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PubMed2002

Application of the seven-factor model of personality to early childhood.

The seven-factor model of personality developed by Cloninger and colleagues describes personality as a function of developmental aspects of character superimposed on heritable dimensions of temperament. The objective of this study was to determine whether this model could be applied to early childhood. We tested a preschool version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (the preschool TCI) in 305 children aged 2-5 years. Exploratory factor analysis provided support for the presence of distinct domains of temperament (comprising four factors) and character (comprising three factors). The preschool TCI demonstrated high internal consistency for each of the seven factors (Cronbach's alpha values: 0.70-0.93). Inter-individual differences in novelty seeking, reward dependence and cooperativeness were highly preserved (Pearson's r values 0.75, 0.64 and 0.80, respectively) in 29 subjects who were studied over a 3-year period from toddlerhood to early school age. Future studies are warranted to test the extent to which early childhood measurements of the seven factors might predict the development of personality disorders.

Character↗
PubMed1996

Stability and change in personality across the life span: behavioral-genetic versus evolutionary approaches.

Recent findings and theoretical models of behavioral-genetic and evolutionary approaches to personality development across the life span are presented. Theoretical and empirical strengths and weaknesses of these approaches regarding the issue of stability and change are outlined. Although these "biological" models may appear disparate as often as they appear similar, they share the common assumption that most personality phenomena are products of environmental contingencies. However, they differ with regard to the level at which they analyze and incorporate environmental influences into their interpretations of stability and change. Genetic influences are also examined. A theoretical integration of the recent findings and of the models of genetic and environmental influences on personality via evolutionary and behavioral-genetic approaches is intended to fill in the gaps and stimulate research on the study of personality development across the life span.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Integrating and analyzing psychosocial and stage theories to challenge the development of the injured collegiate athlete.

OBJECTIVE: To integrate a psychosocial developmental theory and a psychological stage theory for challenging an injured collegiate student-athlete's personal development and to highlight future areas of research. DATA SOURCES: I searched Education Abstracts, ERIC, Social Science Citation Index, and SPORT Discus for the years 1990-2001 using the key words student-athlete,injury,psychological reaction,Chickering, and psychosocial. DATA SYNTHESIS: Stage theories are theoretic models that outline basic reactions to a stressor, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity. In textbooks addressing the injured athlete, the Kubler-Ross stages of bereavement constitute one of the most commonly presented stage theories addressing the psychological reaction to injury. Psychosocial theories, on the other hand, such as the Chickering and Reisser theory, are theoretic models developed in the educational literature that outline the personal development process (ie, vectors) through which adolescents and adults progress. For this review, the Kubler-Ross and Chickering and Reisser revised theories will be used to outline possible psychological reactions to injury throughout the development progression from vector 1, competence, through vector 7, integrity. CONCLUSIONS: The 1999 Athletic Training Clinical Proficiencies as outlined by the National Athletic Trainers' Association Education Council require clinical proficiencies in the area of psychosocial intervention and referral, yet psychosocial theory is rarely addressed in athletic training educational curricula or texts. Presenting a universal psychosocial developmental theory, such as the Chickering and Reisser 7 vectors, and integrating a common stage theory, such as the Kubler-Ross stages of bereavement, are beneficial in providing athletic training students and athletic trainers additional skills to recognize and mediate negative psychological reactions to injury and in illuminating new areas of research.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Experiences with psychotherapy training in India.

On the basis of 32 years of psychiatric experience in India, the author tries to show how difficulties encountered not only in psychotherapy with Indian patients, but also in supervision of candidates in training for psychotherapy can be related to specific cultural patterns of personality development and social intercourse and, beyond this, traced back to their deeper roots in the traditional Indian world view, as represented by the ancient Hindu scriptures. Starting with the latter, she shows how the lack of an 'anthropocentric orientation', the discouragement of egoistic and individualistic strivings, the doctrine of 'karma' and re-incarnation, all essential elements of traditional Hindu philosophy, and all pointing to an ultimate reality that goes beyond anything that speech or even thought can reach, leave very little to work on for someone who were to approach an entirely traditional Indian scene with the tools and methods of Western psychotherapy. Yet, in view of the present trend towards 'Westernisation', Western methods of psychotherapy have their place, at least for the most modernised sectors of the population. Even then, traditional patterns of personality development and family organisation which, even in a modern setting, still persist, place obstacles in the way of a smooth and meaningful application of Western psychotherapeutic models, not only in clinical practice, but also in the training of therapists. In addition, certain traditional notions concerning the relationship of an Indian 'guru' to his disciples work against a ready understanding and acceptance of Western theories and practices. This applies in particular to 'transference' and more so to 'negative transference' in the therapeutic relationship.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2003

