuppressive function of culture supernatant of decidual cell rich fraction (Dec. supp.) was studied with the aim of clarifying the role played by decidual tissue in maintaining pregnancy. To obtain decidual cells, decidual tissue from miscarriages was enzyme-treated and submitted to Percoll discontinuous specific gravity centrifugation in specific gravity fractions from 1,025 to 1,065 in steps of 0.01. Decidual cell rich fraction was obtained in specific gravity fractions at 1,035 and 1,045. The Dec. supp. was obtained by incubating the decidual cell rich fraction for 24 hours. The effects on cell-mediated immunity were studied with the PHA reaction of mononuclear cells (MNC) and the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) among normal subjects. For the PHA reaction, suppression was 19.5 +/- 7.8% and 38.2 +/- 8.9% after the administration of Dec. supp. at 20% and 50% respectively. For the MLR, conspicuous suppression of 48.0 +/- 19.1% and 61.0 +/- 31.2% was seen after administration at 20% and 50% respectively. Next, indomethacin (ind.), a synthetic suppressor of prostaglandin (PG), was added in order to determine what part PG in the culture supernatant plays as one of the immunosuppressive factors in Dec. supp. Suppression was notably weaker. The PGE density in Dec. supp. was measured and found to be as high as 840 +/- 350 pg/ml, which suggests the possible intervention of PG as one of the suppressing factors.
Cells, Cultured↗
Nonphytate phosphorus requirement of laying hens with and without phytase on a phase feeding program.
An experiment was conducted to reevaluate the nonphytate P (NPP) requirement of laying hens with and without phytase. The experiment involved 12 treatments in a 6 x 2 factorial design. The hens of the control group (T1) were fed a sequence of 0.40-0.35-0.30% NPP during 30 to 42, 42 to 54, and 54 to 66 wk, respectively. The NPP was reduced in increments of 0.05% in T2 to T6. The hens of T7 to T12 were fed NPP regimens similar to T1 to T6 but with 300 units phytase/kg diet. Two digestion trials were conducted during 42 and 66 wk, and nitrogen, phytate, and total P retention were determined. In the absence of phytase, production traits were not different for hens fed a NPP regimen of 0.25-0.20-0.15% than for the unsupplemented phytase control group for the entire experiment (P > 0.05). However, production traits were inferior for hens fed the lower NPP regimens (P < 0.05). In the presence of phytase, production traits were not different for hens fed the lowest NPP regimen (0.15-0.10-0.10%) than for the unsupplemented phytase control for the entire experiment (P > 0.05). The overall effect of NPP regimens and phytase on specific gravity for the entire experiment was significant. Specific gravity was greater for hens fed the regimens with less NPP than for hens fed regimens with greater NPP, and phytase had an adverse effect on specific gravity. However, specific gravity of hens fed the lowest NPP regimen with phytase was not significantly different from the unsupplemented phytase control group. The overall effect of phytase on phytate P retention was significant during digestion trials; phytase increased phytate P retention by about 15%. Daily total P excretion was 34 to 47% less for hens fed the lowest NPP regimen with phytase than for the unsupplemented phytase control group. Significant interactions existed for a number of traits and are discussed in the text.
6-Phytase↗
Intraventricular albumin: an optional agent in experimental post-traumatic brain edema.
HYPOTHESIS: Human albumin may be effective in the treatment of posttraumatic brain edema due to its hyperoncotic features. Therefore, the aim of the experimental study presented in this paper has two points: the first is to evaluate the efficacy of intraventricular hyperoncotic human albumin on post-traumatic brain edema and the second is to try to show the appropriate posttraumatic time window for albumin administration. METHOD: Traumatic brain injury and subsequent edema was formed by a model of impact acceleration injury in rats. Human albumin was administered via intraventricular route by using a stereotactic head holder. All animals in each group were decapitated 24 hours after the procedure and the effect of albumin was evaluated by measurement of tissue specific gravity. RESULTS: Tissue specific gravity decreased in edematous tissue (trauma indicator), increased after albumin administration at the 12th (p < 0.001), and both at the 1st and 12th hour of the trauma (edema treatment; p < 0.001). On the other hand, albumin administered at the 12th, and at both the 1st and 12th hours in the rats without trauma has caused the formation of the brain edema. CONCLUSION: We conclude that human albumin is effective in cytotoxic, but not in vasogenic edema and exerts its best anti-edematous effect at the 12th hour of severe head trauma and this study may help future studies that will try to show the effects of albumin with different time modalities after severe head injury.
Analysis of Variance↗
[Determining the overall density of permanent human teeth and its relation to the carrier's age (author's transl)].
