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PubMed1980

Studies on the pathogenicity of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria. 1. Enterotoxin production at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C by environmental and human isolates from Scandinavia.

Altogether, 412 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. enterocolitica-like bacteria from environmental and human sources were examined for their ability to produce enterotoxin at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C using the infant mouse assay. A total of 73 strains were positive at 22 degrees C, only. Another 28 strains were positive both at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Of these 28 strains, 26 were sucrose and aesculin non-fermenting and all were Voges-Proskauer negative. All of these strains were isolated from non-human sources. All of 13 strains belonging to O-serogroup 28 produced enterotoxin at 37 degrees C. The results indicate that enterotoxin production at 22 degrees C is widespread in Y. enterocolitica with the highest prevalence among human clinical isolates. Enterotoxin production at both 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C seems to be common in Y. kristensenii (sucrose non-fermentors). Enterotoxin production is apparently rare in Y. frederiksenii (rhamnose fermentors) and in Y. intermedia (rhamnose and melibiose fermentors).

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Public health services and research in Scandinavia].

Public health problems in the Nordic countries are essentially the same as those in other West European countries: increased inequality in health status, despite the favourable improvement in public health as a whole; the health hazards that accompany increasing unemployment; and the difficulty of maintaining reasonable quality and access to care, owing to diminishing resources. In the Nordic countries, however, there is a broad and diversified collaboration in public health facilities and research based, for instance, on epidemiological studies and assisted by access to health-related data bases. The Nordic countries are characterised by many noteworthy examples of organisational models of public health services at the regional and municipal level.

Health Care Rationing↗
PubMed1995

[Home respiratory care in Scandinavia].

Domiciliary ventilation has been used for 40 years, and is an effective treatment for chronic hypoventilation and thoracic deformity. Most patients only require assisted respiration at night, and are able to live quite normal lives during the day. The demand for domiciliary ventilation is expected to increase in all the Nordic countries. The articles in this special feature issue show that there are manifest national differences in the extent of domiciliary ventilation services, not only due to organisational differences but also due to differences in attitudes to the treatment as used in chronic progressive neurological diseases and chronic lung diseases. Current figures for the prevalence per 100,000 of the population are 3.5 for Denmark, 2.4 for Finland, 6.7 for Iceland, 2.3 for Norway and 5.5 for Sweden. The service is centralised in Denmark and Iceland, but less centralised in the remaining Nordic countries. Traditionally, it has been anaesthesiologists and specialists in infectious diseases who have shown interest in the service, and more recently interest among specialists in respiratory diseases has increased along with the increase in our knowledge of sleep-related breathing disorders. The use of nasal masks is becoming increasingly common. In Denmark many children and adolescents with muscular dystrophy, myopathy, etc, are referred to the two respiratory support units run in conjunction with the respective intensive care services at Copenhagen and Arhus, for assessment as candidates for domiciliary ventilation. These centres also train personal aides and relatives so that patients will be able to manage more or less on their own.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Forecasting↗
PubMed1995

[Future collaboration in medical education in Scandinavia].

The Nordic Federation for Medical Education is in the process of re-organisation. Owing to increasing cooperation with the remainder of Europe, it is desirable that the Nordic countries unite to preserve the structure of Nordic medical education.

Education, Medical↗