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PubMed2006

[Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody against Vibrio cholerae O139].

AIM: To prepare monoclonal antibody (mAb) against Vibrio cholerae O139, which would be used as the gold colloidal reagent strip for rapid detection of O139, and to determine its biological characterization. METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized by inactivated Vibrio cholerae O139. Anti-O139 mAbs were prepared by using hybridoma technique. The specificity of mAb was determined by indirect ELISA and Western blot. The indirect ELISA was used to identify Ig subgroup, detect its titer in ascites and relative affinity, and analyze antigen-binding epitope of mAbs. RESULTS: Two hybridoma cells (O4D7 and O4D10), secreting anti-O139 mAbs were obtained. The Ig subgroups of O4D7 and O4D10 were IgG2b and IgG3, respectively. The mAb's titer in ascites was 1:10(7). The relative affinity of mAb O4D7 was more than 10(5) and that of O4D10 was more than 10(4). The result of additive ELISA showed that two mAbs could recognize different antigen epitopes. CONCLUSION: The successful preparation of two anti-O139 mAbs provides a powerful tool for the development of a rapid method of detecting Vibrio cholerae O139 infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Community control of schistosomiasis in Zimbabwe.

The community-based primary health care approach to control schistosomiasis morbidity is the strategy adopted in Zimbabwe. The paper outlines the results of such a control strategy in a rural community with over 30,000 people in the Madziwa area of Zimbabwe from 1985 to 1989. The community-based control strategy involved diagnosis of infection in school children (seven-15 years of age) using reagent strips followed by treatment with praziquantel. The treatment was linked to programmes aimed at improved sanitation, better water supplies and health education. Following chemotherapy, there was a marked reduction in schistosomiasis prevalence (urinary and intestinal forms combined) (from 60 to 20pc) in the affected groups. Of even greater importance was the significant reduction of 90pc in heavy infections (greater than 50 S. haematobium eggs per 10 ml of urine of greater than 100 S. mansoni eggs per gram of faeces). Progress made through chemotherapy was consolidated by the implementation of intervention measures aimed at reducing human water contact with cercariae infested water. In the last three years of the community-based programme, 2,152 improved ventilated pit latrines were constructed and 104 hand pumps installed at new or existing water points. Drama competitions at schools showed great potential in communicating health education messages. However, technical and organisational difficulties limited the impact of the health education to the general population. A single application of the synthetic molluscicide Bayluscide was carried out in the main streams at the beginning of the programme in support of the initial chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[The treatment of ketoacidosis in children and adolescents with diabetes (simultaneous major ketosis and severe hypoglycemia)].

Ketoacidosis in pediatric diabetes mellitus remains an active problem. Although the authors have recorded no deaths among their own patients, fatal cases still occur in France and other countries, usually as a result of inappropriate therapy, sometimes based on mistaken immediate pathophysiologic interpretations of laboratory test results. A very simple protocol based on the author's extensive experience is proposed. Rehydration solutions (optimal sodium bicarbonate, isotonic saline for the first two hours, then 10% glucose solution with electrolytes infused at a fixed rate of 3 l/m2 body surface area) are given at the same time as insulin (22 units per liter in each infusion flask). This protocol is remarkably effective and gives rise to no complications. In extreme conditions, reagent strip assays of blood glucose levels and evaluation of acidosis by respiratory rate measurements would suffice to ensure appropriate monitoring. A simple method for treating hypoglycemia is also described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The incidence of gross proteinuria in people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Epidemiologic data on the incidence of gross proteinuria in people with diabetes are important in medical counseling, in projecting estimates of needs and costs of health care, and for developing approaches to prevent renal complications. We performed a population-based incidence study in southern Wisconsin of insulin-taking diabetic persons diagnosed before 30 years of age. The presence of gross proteinuria (greater than or equal to 0.30 g/L) was determined by means of a reagent strip. The incidence of proteinuria in a 4-year interval was 14.4% (95% confidence interval, 11.7% to 17.0%). The relative risk of developing proteinuria after 4 years for those with glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the highest quartile compared with those in the lowest quartile was 3.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 5.3). The incidence of proteinuria was also associated with higher diastolic blood pressure, being male, taking more insulin, and having more severe retinopathy at the baseline examination. The relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin level and the incidence of proteinuria was significant even after controlling for these other risk variables. These data suggest that hyperglycemia, as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin level, is a significant risk factor for the development of gross proteinuria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Screening for proteinuria and hematuria in school children--methods and results.