(1) The pyknometer method was used to determine the specific gravity of the roots, central portions (necks), and crowns of 130 human teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) obtained during autopsies. The overall density or specific gravity was calculated as the mean of the values obtained for these portions of permanent teeth. To test the relation between the total specific gravity and the carrier's individual age, a simple linear regression was calculated. It was not possible for a definite relation to be found between the specific gravities of teeth and the age of their carriers. (2) Limits to determining the individual age from the specific gravity of teeth are set especially by the factors discussed in this paper, by pathological influences, and by variations of specific gravity within isolated hard dental tissue. In human teeth, age-dependent physiosclerosis of bradytrophic tissue obviously is in the form of re- or transmineralization without major changes in the degree of mineralization and is usually overlapped by other phenomena. In addition, preparative and technical faults may result in false specific gravities being obtained. (3) Specific gravities of portions of teeth and total specific gravities determined therefrom cannot be used to find the carrier's age and, therefore, should be dismissed as means of identifying age by methods of forensic stomatology.
Adult↗
Emulsification tendency of silicone-phenylsilicone copolymer.
PURPOSE: We compared the emulsification tendency of silicone-phenylsilicone copolymer (DPC; 5%-phenylated, specific gravity 0.984) with that of silicone oil (SO; specific gravity 0.966) and fluorosilicone oil (FSO; specific gravity 1.256), all of which are used clinically as intraocular tamponades. METHODS: We investigated the tendencies of emulsification in SO, FSO, and DPC. Each was placed in a separate glass container with equal amounts of albumin solution (1 mg/mL) or 1 gamma-globulin solution (1 mg/mL) and shaken. We also investigated the toxicity of DPC in the rabbit eye. Following vitrectomy, we injected DPC into the vitreous cavity and assessed the retinal damage histologically. RESULTS: The SO and DPC, because their specific gravities, are closer to water, tended to become less emulsified than did FSO. We found that DPC did not cause any severe histological damage in the rabbit retina. CONCLUSION: Highly phenylated DPC is slightly heavier than water and may be used instead of FSO to treat inferior retinal detachment.
Animals↗
The effect of mannitol on cerebral white matter water content.
The authors have studied the effect of a low-dose (0.28 gm/kg) bolus infusion of mannitol on brain water in man. In eight patients with severe head injury, small pieces of subcortical white matter were taken at craniotomy both before and after infusion of mannitol. The tissue specific gravity was measured using a graduated specific-gravity column, and from it the brain water content was calculated. White matter specific gravity rose from a mean (+/- standard error of the mean) of 1.0325 +/- 0.0012 before mannitol infusion to 1.0352 +/- 0.0011 after mannitol administration, and the brain water content fell from a mean of 80.94% +/- 2.5% to 75.28% +/- 2.3%. The differences were significant (p less than 0.01). This study shows that, after head injury in man, mannitol increases the white matter specific gravity and probably does so by reducing brain water.
Body Water↗
[Evaluation of the lithogenic risk in renal lithiasis. Value of urine density measurement].
OBJECTIVE: Measuring specific gravity of urine is a simple means of self-monitoring for urolithiasis patients. METHODS: We evaluated the reliability of two test strips (N-Multistix and Combur-Stix) and determined the relationship between urine specific gravity and crystal formation in first morning urine in 179 patients with calcium oxalate lithiasis. Urine hydrometry was used as the reference method. RESULTS: There was a good correlation between urine density read on the test strips and hydrometry (r = 0.733 for N-Multistix and 0.697 for Combur-Stix). Hydrometry showed little pH effect but the test strips gave results correlated with urine pH (r = 0.764 and 0.813 respectively). When urine pH was below 6.5, the specific gravity of the urine was overestimated; inversely for pH > 7, it was underestimated. Correction factors were obtained by comparing test strip values with specific gravity measurements for pH level between 4.5 and 8. There were crystals in 66% of the urine samples with a density > or = 1012 g/l. In contrast, 75% of the samples below this value were crystal free. There was a close relationship between 24-hour urine volume and specific gravity (n = 124; r = 0.778): a specific gravity of 1.012 corresponded to 2100 ml urine output. For 24% of the patients, specific gravity of the morning urine was > or = 1.012 despite a 24-h urine output > or = 2100 ml, indicating insufficient urine dilution during the night. CONCLUSION: Measurement of specific gravity with test strips with correction for pH can be a simple way to measure the specific gravity of urine and assess whether urine dilution is sufficient to reduce the risk of crystal formation, the main risk factor in urolithiasis patients.
Humans↗
Perfluorocarbon liquid manipulation of high-density intraocular foreign bodies.
