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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Epidemiological differences between adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia in the USA.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It has been suggested that gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) is a distinct entity from oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OA). We examined several epidemiological features of GCA and OA in the USA to elucidate differences/similarities between these malignancies. METHODS: Using the database of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, we examined incidence rates for temporal changes, and ethnic and age distributions, and performed birth cohort analyses for cases with morphologically and histologically confirmed OA or GCA. RESULTS: The age adjusted incidence rates of OA rose progressively, reaching 1.8 per 100 000 (95% confidence interval 1.7-1.9) during 1987-1991 and 2.5 per 100 000 (2.3-2.6) during 1992-1996. In 1992-1996, Whites were affected five times more than Blacks, and men eight times more than women. A significant increase in incidence occurred among younger persons aged 45-65 years. Irrespective of age, OA was characterised by higher incidence rates among more recent birth cohorts: a 40% increase in incidence for each five year increase in the date of birth--a "birth cohort effect". On the other hand, the incidence rates of GCA reached their highest level of 3.3 per 100 000 (3.2-3.4) in 1987-1991 and subsequently declined during 1992-1996 to 3.1 per 100 000 (3.0-3.3). Whites were affected twice more than blacks and men five times more than women. Most patients with GCA were older than 60 years with no increase among younger persons and no birth cohort effect (p=0.99). CONCLUSION: Several significant epidemiological differences exist between OA and GCA. These differences suggest that these two malignancies are separate entities with different risk factors.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1992

Racial differences in ill defined cancer mortality in the United States and in the District of Columbia.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine the epidemiology of unknown primary cancer mortality in the USA during 1979 to 1988 by age, sex, race, year, and geographical area. DESIGN: National (US) and state data were abstracted for deaths due to ill defined cancer (ICD-9 195.0 to 199.1) and all cancers combined (ICD-9 140.0-209.9). Age adjusted mortality rates were calculated using the 1980 USA population as the standard, and standardised rate ratios were derived. National total cancer incidence data were obtained from the surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) program, and age and sex specific relative (black/white) cancer incidence rates were derived and compared to relative (black/white) mortality rates for ill defined cancer. State and regional median family income levels were obtained from the 1980 census and compared to corresponding mortality rates. SETTING: This study used data for the US population, the 50 states, and the District of Columbia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During 1984-1988, ill defined cancers accounted for an average of 34,921 deaths each year in the USA (13.7 per 100,000 population). The mortality rate due to ill defined cancers is greater among blacks (19.3 per 100,000) than whites (13.2 per 100,000) (RR = 1.5) and has not declined since 1979. There is considerable geographical variation in the ill defined cancer mortality rate. Thus among blacks the highest rates were clustered in the central states (23 per 100,000) and the lowest rates were seen in the mountain and western states (17 per 100,000). The District of Columbia had the highest overall rate (21.7 per 100,000) when compared to all other states. The black/white relative mortality rate due to ill defined cancer was consistently greater than the black/white relative incidence of all cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Ill defined cancer mortality is the fourth leading site of cancer mortality in the USA, and accounts for 7.4% of cancer deaths annually. The large proportion of ill defined cancer deaths may have biased the accuracy of national and local cancer incidence and mortality statistics. The higher mortality of ill defined cancer among blacks is not explained by the higher overall cancer incidence among blacks and suggests the influence of socioeconomic or cultural barriers that may result in underutilisation of health services or substandard health care. Ill defined cancer mortality may be a sentinel indicator of deficiencies in the health care delivery system as well as a measure of progress against cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether occupational exposures to formaldehyde and wood dust increase the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). METHODS: A multicentered, population based case-control study was carried out at five cancer registries in the United States participating in the National Cancer Institute's SEER program. Cases (n=196) with a newly diagnosed NPC between 1987 and 1993, and controls (n=244) selected over the same period from the general population through random digit dialing participated in structured telephone interviews which inquired about suspected risk factors for the disease, including a lifetime history of occupational and chemical exposure. Histological type of cancer was abstracted from clinical records of the registries. Potential exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust was assessed on a job by job basis by experienced industrial hygienists who were blinded as to case or control status. RESULTS: For formaldehyde, after adjusting for cigarette use, race, and other risk factors, a trend of increasing risk of squamous and unspecified epithelial carcinomas was found for increasing duration (p=0.014) and cumulative exposure (p=0.033) but not for maximum exposure concentration. The odds ratio (OR) for people cumulatively exposed to >1.10 ppm-years was 3.0 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3 to 6.6) compared with those considered unexposed. In analyses limited to jobs considered definitely exposed, these trends became stronger. The associations were most evident among cigarette smokers. By contrast, there was no association between potential exposure to formaldehyde and undifferentiated and non-keratinising carcinomas. There was little evidence that exposure to wood dust increased risk of NPC, as modest crude associations essentially disappeared after control for potential exposure to formaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that occupational exposure to formaldehyde, but not wood dust, increases risk of NPC. This association seems to be specific to squamous cell carcinomas. Established cohorts of workers exposed to formaldehyde and wood dust should continue to be monitored for NPC and other respiratory cancers. Future studies of NPC should take into account histological type in assessing risk from environmental and host factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Malignant salivary gland tumors in Quito, Ecuador.

