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PubMed1996

Cellular localization and sex steroid regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein messenger ribonucleic acids in the primate myometrium.

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II are abundant in the primate myometrium and are implicated in the sex steroid-induced growth of this tissue. To evaluate the potential for modulation of IGF action in the primate myometrium by locally produced IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), we examined the cellular localization and sex steroid regulation of IGFBPs 1-5 in the nonhuman primate uterus. Ovariectomized rhesus monkeys were treated with placebo, estradiol (E2), or E2 and progesterone (P4) (E2 and P4) for 2 weeks, after which their uteri were removed and cut into thin serial sections for analysis by in situ hybridization. IGFBP-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was not detected in control or E2-treated uteri but was found in a few unidentified cells in the E2 and P4-treated group. IGFBP-2, -3, -4, and -5 mRNAs were all expressed by myometrial smooth muscle cells but each displayed distinctive patterns of regulation by sex steroids. IGFBP-2 was barely detectable in control myometrium, was significantly increased by E2 and even more significantly by E2 and P4. IGFBP-4 and 5 mRNAs were readily detectable in control myometrium and significantly increased by E2 treatment. The addition of P4 to E2 treatment did not produce a significantly greater augmentation in IGFBP-4 or 5mRNA level compared with E2 alone. IGFBP-3 mRNA was abundant in the control myometrium, but in contrast to other IGFBPs was significantly reduced by approximately 75% in smooth muscle cells by E2 and by E2 and P4 treatment. Interestingly, however, IGFBP-3 mRNA was increased in the uterine vascular endothelium by E2 and by E2 and P4 treatment. In summary, this study has shown that four of the six known IGFBPs are highly expressed in the primate myometrium, and that their expression is differentially regulated by sex steroids. The cellular and sex steroid-regulated pattern of IGFBP-2 gene expression is very similar to that of IGF-I, as previously determined in these same myometrial samples. Both IGF-I and IGFBP-2 are dependent on E2 for significant myometrial expression, and both are further augmented by the addition of P4 to E2 treatment. Uterine smooth muscle IGFBP-3 mRNA levels are negatively regulated, whereas IGFBP-4 and -5 mRNA levels are positively regulated by E2: none of these myometrial IGFBPs appears sensitive to the effects of P4. The present observations, together with our previous data from the same animals, demonstrate that the primate myometrial smooth muscle cell expresses mRNAs for IGF-I and -II, IGF-I and -II receptors, as well as expresses mRNAs for IGFBP-2, -3, -4, and -5. These data provide evidence for complex local interactions between IGF system components regulated by estrogen and progesterone.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons project topographically organized to the subventricular zone and stimulate precursor cell proliferation in aged primates.

The subventricular zone of the adult primate brain contains neural stem cells that can produce new neurons. Endogenous neurogenesis might therefore be used to replace lost neurons in neurodegenerative diseases. This would require, however, a precise understanding of the molecular regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo. Several regulatory factors, including dopamine, have been identified in rodents, but none in primates. We have, therefore, studied the origin and function of the dopaminergic innervation of the subventricular zone in nonhuman primates. Tracing experiments in three macaques revealed a topographically organized projection from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), but not the adjacent retrorubral field, to the subventricular zone: the anteromedial SNpc projects to the anteroventral subventricular zone, the posterolateral SNpc to the posterodorsal subventricular zone. Double immunolabeling for tyrosine hydroxylase and BrdU (5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine) incorporated into the DNA of proliferating cells showed that dopaminergic fibers approach proliferating cells in the subventricular zone. We investigated the effect of this nigro-subventricular projection on cell proliferation in six aged macaques, because the rate of neurogenesis differs between young adult and aged primates and because neurodegenerative diseases mainly affect aged humans. Three macaques were treated with MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) to decrease dopaminergic innervation of the subventricular zone. A significant decrease in the number of PCNA+ (proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive) proliferating cells (-44%) and PSA-NCAM(+) (polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule-positive) neuroblasts (-59%) was found in the denervated regions of the subventricular zone, suggesting that an intact dopaminergic nigro-subventricular innervation is crucial for sustained neurogenesis in aged primates.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

Long-distance calls in Neotropical primates.