In Japan, a urinalysis method in which the first morning urine sample is examined twice (Tokyo method) is currently widespread in the urine screening of school children. Mass screening of elementary school and junior high school children for urinary abnormalities using this method yielded a positive prevalence of proteinuria, hematuria and both abnormalities of approximately 0.08%, 0.5% and 0.03%, respectively, for elementary school children and corresponding values of approximately 0.4%, 0.9% and 0.08%, respectively, for junior high school students. These prevalence values may vary depending upon conditions of urine collection, conditions of preservation and transport of urine samples, time interval between collection and testing, testing facility, reagent strips and criteria for evaluation of test results. Since attempts at detection of renal disease through examination of urine tend to yield excess positive rates with an abundance of false-positives and false-negatives, the reliability of such testing is reduced unless it is performed correctly under strictly controlled conditions. In order to overcome these difficulties it is mandatory that the entire urinalysis system has a high degree of accuracy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Cytobacteriologic examination of the urine. Execution. Interpretation].

Bacteriological examination of urine is sufficient to assert the presence of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Specimens must be collected under strictly aseptic conditions. The midstream jet method is the best, but when it is not feasible bladder puncture, sterile pouches or catheterization may be used. The urine obtained must be correctly preserved and transported. In the practitioner's office, UTI can be detected by reagent strips or agar-coated plates. In the laboratory, direct examination is used to count leucocytes and characterize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteriuria at 10(5)/ml is significant of infection. The micro-organisms most frequently responsible for UTI are Enterobacteriaceae (mostly E. coli), Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp. and staphylococci (Staph. aureus, Staph. saprophyticus, Staph. epidermidis). In most cases disc sensitivity tests are indispensable, but bacteriological examination of urine is not always needed in women with uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1990

A simple method for protein electrophoresis of unconcentrated urine.

Thirty-two unconcentrated urines were electrophoresed on cellogels in 0.05 M barbital buffer, pH 8.6, at 280 volts for 35 minutes. Instead of concentrating 100 fold, the urine samples were directly applied on the gel in volumes from 1.2 to 3.6 microliters and Coomassie dye was used for staining. This makes it possible to observe the protein patterns at trace concentration by reagent strips (about 0.05-0.2 g/l). This method is simple, convenient and suited for routine services.

Electrophoresis↗
PubMed1989

[Clinical evaluation of the Glucophot reflecting photometer in determining glucose in whole blood].

Clinical trials of the Glukofot reflecting photometer prototype for measuring the whole blood glucose in reagent strips have been carried out. The reproducibility has been assessed in various operations with different glucose concentrations. Attempts to estimate the calibration curve linearity and the accuracy with the control sera as against the glucose oxidase method have failed, probably because of the presence of stabilizers and inhibitors, and different viscosity of these substances as compared to whole blood viscosity. The rapid method has been compared to the universal methods and the neocuproin method for glucose measurements with the use of the AA autoanalyzer; the results obtained with these methods have coincided. The apparatus failures and approaches to improving its operation are discussed; it appears to be useful for blood glucose analysis in emergencies, at bedside, in ambulance cars, etc.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The schistosomiasis problem in Nigeria.

Schistosomiasis is endemic in Nigeria as revealed by several prevalence studies but the degree of endemicity is low. The proliferation of several irrigation projects all over the country has stabilized the infection in Northern Nigeria while in the West rapid urbanisation, supply of portable water and mass chemotherapy have combined to reduce the prevalence rates. Human infection is measured by the determination of incidence, prevalence and intensity of infection. Heavy infections can rapidly be detected by use of urinalysis reagent strips to measure haematuria and protein levels in urine. The prevalence of severe pathological forms of the disease is very low and schistosomiasis is not associated with bacteriuria or hypertension in Nigeria, although isolated cases of ectopic lesions of the genitalis and uterus have been reported. Nodular filling defects occur early during infection, while bladder calcification comes at a later stage. The severity of the disease is related to the intensity of infection. Clinical trials with metrifonate and niridazole among other drugs have been carried out, with varying results. A new drug, praziquantel has been assessed and found suitable for mass use. Three methods of control include adequate provision of safe water, selective or targeted mass chemotherapy and use of molluscicides to kill the snails. Each method has its advantages and drawbacks, but the therapeutic approach is cheap, effects quicker result and treats the infected patients.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1989

Pyelonephritis in cows: 15 cases (1982-1986).