BACKGROUND: Perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCLs) are useful for floating various materials off the posterior retina during vitreoretinal surgery. It is generally assumed that buoyancy forces restrict this use to objects with specific gravity lower than that of PFCLs. METHODS: We tested potential intraocular foreign body materials with specific gravities ranging from 1.1-8.7. The relative affinities of each material for saline and PFCL (specific gravity 1.94) were determined. For each material, we then tested the ability of several specimens of increasing surface/volume ratio to float at the saline-PFCL interface in a glass beaker. RESULTS: All materials with specific gravity higher than PFCL demonstrated a greater affinity for saline than for PFCL. Specimens of each of these dense materials floated at the saline-PFCL interface, provided that the surface/volume ratio of the specimen was above a critical value. The critical surface/volume ratio for each material was directly proportional to its specific gravity. CONCLUSIONS: PFCLs may be useful for manipulating a variety of intraocular foreign bodies, even those with specific gravities higher than PFCL. Surface forces, in addition to buoyancy, govern the disposition of small foreign bodies at the saline-PFCL interface.
Eye Foreign Bodies↗
Confirmation of the Department of Transportation criteria for a substituted urine specimen.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether people could naturally produce urine sufficiently dilute to meet the federal criteria for a "substituted" specimen. The United States Department of Transportation Regulations (49 Code of Federal Regulations Part 40) defines a urine specimen as substituted if it has a creatinine concentration of < or = 5 mg/dL and a specific gravity of < or = 1.001 or > or = 1.020. These criteria have been criticized based on the contention that an insufficient number of specimens had been tested from the same urine sample for both creatinine and specific gravity measurements. We reviewed the results of 803,130 random urine specimens measured for creatinine and/or specific gravity in a hospital-based laboratory. In this database, 13,467 urine specimens had both creatinine and specific gravity measurements. None of these 13,467 paired urine specimens met the lower limit of specific gravity (< or = 1.001) and creatinine (< or = 5 mg/dL) criteria for a Department of Transportation substituted specimen. We also examined the medical records of those patients meeting even one of the two criteria; creatinine concentration < or = 5 mg/dL or specific gravity < or = 1.001. These patients were neonatal, moribund, or so severely ill that essentially none could have been among the working population. These data in patients with various pathologic states support our belief that normal individuals do not produce urine dilute enough to meet the lower limit of the specific gravity (< or = 1.001) and creatinine (< or = 5 mg/dL) required for meeting substituted specimen criteria. Eleven patients met the criteria for a substituted specimen, with elevated specific gravity of > or = 1.020 and creatinine concentration of < or = 5 mg/dL; however, these patients were seriously ill or terminally ill.
Adolescent↗
Carbonic anhydrase isozymes of blood and oviducal tissues of Leghorn hens.
A group of hens laying high specific gravity eggs and a group laying low specific gravity eggs were selected from each of 6 Single Comb White Leghorn strains and compared for possible qualitative differences in carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes in blood and oviducal tissues. Starch gel electrophoretic patterns of erythrocytes, blood plasma and oviducal tissues of magnum, isthmus and uterus from 173 selected hens disclosed 9 carbonic anhydrase isozymes. In oviducal tissues 5 isozyme zones were routinely observed in gel patterns. Of these zones, the 2 with the slowest migration rate had differing staining intensity depending upon the section of the oviduct examined. Five zones were also observed in patterns of lysed erythrocytes, 4 of them possessing the same electrophoretic mobility as 4 to 5 observed in the oviducal tissues, and 1 zone that was observed only in the erythrocytes. Plasma patterns of hens with active ovaries possessed 2 zones, 1 always and 1 occasionally present in patterns of oviducal tissues. Plasma patterns of hens with inactive ovaries possessed 1 or 2 additional unique CA zones. No qualitative differences were found in enzyme patterns between birds laying high specific gravity eggs and those laying low specific gravity eggs.
Animals↗
Influence of mass of ruminal contents on voluntary intake and digesta passage in steers fed a forage and a concentrate diet.
To evaluate the influence of mass of ruminal contents on voluntary intake and ruminal function, five ruminally cannulated steers (550 kg) were fed an orchard grass hay diet ad libitum in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. The mass of ruminal contents was altered by adding varying weights of modified tennis balls to the rumen before the initiation of each 15-d experimental period. Treatments consisted of 50 balls with a specific gravity of 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, or 1.4; the total weight of the balls was 7.45, 8.50, 9.25, 10.55, and 11.55 kg, respectively. Increasing the specific gravity of the balls added to the rumen decreased DMI and particle passage rate (P < 0.05) in a linear manner. A second experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of mass of ruminal contents on voluntary intake and ruminal function of both forage and concentrate diets. Five ruminally cannulated steers (580 kg) were fed a 70% concentrate (DM basis) or an orchardgrass hay diet ad libitum in a 5 x 5 Latin square experiment. The mass of ruminal contents was altered as in the first experiment. Treatments consisted of 0 balls added to the rumen of steers fed concentrate diet (control), 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.1 given to steers fed a concentrate diet, 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.4 given to steers fed a concentrate diet, 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.1 given to steers fed a hay diet, and 75 balls with a specific gravity of 1.4 given to steers fed hay diet. The addition of balls to the rumen of steers fed the concentrate diet decreased DMI (P < 0.05) compared with the 0-ball treatment, and increasing specific gravity of balls also decreased DMI (P < 0.01) for both concentrate and hay diets. Adding balls to the rumen of steers fed the concentrate diet decreased particle passage rate (P < 0.05), whereas increasing specific gravity of balls decreased particle passage rate for both concentrate and hay diet. The results of this study suggest that the density of ruminal digesta can have an influence on voluntary intake of both forage and concentrate diets.