Long-distance calls are widespread among primates. Several studies concentrate on such calls in just one or in few species, while few studies have treated more general trends within the order. The common features that usually characterize these vocalizations are related to long-distance propagation of sounds. The proposed functions of primate long-distance calls can be divided into extragroup and intragroup ones. Extragroup functions relate to mate defense, mate attraction or resource defense, while intragroup functions involve group coordination or alarm. Among Neotropical primates, several species perform long-distance calls that seem more related to intragroup coordination, markedly in atelines. Callitrichids present long-distance calls that are employed both in intragroup coordination and intergroup contests or spacing. Examples of extragroup directed long-distance calls are the duets of titi monkeys and the roars and barks of howler monkeys. Considerable complexity and gradation exist in the long-distance call repertoires of some Neotropical primates, and female long-distance calls are probably more important in non-duetting species than usually thought. Future research must focus on larger trends in the evolution of primate long-distance calls, including the phylogeny of calling repertoires and the relationships between form and function in these signals.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gene transfer into nonhuman primate hematopoietic stem cells: implications for gene therapy.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are desirable targets for gene therapy because of their self-renewal and multilineage differentiation abilities. Retroviral vectors are extensively used for HSC gene therapy. However, the initial human trials of HSC gene marking and therapy showed that the gene transfer efficiency into human HSCs with retroviral vectors was very low in contrast to the much higher efficiency observed in murine experiments. The more quiescent nature of human HSCs and the lower density of retroviral receptors on them hindered the efficient gene transfer with retroviral vectors. Since nonhuman primates have marked similarity to humans in all aspects including the HSC biology, their models are considered to be important to evaluate and improve gene transfer into human HSCs. Using these models, clinically relevant levels (around 10% or even more) of gene-modified cells in peripheral blood have recently been achieved after gene transfer into HSCs and their autologous transplantation. This has been made possible by improving ex vivo transduction conditions such as introduction of Flt-3 ligand and specific fibronectin fragment (CH-296) into ex vivo culture during transduction, and the use of retroviral vectors pseudotyped with the gibbon ape leukemia virus or feline endogenous retrovirus envelope. Other strategies including the use of lentiviral vectors and in vivo selective expansion of gene-modified cells with the drug resistance gene or selective amplifier gene (also designated the molecular growth switch) are now being tested to further increase the fraction of gene-modified cells using nonhuman primate models. In addition to the high gene transfer efficiency, high-level and long-term expression of transgenes in human HSCs and their progeny is also required for effective HSC gene therapy. For this purpose, other backbones of retroviral vectors such as the murine stem cell virus and cis-DNA elements, such as the ss-globin locus control region and the chromatin insulator, also need to be tested in nonhuman primate models. Nonhuman primate studies will continue to provide an important framework for human HSC gene therapy. Well-designed nonhuman primate studies will also offer unique insights into the HSCs, immune system, and transplantation biology characteristic of large animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Periodontitis in humans and non-human primates: oral-systemic linkage inducing acute phase proteins.

BACKGROUND: The acute phase response (APR) represents a systemic counterpart to the localized inflammatory response. This report describes patient-oriented and non-human primate model studies to determine the effect of periodontal disease on systemic acute phase proteins (APP). METHODS: Patient-oriented studies included comparison of the levels of APP, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), with the presence and severity of periodontitis in localized chronic periodontitis (LCP), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP), and Sjogren's syndrome (SS) patients. The non-human primate experiments evaluated the serum level of APPs under natural conditions, following mechanical hygiene, experimental gingivitis, and during ligature-induced periodontitis. RESULTS: Analysis of the LCP population showed what appeared to be a threshold of periodontal disease severity required for elevating the C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (HG). The results demonstrated a significant elevation in CRP in the GAP versus the control groups, as well as lower levels of all mediators in healthy non-smokers (HNS) versus smokers (HS), suggesting that these systemic inflammatory markers were altered in response to challenge by noxious materials from smoking. Significantly different levels of CRP, HG, and alpha1-antiproteinase were noted in the SS patients suggesting that the autoimmune aspects of Sjögren's syndrome may impact upon oral health and systemic responses. Parallel evidence was also obtained from the primate studies. Providing mechanical oral hygiene, which significantly lowered clinical inflammation and bleeding of the gingiva, decreased the serum APP levels. Both CRP and fibrinogen were significantly elevated during progressing periodontitis, which also appeared to have an impact on serum lipids and lipoproteins. CONCLUSIONS: These findings supported results relating chronic oral infections and the inflammation of periodontitis as contributors to and/or triggers for systemic inflammatory responses. Finally, similarities in the clinical and microbiological parameters of gingival inflammation and periodontitis between humans and non-human primates was extended to identification of changes in serum APP in the non-human primates that appeared to be in direct response to the induction of progressing periodontitis. These systemic changes provide additional evidence for the biological plausibility of periodontal infections contributing to various systemic diseases.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2006