OBJECTIVES: Malignant salivary gland tumors (MSGT) are uncommon. Age-standardized incidence rates are 0.5 and 0.3 per 100,000 in Quito, Ecuador; and 1.0 and 0.7 per 100,000 in the USA (SEER Program), for males and females, respectively. The goal of this study was to review a 16-year experience of a major general hospital in the treatment of these lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1982 to 1998, 308 salivary gland tumors were surgically treated at the Hospital 'Carlos Andrade Marin' of the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security in Quito, Ecuador, an Andean city of approximately 2 million inhabitants. Malignant lesions were found in 58 cases (19%): 37 out of 194 parotid gland tumors (19%), 7 out of 86 submandibular tumors (8%) and 14 out of 28 minor salivary gland tumors (50%). Adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma were the most common histologic types. Twenty-two cases were classified as stage I, 13 as stage II, 1 as stage III and 20 as stage IV (UICC TNM staging classification). Thirty-one (53%) patients were treated by surgery alone; postoperative radiation therapy was additionally given to 22 (38%), and surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were applied in 5 cases (9%). RESULTS: Local (LR) and/or regional recurrences were detected in 13 patients (22%). Twelve patients (21%) developed distant metastasis (DM; 2 in more than one site): 7 in the lungs, 2 in the brain, 2 in the bone and 1 each in the liver, subcutaneous tissue and pleura. Thirty-five patients are alive, 33 disease free. Twenty-three patients are deceased: 6 with LR, 7 with DM, 3 with both LR and DM, 1 with locoregional recurrence and DM, 2 with a second neoplasm, 3 with intercurrent disease and 1 from unknown causes. Five- and 10-year overall survival rates were 75 and 68%, respectively. There were no significant differences in mortality according to the site of the primary tumor or histologic type, but stage and involved surgical margins were important prognostic factors (p = 0.006 and 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical or multimodality treatment of MSGT has provided a good locoregional control (78%) and 68% 10-year survival in a series of patients treated at the oncology department of a general hospital in Quito, Ecuador. Stage and involved surgical margins were significant prognostic factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mortality in 1.9 million US cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: Large cancer registries offer the opportunity to explore and generate hypotheses about the pathogenesis of cancer and other diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: Using data from nine population-based cancer registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI) and death certificates, we followed 1.9 million cancer survivors who were diagnosed between 1973 and 2000 and who survived at least 1 year, through the year 2000. The outcome of interest was the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of observed to expected ALS deaths among cancer survivors. To assess the validity of the study design, we also examined associations with Parkinson's disease mortality, which we expected to be inversely associated with smoking-related cancers. RESULTS: There was no significantly increased risk or deficit of ALS mortality for all cancer sites combined (SMR = 1.0). Parkinson's disease mortality was, as expected, significantly and inversely associated with smoking-related cancers. Both ALS and Parkinson's disease mortality were significantly elevated following melanoma (SMR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.1-2.2; SMR = 1.5; 1.2-1.8, respectively). Contrary to previous hypotheses, ALS was unrelated to lymphomas or lymphoproliferative malignancies and was not associated with smoking-related cancers. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study, we observed a modest, significant association between melanoma and both ALS and Parkinson's disease mortality. It would be useful to explore these findings in other large national databases that are able to link cancer and ALS and Parkinson's disease.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prostate cancer: population-based survival rates in central Italy.