Animals↗
Physical parameters of fiber affecting passage from the rumen.
Our objective was to review the factors that affect fiber passage from the rumen. Rumen residence time and passage from the rumen are important in control of intake, digestibility, protein metabolism, and protein escape. Physical factors associated with particle size and particle specific gravity affect passage from the rumen. Although particles of 5 cm may pass through the reticulo-omasal orifice, most particles leaving the rumen are smaller than 1 mm. Polypropylene ribbon cut into 7-cm lengths, introduced into the rumen, markedly reduced intake and were ruminated to fine particle size before being passed. Materials with specific gravity less than 1.0 are ruminated extensively and are passed slowly. As specific gravity of plastic particles increase, rumination of particles is decreased and passage is increased. Particles with specific gravities between 1.17 and 1.42 pass most rapidly. Increasing specific gravities further results in a decline in passage and a further lowering of rumination of particles. Natural hay and fresh forages are hydrated in the rumen, which causes functional specific gravity to increase. Some factors that affect rate of change of functional specific gravity of forages have been investigated. Small particle size, autoclaved rumen fluid, buffer solutions, and specific salts increased the rate of change of functional specific gravity of particles. Understanding of these factors may enable us to make better decisions in managing ruminant productions systems.
Animal Feed↗
A comparison of three methods for determining the concentration of rat urine.
The concentrations of 78 rat urines were compared using osmometry, refractometry and test strips for specific gravity. Test strip specific gravity values are a guide to urine concentration; where small changes of urine concentration are expected, the test strips should not be a replacement for more accurate methods such as osmometry.
Animals↗
Density distribution of erythrocyte population in preeclampsia.
Determination of density distribution of erythrocytes in preeclampsia in late pregnancy was performed using a method in which blood cells are separated according to their density by differential flotation. The cumulative density distribution curve of the erythrocytes of preeclamptic patients was evidently shifted to the left, representing a denser cell population as compared with healthy women prior to delivery. The density distribution curve of preeclamptic women resembled the curve of nonpregnant young women. The largest differences were observed in separating fluids No. 9 of specific gravity 1.106 (p = 0.0351), No. 11 of specific gravity 1.098 (p = 0.0018) and No. 13 of specific gravity 1.090 (p = 0.0026). The resemblance of the density distribution curve of erythrocytes of preeclamptic patients with that of nonpregnant women may indicate a similar age distribution of erythrocytes or may reflect cellular dehydration resulting in higher density of erythrocytes in preeclampsia.
Adult↗
Refractive index matching and clear emulsions.
Refractive index (RI) matching is a unique way of making clear emulsions to meet market trends. However, RI matching has not been sufficiently investigated in terms of physical principles and methodologies. Snell's law (n2 sin r2= n1 sin r1) is applicable to cosmetic emulsions. When oil phase and water phase have equal RI (n2 = n1) values, light will not bend as it strikes obliquely at the emulsion interface. Instead, light is transmitted through the emulsion without refraction, which produces clarity. Theoretical RI values in solution can be calculated with summation of the product of the weight percentage and refractive index of each ingredient (RI(mix) = [W1 x n1 + W2 x n2 + W3 x n3 + + Wn x nn]Wtau). Oil-phase RI values are normally at 1.4 or higher. Glycols are used to adjust the water phase RI, since they typically have larger RI values than water. Noticeable deviations from calculated RI values are seen in experimentally prepared solutions. Three basic deviation types are observed: negative, positive, and slightly negative or positive, which can occur in glycol aqueous solutions at different concentrations. The deviations are attributed to changes in molecular interaction between molecules in solution, which can lead to changes in specific gravity. Negative RI deviation corresponds to a decrease in specific gravity, and positive RI deviation corresponds to an increase in specific gravity. RI values will deviate from calculated values since an increase or decrease in specific gravity leads to a change in optical density.
Cosmetics↗