IgG Fc receptor III homologues in nonhuman primate species: genetic characterization and ligand interactions.

Ig Fc receptors bind to immune complexes through interactions with the Fc regions of specific Ab subclasses to initiate or inhibit the defense mechanisms of the leukocytes on which they are expressed. The mechanism of action of IgG-based therapeutic molecules, which are routinely evaluated in nonhuman primate models, involves binding to the low-affinity FcRIII (CD16). The premise that IgG/CD16 interactions in nonhuman primates mimic those present in humans has not been evaluated. Therefore, we have identified and characterized CD16 and associated TCR zeta-chain homologues in rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques, baboons, and sooty mangabeys. Similar to humans, CD16 expression was detected on a lymphocyte subpopulation, on monocytes, and on neutrophils of sooty mangabeys. However, CD16 was detected only on a lymphocyte subpopulation and on monocytes in macaques and baboons. A nonhuman primate rCD16 generated in HeLa cells interacted with human IgG1 and IgG2. By contrast, human CD16 binds to IgG1 and IgG3. As shown for humans, the mAb 3G8 was able to block IgG binding to nonhuman primate CD16 and inhibition of nonhuman primate CD16 N-glycosylation enhanced IgG binding. Clearly, differences in interaction with IgG subclasses and in cell-type expression should be considered when using these models for in vivo evaluation of therapeutic Abs.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Age-related changes in the absorption characteristics of the primate lens.

PURPOSE: To quantitate aging of the primate lens by changes in the absorption characteristics that are related to the yellowing of lens protein. METHODS: The lenses of lower primates and humans were sectioned anterior to posterior every 0.25 mm, and the UV-visible spectrum of each section was measured to determine the cumulative spectra along the visual axis. The ratio of the absorbance at 320 nm (formed with aging) to the absorbance at 365 nm (present in the young lens) was correlated with the age of the lens. RESULTS: In the young primate UV-B is transmitted to the retina, and UV-A is transmitted to the nucleus of the lens. By puberty, changes in the absorption characteristics of the lens that are associated with the yellowing of lens protein prevented most of the UV-B from reaching the retina and by the eighth decade, the transmittances at 320 and 365 nm to the nucleus of the lens were approximately 40% and 79%, respectively. A linear relationship between the ratio of absorbance at 320 to 365 nm and age was found for both lower primates and humans to the age of 80 years. This is surprising, because the maximum life span of the lower primate is approximately 35 years, whereas humans may live 100 years. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the observed spectral changes associated with the yellowing of the lens are the result of a chronological process, such as chemical or photochemical modifications, not biological aging.

Absorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Primate foot evolution: a new approach to the old problem].

Functional reasons for specific changes in mammal foot skeleton occurring in course of formation and progressive evolution of locomotion on the parasagittal extremities are formulated for the first time. The paper establishes the base of the study of highly parasagittal forms (terrestrial catarhine monkeys, man and his ancestors), that evolved in primate history much later then their counterparts in other orders. The foot of primitive primate (Lemur catta) is scrutinized as a model of a primitive foot structure, that determined the peculiarities of foot evolution in higher forms. Primate foot traits as elements of general mammal foot evolution are described. Some specializations of the primate foot to the arboreal habitats are concluded to preclude the primate foot from progressing to the state inherent in highly advanced parasagittal members of other mammalian orders.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Efficacy of the oxygen-charged static two-layer method for short-term pancreas preservation and islet isolation from nonhuman primate and human pancreata.