AIMS: To evaluate survival in prostate cancer patients in the Province of Florence where the Tuscany Cancer Registry is active. METHODS: The survival of 777 patients with prostate cancer diagnosed in the period 1985-87 was evaluated. The observed and relative survival rates 1, 3 and 5 years after diagnosis were computed. Also the prognostic effect of age, disease extension, tumor grade, histological verification, place of residence and year of diagnosis were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The observed survival was 73.4% 1 year, 42.5% 3 years and 29.2% 5 years after diagnosis. The relative survival was respectively 78.7%, 53.0% and 43.0%. Significant independent risks were evident when the disease was extended out of the prostate, for patients older than 80 years, for high grade tumors and for patients without histological verification. CONCLUSION: The 5-year relative survival rate in the province of Florence is similar to those from other European Registries and the Latina Registry, but much lower than the one reported by the SEER program in the US. Data on histological verification percentage, availability of information on disease extension, and tumor grade are discussed as indicators of the quality of the diagnostic approach in comparison with other registries.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast: the survival impact of race.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer has a poorer prognosis among black women than among white women. This review was conducted to determine whether this disparity reflects the direct impact of race on likelihood of cure or on time to death from breast cancer or stems from the interaction of race with tumor stage and patient age. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 115,838 patients with localized (node-negative) and regionally metastatic (node-positive) breast cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute. Parametric analysis was used to determine the independent prognostic value of age, stage, and race. Linear regression and distribution analyses were also used to examine the interaction of these covariates. RESULTS: The prevalence of regionally metastatic disease, relative to localized disease, declined with increased age among white patients and those classified as "other," but remained relatively constant among black patients. Parametric analysis showed a smaller cured fraction and shorter time to death when patients with regional disease were compared with those with localized disease. A similar disparity was found when black patients were compared with those classified as white or other. CONCLUSION: Age and race have a significant association with tumor stage. In addition, our data show that race has an independent impact on the clinical course of breast cancer and diminishes both the likelihood of cure and time to death among uncured patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Risk-based recommendations for mammographic screening for women in their forties.

PURPOSE: To develop risk-based recommendations for mammographic screening for women in their 40s that take into account the woman's age, race, and specific risk factors. METHODS: We assumed that regular mammographic screening is justified for a 50-year-old woman, even one with no risk factors, and that a younger woman with an expected 1-year breast cancer incidence rate as great or greater than that of a 50-year-old woman with no risk factors would benefit sufficiently to justify regular screening. Recommendations under this criterion were based on age- and race-specific breast cancer incidence rates from the National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program; assessments of risk factors from the Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Project (BCDDP); and reports in the literature. RESULTS: Two methods, the exact-age procedure (EAP) and the grouped-age procedure (GAP), were developed. The less precise GAP only requires following a flow diagram. The proportion of white women recommended for screening by the EAP ranges from 10% for 40-year-old women to 95% for 49-year-old women, and the corresponding percentages for black women are 16% and 95%. The assumptions that underlie the guidelines are discussed critically. CONCLUSION: For women or physicians who prefer an individualized approach in deciding whether to initiate regular mammographic screening in the age range of 40 to 49 years, the present report offers recommendations based on individualized risk-factor data and clearly stated assumptions that have an empiric basis. These recommendations can be used to facilitate the counseling process.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Incidence of invasive breast cancer by hormone receptor status from 1992 to 1998.