Medical records of 15 adult cows with a final diagnosis of pyelonephritis were evaluated retrospectively. Only 3 cows had obvious clinical signs that indicated urinary tract disease. Physical examination, including rectal and vaginal examinations, and urine chemical reagent strip screening detected abnormalities in all 15 cows and allowed subsequent confirmation by culture results of urine samples obtained using a catheter. Bacteriologic cultures of urine revealed Corynebacterium renale infection in 6 cows and Escherichia coli infection in 9 cows. Long-term treatment with antimicrobial drugs resulted in recovery in 9 of 11 treated cows. Of these, 4 of 4 cows with C renale infection and 5 of 7 cows with E coli infection recovered; the remaining 2 cows with E coli infection died.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Comparison of 3 latest-generation glucose micro-reflectometers].

Three glucose reflectance meters (Reflolux II = Accu-Chek II, Glucometer II and Hypocount GA) were tested for precision and accuracy when used by medical personnel of a diabetic outpatient department and for self-monitoring at home. In addition, the visual readability of the appropriate reagent strip was checked. All three systems were sufficiently valid for reflectometric reading, while visual evaluation showed a higher deviation. The precision of Accu-Chek II under optimal conditions in the outpatient department was comparable to the precision of laboratory examinations (CV 3.3%). When used by patients themselves, Accu-Chek II and Glucometer II were sufficiently precise (CV 4.8% [corrected] and 5.3% respectively). These devices are recommended for blood glucose self-monitoring.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Blue-yellow vision deficits in patients with diabetes.

Home blood glucose monitoring has been introduced as a means to achieve good control in patients with diabetes mellitus. Many patients use color-reagent strips and color comparisons to determine blood glucose levels. Intact color vision in the blue-yellow range is necessary for accurately interpreting these strips.Blue-yellow vision deficits occur as a consequence of eye disease and are not genetic or sex-linked. We evaluated blue-yellow vision acuity in 70 diabetic patients and in 19 age-matched control subjects. The patients with diabetes were subdivided according to their degree of retinopathy as follows: no disease (N = 14), nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (N = 16), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (N = 14) and postlaser-treated (N = 26). None of the control group had deficits. Each group of diabetic patients had a statistically significant increase in color vision deficits compared with the controls. In the laser-treated group, deficits occurred in most patients, were more severe and were significantly increased over all other diabetic subgroups. These deficits may impair visual interpretation of home blood glucose monitoring strips.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

[Changes in laboratories in small animal practice].

Economical considerations have led to a reduction of laboratory analysis. In particular, photometric examinations are rarely carried out in private practice because of its high level of personal labour intensive quality controls and the rapid decay of reagents. Nowadays, analyses are more and more carried out in commercial laboratories which can operate at considerably lower costs. Especially the loss of time until results can be obtained is an intolerable disadvantage which is particularly serious in emergency cases. Often too much time passes before an equivalent therapy can be started. Instead of the diagnosis in presence, i.e. direct sequence of anamnese, clinical investigation and laboratory diagnostic should be aimed at. The most common types of laboratory tests are instant semiquantitative methods with dry reagent strips for measuring blood sugar and urea. Very recently on the market are reflectance photometers which allow to determine blood parameters with dry chemical carriers. The systems Ektachem DT60, Reflotron and Seralyzer are presented. The use of this dry chemistry could reestablish the laboratory in the private small animal practice again.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Geographic dispersion of bilharzial endemy in 3 departments of Burkina Faso (ex-Upper Volta)].

An evaluation of the urinary schistosomiasis distribution in Burkina Faso (Upper-Volta) was attempted in 86 villages of three departments: Center, North-Center, West-Center, considerated as thickly populated areas. Urine samples from 3,508, 5 to 14 year old children were collected, to detect haematuria with strip reagent and to determine the egg count excreted. Total prevalence was 31.4% and mean egg output was 1,518/10 ml of urine. Data obtained with these common methods may be useful in public health and sufficient for a pretreatment control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Home blood glucose analysers. A consumer survey.