Previous reports indicate that the two-layer method (TLM) of human pancreas preservation is superior to University of Wisconsin solution (UW) when pancreata are preserved for extended periods (i.e., >24 h) prior to islet isolation. In this study, the efficacy of using the TLM for preserving pancreata for short periods (i.e., <13 h) was evaluated using both nonhuman primate and human pancreata preserved with a TLM kit precharged with oxygen. An oxygen precharged TLM (static TLM) was established and compared with the original TLM with continuous oxygen supply. For the static TLM, the perfluorochemical was fully oxygenated and the oxygen supply removed prior to pancreas preservation. In the primate model, pancreata were preserved by the static TLM, the original TLM, and UW for 5 h prior to islet isolation. In the human model, pancreata were preserved with the static TLM or the original TLM or UW for 4-13 h. Both primate and human pancreata were processed by intraductal collagenase injection and digestion followed by continuous density gradient purification to isolate islets. Islets were assessed for islet yield, purity, viability, and in vitro functionality. In the primate model, islet yield, viability, and in vitro functionality were significantly improved by both the static TLM and the original TLM with similar results. Postculture islet yields were 23,877 +/- 3619 IE/g in the static TLM, 21,895 +/- 3742 IE/g in the original TLM, and 6773 +/- 735 IE/g in UW. In the human model, both the static TLM and the original TLM significantly increased islet yield compared with UW with postculture islet yields of 2659 +/- 549 IE/g in the static TLM, 2244 +/- 557 IE/g in the original TLM, and 1293 +/- 451 IE/g in UW. Nonhuman primate and human pancreata stored in the static TLM, immediately upon procurement, yield isolated islets of a substantially higher quantity than when pancreata are stored in UW. Thus, the use of the static TLM should replace the use of UW for storage of pancreata during transport prior to islet isolation.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2003

[The effect of microgravity and head down immobilization on hemopoiesis in primates].

Objects of the investigation were peripheral blood and bone marrow cytology in 6 primates during readaptation following the 2-wk. space flights (SF) aboard biosatellites BION-9, 10 and 11, and ground-based simulations of 17-d sitting in the chairs of the Bios-primat capsule (4 primates) and 4-wk. head-down immobilization (-5 degrees, 12 primates). On completion of each of the three experiments, the hemopoietic system was characterized by a distinct nonspecific stress-reaction, i.e. neutrophilous leukocytosis against reductions of the lymphocyte and eosinophil counts. After SF and HD immobilization, the blood profile carried signs of a specific reaction which consisted of a hemoconcentration (hematocrit and hemoglobin) reduction during early readaptation and recovery as a result of erythropoiesis activation due to, primarily, blood redistribution and a decreased weight-bearing load. The specific reactions to HD immobilization were less significant and did not reveal themselves at all in the chaired primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Detection of early secretory antigenic target-6 antibody for diagnosis of tuberculosis in non-human primates.

Tuberculosis is one of the most economically devastating, zoonotic infections of captive non-human primates. The limitations of the tuberculin skin test, which is currently used to diagnose tuberculosis in living non-human primates, make it necessary to find new, simple, and economical diagnostic methods. We describe use of an enzyme-linked immunoassay to detect IgG antibodies against early secretory antigenic target (ESAT)-6, a small protein secreted by virulent tubercle bacilli, in paired (pre- and post-outbreak) sera from 57 non-human primates involved in an outbreak of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a research colony. Of 25 animals with tuberculosis lesions at necropsy, 22 (88%) had high serum levels of the ESAT-6 antibody. The ESAT-6 antibody was found in 16% (5/32) of post-outbreak sera from animals in which tuberculosis could not be confirmed at necropsy. The strong association between the ESAT-6 antibody and tuberculosis in non-human primates documented in this study, together with the robustness of the serologic assay, make the ESAT-6 ELISA a valuable tool for diagnosis of tuberculosis in captive non-human primates.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Stromal cell-associated hematopoiesis: immortalization and characterization of a primate bone marrow-derived stromal cell line.