PURPOSE: Between 1987 and 1998, breast cancer incidence rates rose 0.5%/yr in the United States. A question of potential etiologic and clinical importance is whether the hormone receptor status of breast tumors is also changing over time. This is because hormone receptor status may reflect different etiologic pathways and is useful in predicting response to adjuvant therapy and prognosis. METHODS: Age-adjusted, age-specific breast cancer incidence rates by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status from 1992 to 1998 were obtained and compared from 11 population-based cancer registries in the United States that participate in the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. RESULTS: From 1992 to 1998, the overall proportion of breast cancers that were ER-positive and PR-positive increased from 75.4% to 77.5% (P =.0002) and from 65.0% to 67.7% (P <.0001), respectively, continuing trends observed before 1992. These increases were limited to women 40 to 69 years of age. The proportions of ER-positive/PR-positive tumors increased from 56.7% to 62.3% (P =.0010) among 40- to 49-year-olds, from 58.0% to 63.2% (P =.0002) among 50- to 59-year-olds, and from 63.2% to 67.9% (P =.0020) among 60- to 69-year-olds. CONCLUSION: From 1992 to 1998, the proportion of tumors that are hormone receptor-positive rose as the proportion of hormone receptor-negative tumors declined. Because the incidence rates of hormone receptor-negative tumors remained fairly constant over these years, the overall rise in breast cancer incidence rates in the United States seems to be primarily a result of the increase in the incidence of hormone receptor-positive tumors. Hormonal factors may account for this trend.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Unusually high rate of young-onset pancreatic cancer in the East Nile Delta region of Egypt.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer is predominantly a disorder of the elderly population in the United States. In Egypt, the disease has traditionally been considered rare, and there has not been a previous publication on its population-based incidence or age distribution. METHODS: We reviewed the records of 728 pancreatic cancer patients seen at the Gastrointestinal Surgery Center of Mansoura University in the East Nile Delta region of Egypt between 1995 and 2000. We computed population-based, age-specific, and age-adjusted incidence rates in this population and compared them with US incidence rates from the Epidemiology Surveillance and End Results (SEER) Program. We also analyzed clinical characteristics of the patients, as well as their surgical and medical management. RESULTS: Approximately one-fourth of all patients were under age 50. The mean ages of patients who had undergone Whipple's resection, other surgical procedures, and no surgical procedure were 52.9 +/- 11.6, 54.11 +/- 10.5, and 55.1 +/- 14.1 yr, with no statistically significant differences. Age-adjusted incidence rates were higher in Egyptian patients than in US patients under age 65 (7.1/100,000 vs 3.3/100,000) but were much higher in US patients than in Egyptian patients over age 65 (6.6/100,000 vs 59.1/100,000). Clinical management did not differ between patients under and over age 50. CONCLUSION: The population in the East Nile Delta region of Egypt exhibits an unusually high rate of young-onset pancreatic cancer. Further studies to investigate the epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in this population may provide clues to its etiology.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Latitude and incidence of ocular melanoma.

We investigated the associations between latitude and the incidence of two different types of ocular melanoma, external ocular melanoma (exposed to sunlight) and internal melanoma (not exposed to sunlight), separately. Using 1992-2002 data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of National Cancer Institute, we identified 2142 ocular melanoma cases in non-Hispanic whites, and then regressed the incidences of various types of ocular melanomas with latitude. Our analysis indicated that the higher the latitude (away from the equator, the less sun exposure), the lower the risk of external ocular melanoma (eyelid and conjunctival melanomas) among non-Hispanic whites (P for trend = 0.018). The incidence increased 2.48 fold from 47-48 degrees to 20-22 degrees. This trend is very similar to that of skin melanoma. The incidence of internal ocular melanoma (uveal melanoma) increased significantly with increasing latitudes (the less sun exposure, P for trend < 0.0001), it increased 4.91 fold from 20-22 degrees to 47-48 degrees. The latitudinal patterns of ocular melanomas may reflect the dual effects of sunlight exposure, i.e. a mutagenic effect of direct solar radiation on external ocular melanomas and a protective effect for internal uveal melanoma, which is similar to the sun radiation protective effects for various internal malignant tumors that are not exposed to the sunlight.

Conjunctival Neoplasms↗
PubMed1986

The severity of breast cancer at diagnosis: a comparison of age and extent of disease in black and white women.

A comparison was made of the incidence rates of localized, regional, and remote breast cancer between Black and White women by age at diagnosis. The analysis is based on 17,361 cases of breast cancer, newly diagnosed between 1973 and 1982, in Black and White female residents of the Detroit metropolitan area. Cases with breast cancer classified as local, regional, or remote were drawn from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System of the Division of Epidemiology at the Michigan Cancer Foundation, a participant in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. The findings indicate that older women, particularly Black women, are at elevated risk for being diagnosed with the most advanced form of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Black/white differences in type of initial breast cancer treatment and implications for survival.

The relation between race, type of initial treatment, and survival with breast cancer were investigated using 36,905 cases reported to nine registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute in the years 1978-82 and followed for survival through 1984. Using the crude treatment categories of surgical/nonsurgical/untreated, Blacks were found to have received less aggressive therapy. They were more likely than Whites to be treated nonsurgically (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.2-1.7) or have no cancer-directed therapy (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.3-2.3), even after adjusting by logistic regression for differences in age, stage, and histology. These treatment variables strongly affected five-year survival, after adjusting for age, stage, race, and histology. This finding of racial differences in survival-associated treatment patterns demonstrates the need to consider treatment variables in studies of race and cancer survival.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Is testicular cancer incidence in blacks increasing?