The seven home glucose analysers available on the Australian market were evaluated with respect to accuracy, ease of operation, price and additional features. At the same time, the BM-Test-Glycemie 20-800 dual sticks were assessed. The Boehringer Reflomat and Ames Eyetone can be regarded primarily as hospital instruments. The Ames Dextrometer, the Hypo-Count and both Stan Clark R.A.H.C. Glucose Testers were all adequate for home glucose monitoring. However, the Stan Clark R.A.H.C. Glucose Tester operating on Ames blood glucose reagent strips achieved the highest recommendation over all. The Glucochek was found to be an inconsistent instrument.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1995

Danish general practitioners' estimation of urinary albumin concentration in the detection of proteinuria and microalbuminuria.

BACKGROUND: Microalbuminuria may predict proteinuria and increased mortality in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Early detection of microalbuminuria may therefore be essential. AIM: The primary objective of this study was to describe the association between the presence of albuminuria in diabetic patients as detected by general practitioners using conventional reagent strip dipstick tests for albumin, and the urinary albumin concentration as measured in a hospital laboratory. METHOD: A total of 675 newly diagnosed diabetic patients aged 40 years or over were included in the Danish study, diabetes care in general practice. Data for urinary albumin concentration from a morning urine sample and the results of three consecutive dipstick tests for albumin were collected for 417 patients. RESULTS: When defining elevated urinary albumin concentration as 200 mg l-1 or more (proteinuria) the finding of at least one positive test out of the three dipstick tests for albumin had a diagnostic sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 89%. When the microalbuminuric range (15.0 to 199.9 mg l-1) was added to the definition of renal involvement, the sensitivity of the dipstick test became as low as 28% with a specificity of 96%. CONCLUSION: It is essential for general practitioners to be able to identify proteinuric patients. To achieve this by means of the conventional dipstick test, general practice procedures need to be improved. As it is becoming increasingly well-documented that microalbuminuric non-insulin dependent diabetic patients may benefit from pharmacological treatment of even slight arterial hypertension and heart failure, it seems reasonable to suggest that the use of dipsticks for albumin in general practice be replaced by laboratory quantitative determination of urinary albumin concentration in a morning urine sample.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1994

[SBOs of urinalysis, analyses of feces, CSF and body fluids].

Specific behavioral objectives (SBOs) of urinalysis, analysis of feces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and body fluids should be decided carefully owing to the unique nature of these tests such as easy deterioration of specimens, false-positive/false-negative by interfering substances and the heavy reliance on conventional methods for many tests. Especially routine urinalysis, including reagent strip method and urinary sediments must be emphasized because these tests are performed by the physicians themselves at their office. Acquirement of sample collection, preservation and quality assurance for these tests are also indispensable.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1996

In-hospital evaluation of 7.5% hydrogen peroxide as a disinfectant for flexible endoscopes.

The effectiveness of Sporox (Reckitt and Colman Inc, New Jersey), a 7.5% solution of hydrogen peroxide, was compared with that of Cidex (Johnson & Johnson), a 2% solution of alkaline glutaraldehyde, in the manual disinfection of flexible endoscopes at a large general hospital. For disinfection with Sporox, a soaking time of 10 mins at room temperature was used. The same disinfectant bath was used for nearly seven weeks and the Sporox level was monitored using reagent strips supplied with the product. Controls included endoscopes with precleaning (enzyme-detergent) but without any disinfection, and endoscopes that were precleaned and disinfected in Cidex only. A total of 3 mL of sterile normal saline was used for sampling each channel and immediately plated to detect aerobic and anaerobic bacteria as well as mycobacteria. There were 76 endoscopes sampled. Of these, 55 were disinfected in Sporox, 13 were disinfected in Cidex and eight were precleaned but not disinfected. None of the samples from endoscopes disinfected with either Sporox or Cidex yielded isolates generally regarded as pathogenic for humans. The findings of this in-hospital study indicate that Sporox is at least as efficacious as Cidex in the disinfection of flexible endoscopes between patients. In addition, the exposure time to Sporox was half as long compared with Cidex, and hydrogen peroxide is much less toxic to humans and the environment. Therefore, Sporox appears to have considerable potential as a safer substitute for glutaradehyde-based products in the decontamination of flexible endoscopes.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