An elucidation of the interaction between the bone marrow microenvironment and hematopoietic stem cells is critical to the understanding of the molecular basis of stem cell self renewal and differentiation. This interaction is dependent, at least in part, on direct cell to cell contact or cellular adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins. Long-term bone marrow cultures (LTMC) provide an appropriate microenvironment for maintenance of primitive hematopoietic stem cells and a means of analyzing this stem cell-stromal cell interaction in vitro. Although LTMC have been successfully generated from murine and human bone marrow, only limited success has been reported in a primate system. In addition, few permanent stromal cell lines are available from nonmurine bone marrow. Because the primate has become a useful model for large animal bone marrow transplant studies and, more specifically, retroviral-mediated gene transfer analysis, we have generated immortalized bone marrow stromal cell lines from primate bone marrow using gene transfer of the Simian virus large T (SV40 LT) antigen. At least one stromal cell line has demonstrated the capacity to maintain early hematopoietic cells in long-term cultures for up to 4 weeks as measured by in vitro progenitor assays. Studies were undertaken to characterize the products of extracellular matrix biosynthesis and growth factor synthesis of this cell line, designated PU-34. In contrast to most murine bone marrow-derived stromal cell lines capable of supporting hematopoiesis in vitro that have been examined, the extracellular matrix produced by this primate cell line includes collagen types I, laminin. Growth factor production analyzed through RNA blot analysis, bone marrow cell culture data, and factor-dependent cell line proliferation assays includes interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-7, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, M-CSF, leukemia inhibitory factor, and a novel cytokine designated IL-11. This immortalized primate bone marrow stromal cell line may be useful in maintaining early progenitor cells for experimental manipulation without the loss of reconstituting capacity and as a potential source of novel hematopoietic growth factors.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of Campylobacter in infant, juvenile and adult laboratory primates.

A cross-sectional study of Campylobacter spp. infection was conducted on 125 infant (Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis) in an infant primate nursery housing infants from birth to 18 months of age, and 145 M. nemestrina aged from 4 months to 15 years at another facility (Primate Field Station) housing animals from birth to aged adults. The objective was to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in various age groups and to investigate the correlation with diarrhea. In the Infant Primate Research Laboratory approximately 70% of infants were infected at 18 months-old. Campylobacter coli was isolated from approximately two-thirds of the infected infants. One-third were Campylobacter jejuni and occasional infants were infected with a naladixic acid resistant, hippurate negative (NAR) Campylobacter spp. At the Primate Field Station virtually all animals cultured in 4-6 month-old, 16-20 month-old, and 3-5 year-old age groups were positive. Approximately one-third of middle-aged adults (10-15 years old) were positive with C. coli or NAR Campylobacter spp. Environmental factors such as location and movement of animals may provide an explanation for the prevalence data obtained in the two facilities and different age groups of animals. An etiologic role of Campylobacter spp. in diarrhea of laboratory primates was not established in this study.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

The MHC class I genes of the rhesus monkey. Different evolutionary histories of MHC class I and II genes in primates.

Homologues of the human HLA-A and -B MHC class I loci have been found in great apes and Old World primates suggesting that these two loci have existed for at least 30 million years. The C locus, however, shows some sequence similarity to the B locus and has been found only in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. To determine the age of the MHC class I C locus and to examine the evolution of the A and B loci we have cloned, sequenced, and in vitro translated 16 MHC class I cDNAs from two unrelated rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using both cDNA library screening and PCR amplification. Analyses of these sequences suggest that the C locus is not present in the rhesus monkey, indicating that this locus may be of recent origin in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The rhesus monkey's complement of MHC class I genes includes the products of at least one expressed A locus and at least two expressed B loci, indicating that a duplication of the B locus has taken place in the lineage leading to these Old World primates. Comparison of rhesus monkey MHC class I cDNAs to their primate counterparts reveals fundamental differences between MHC class I and class II evolution in primates. Although MHC class II allelic lineages are shared between humans and Old World primates, no such trans-species sharing of allelic lineages is seen at the MHC class I loci.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

MHC class I-processed pseudogenes in New World primates provide evidence for rapid turnover of MHC class I genes.