Using data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program (SEER) from 1973-84, we found no evidence of an increase in the incidence of testicular cancer in Blacks, in contrast to an increase of nearly 33 percent in Whites.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Recent time trends in uterine cancer.

Recent trends in corpus uterine cancer incidence rates were explored using 1979-86 data from the Surveillance and End Results Program (SEER); recent trends in hospitalizations for corpus uterine cancer were explored using 1979-86 data from National Hospital Discharge Surveys (NHDS); and recent trends in exogenous hormone use were delineated using data from the 1980, 1981, and 1985 National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys (NAMCS). Uterine cancer incidence rates using SEER data have continued to decline since 1979. An acceleration in the decline since 1983-84 is suggested in all women and in women with intact uteri ages 45-64. Hospitalizations for uterine cancer have also declined since 1979, with a marked acceleration in the decline since 1983-84 for all women and for women ages 40-79 has increased 22 percent and use of unopposed exogenous estrogens in women of similar age has increased 7 percent, while use of exogenous progesterones have shown much more substantial increases of approximately 700 percent. Possible relationships between trends in exogenous hormone use and incidence rates of corpus uterine cancer are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Does increased detection account for the rising incidence of breast cancer?

BACKGROUND: The incidence of breast cancer has been increasing over time in the United States. METHODS: To determine the role of screening in this increase, trends in the incidence of in situ and invasive carcinoma of the breast were evaluated using records of the metropolitan Atlanta SEER program between 1979 and 1986. From a sample of records, evidence of symptoms and mammographic screening prior to diagnosis was recorded. RESULTS: The average annual age-adjusted incidence of invasive disease rose 29 percent among Whites and 41 percent among Blacks. Incidence increased in all age groups. A trend towards earlier detection of invasive disease was found. Asymptomatic tumors accounted for only 40 percent of the increased incidence among whites and 25 percent of the increased incidence among blacks, with mammography as the principal contributing procedure. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that increased detection accounts for some but not all of the rising incidence of breast cancer in the United States.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Clinical characteristics of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as a second primary tumor: a population-based survey.

Data from 29,845 patients with lymphomas, 981 of whom had lymphoma as a second primary tumor, registered in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program in the U.S.A. between 1973 and 1986 were analyzed. The characteristics of the 274 patients with lymphoma as a second tumor who had received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for their primary tumor (SEP PT) were compared with 675 patients with second primary lymphomas who had no prior treatment (SEP NT) and with patients with single lymphomas (SIP). Patients with SEP PT disease had a significantly higher percentage of intermediate and high-grade tumors (80%) compared to those with SEP NT or SIP tumors (73% and 72%, respectively). The survival of all patients with SIP tumors did not differ from those with SEP tumors, but the median survival of those with SEP PT disease was shorter than for SEP NT disease. This was most probably due to the high percentage of intermediate and high-grade lymphomas in the SEP PT group. This was statistically significant in the group treated by combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy but not in those treated by a single modality alone. These findings relating to a worse prognosis in patients with SEP PT lymphoma are in line with our previous observations of a poor survival in patients with other multiple primary tumors.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recent incidence trends for breast cancer in women and the relevance of early detection: an update.

The incidence of breast cancer in women has been rising dramatically in the United States since 1982, based on data collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. An additional three years of incidence and mortality data are included in this update of the earlier analyses; however, the focus of this report remains on examining the steeply increasing incidence trend between 1982 and 1986. Over this period, incidence rates for in situ and localized invasive tumors increased among women age 50 and older, while rates for regional and distant tumors remained stable. The incidence of localized tumors less than 1.0, 1.0 to 1.9, and 2.0 to 2.9 cm in size increased more rapidly than that of tumors 3.0 cm and greater among women over age 50. Survival rates also improved among cases diagnosed over this time period. These descriptive data suggest that early detection may be playing a role in the recent increase in the incidence of breast cancer in women, although other factors cannot be ruled out. Conclusions regarding improved cancer control await confirmation by reduced breast cancer mortality.

Age Factors↗