The MHC class I genes of the New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), are an exception to the high polymorphism and variability displayed by this multigene family. We report the isolation of the first two processed pseudogenes from the MHC region in primates. These two MHC class I-processed pseudogenes (MHC-PS1 and -PS2) were found in several species of New World primates, suggesting a possible explanation for the cotton-top tamarin's limited MHC class I diversity. The pattern of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in PS1 suggests that the gene that gave rise to this processed pseudogene was once subject to selection for variability in the peptide binding region and might, therefore, have been functional. Additionally, PSI is not closely related to the expressed cotton-top tamarin's MHC class I genes, but does show some similarity to So-N1, a tamarin pseudogene from which no transcript has been found. Thus, PS1 may represent a remnant of a once active MHC class I gene that is no longer functional in the cotton-top tamarin. The MHC class I loci in primates, therefore, appear to be evolving by a continual process of duplication and inactivation. This process seems to be exaggerated in New World primates and may in part be responsible for the cotton-top tamarin's limited MHC class I diversity.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Detection of urogenital mycoplasmal infections in primates by use of polymerase chain reaction.

Urogenital mycoplasmal infections could affect use of primates as models for reproductive system studies and could affect reproduction in captive primates, but could be useful as animal models of similar human infections. We conducted a pilot study to assess detection of urogenital mycoplasmal infections in primates by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Healthy animals were anesthetized, and vaginal, cervical, or endometrial and urethral swab specimens were collected from females and males, respectively. Specimens were tested by PCR supplemented with dot blotting and nonradiolabeled oligonucleotide probing for 16S rRNA sequences conserved among mollicutes. Specimens with positive results were tested by species-specific PCRs with primers for 16S rRNA sequences of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis and for adhesin gene sequences of Mycoplasma genitalium. Spiked duplicate reactions were included as internal controls for each reaction. Results for 232 specimens from 166 animals indicate that naturally acquired urogenital infections are readily detected and suggest that urogenital mycoplasmal infections are common in laboratory primates (48/166 [29%] overall). M. hominis and U. urealyticum appeared to be common among the studied primates overall and especially in chimpanzees. Mycoplasmas other than M. genitalium, M. hominis, and U. urealyticum appeared to be at least as common as these three, with specimens from 18 of 48 animals (38%) having positive "generic" PCR results, but no positive results in species-specific PCRs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus infection of human and nonhuman primate lymphocytes results in the migration of CD2+ T cells into the intestine of engrafted SCID mice.

Increased lymphocytic infiltration of intestinal tissues has been observed in patients infected with HIV-1 and in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. To determine whether HIV-1 and SIV infections influence the homing of human and nonhuman primate PBMC to intestinal tissues, we engrafted SCID mice with human or nonhuman primate PBMC and infected them with either cell-free or cell-associated HIV-1 or SIV. In mice that received both PBMC and virus, human or nonhuman primate CD2+ T cells were found in intestinal tissues, primarily in the intraepithelial lymphocyte compartment and lamina propria. Immunomagnetic sorting revealed that these cells were derived from the CD4+ population. Using gag-specific primers, PCR analysis of these tissues detected the presence of HIV-1 proviral DNA. However, in SCID mice that were engrafted with either human or nonhuman primate PBMC and no HIV-1 or SIV, CD2+ T cells were not detected in intestinal tissues. These results indicate that HIV-1 and SIV can modulate the migratory properties of human and nonhuman primate T cells in the SCID mouse model.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research: the missing link?

Wild primate populations, an unexplored source of information regarding emerging infectious disease, may hold valuable clues to the origins and evolution of some important pathogens. Primates can act as reservoirs for human pathogens. As members of biologically diverse habitats, they serve as sentinels for surveillance of emerging pathogens and provide models for basic research on natural transmission dynamics. Since emerging infectious diseases also pose serious threats to endangered and threatened primate species, studies of these diseases in primate populations can benefit conservation efforts and may provide the missing link between laboratory studies and the well-recognized needs of early disease detection, identification, and surveillance.

Animals↗