Childhood and adulthood abuse in bulimic and nonbulimic women: prevalences and psychological correlates.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated associations between childhood physical and sexual abuse in bulimic women and eating disturbances, psychiatric symptoms, and likelihood of later abuse in adulthood. METHOD: Fifty-one bulimics and 25 normal eaters participated in this study. Semistructured interviews and self-report measures were used to assess eating symptoms, comorbid psychiatric disturbances, personality pathology, and childhood and adulthood abuse. RESULTS: Compared with the normal eaters, bulimic women reported higher levels of childhood abuse. Although bulimic women showed more psychopathology than nonbulimic women, there was a correspondence between the presence and severity of abuse and the severity of concurrent psychopathologic symptoms. Results linked dissociation and submissiveness to most severe forms of abuse. Abuse in adulthood was almost always preceded by earlier abuse during childhood. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest an association between certain psychopathologic traits and the likelihood of abuse (especially when occurring both in childhood and adulthood). Observed associations could implicate causal effects of childhood abuse on personality development, influences of personality traits in heightening the risk of abuse, or both.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Multidisciplinary care of the dying adolescent.

The adolescent at the end of life poses a unique combination of challenges resulting from the collision of failing health with a developmental trajectory meant to lead to attainment of personal independence. Because virtually all spheres of the dying adolescent's life are affected, optimal palliative care for these young persons requires a multidisciplinary team whose members have a good understanding of their complementary roles and a shared commitment to providing well-coordinated care. Members of the team include the physician (to initiate and coordinate palliative care management); the nurse (to work collaboratively with the physician and adolescent, especially through effective patient advocacy); the psychologist (to assess and manage the patient's neurocognitive and emotional status); the social worker (to assess and optimize support networks); the chaplain (to support the adolescent's search for spiritual meaning); and the child life specialist (to facilitate effective communication in preparing for death). A crucial area for dying adolescents is medical decision making, where the full range of combined support is needed. By helping the young person continue to develop personal autonomy, the multidisciplinary team will enable even the dying adolescent to experience dignity and personal fulfillment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

Developing narrative structure in parent-child reminiscing across the preschool years.

This study is a longitudinal exploration of relations between parents' and children's provision of narrative structure in joint retellings of the past and children's developing personal narrative skills. Fifteen White, middle-class families participated when children were 40 and 70 months old. At both ages, mothers and fathers talked separately with children about shared past events and uniformed experimenters elicited children's personal narratives. Whereas mothers and fathers did not differ in how they structured past narratives, children narrated differently with fathers than with mothers. Further, even at 40 months, girls' narratives were more contexted and evaluative than boys, but parents' provision of narrative structure increased similarly with daughters and sons over time. Children's early abilities to provide evaluative narratives was a strong predictor of their later abilities to provide evaluative narratives; maternal emphasis on evaluations also predicted children's later narrative structure. Parental and child influences on personal narrative skill development are discussed.

Affect↗
PubMed1998

A transitional living environment for persons with brain injuries: staff and client perceptions.

Given increasing interest in social ecology and the impact of environmental factors upon rehabilitation outcomes, the purpose of this study was to begin to document the characteristics of a particular environment designed to meet the needs of persons with traumatic brain injuries. Staff and clients at the Transitional Living Centre of Kingston, Ontario (TLC), a community based post-acute rehabilitation programme providing both residential and day programmes for adults who have acquired brain injuries participated in this study by completing the Community-Oriented Programme Environment Scale (COPES). While COPES subscale scores for clients and staff were within the average range, the results of a multivariate analysis of variance indicated that client and staff perceptions of the TLC environment differed significantly on two subscales within the Personal Development Dimension (i.e., Personal Problem Orientation, Anger and Aggression) and on one subscale under the System Maintenance Dimension (i.e., Staff Control). The results of this study suggest that future research should consider the impact of staff and client perceptions on the effectiveness of the therapeutic environment of brain injury programmes.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2005

[Analysis of personality and psychosocial development of adolescent patients in relation to family dysfunction].

The aim of the study was to analyse an individual psychosocial development and personality of adolescents in relation to family dysfunction. 36 patients who committed suicide attempt treated at the Department of Clinical Toxicology Jagiellonian University Medical College in 2004 and 2005 were included. The Adjective Check List (ACL) by H.G. Gough and A.B. Heilbrun was used. The parents of each of the adolescents were interviewed and responded to questions according to special author's designed Questionnaire. Some phenomenon who can influence the personality and may be recognised as a predictors of suicide attempt were found in most of the examined patients. Prophylactic and therapeutic programs for individual patient and his family member should be constructed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Continuing professional development--supporting the delivery of quality healthcare.

Patients and the general public have a right to expect that doctors remain up to date and are professionally competent. The ultimate aim of continuing professional development (CPD) is to contribute to high-quality patient care. The General Medical Council in the UK has published guidance in relation to standards for CPD, appraisal and revalidation. Doctors in the UK participate in an annual appraisal, the outcome of which is the development of the Personal Development Plan. This paper describes a framework for effective CPD and includes methods of self-assessment of clinical practice. Contributions to effective CPD come from 3 sources--doctors, CPD providers and accrediting bodies. The CPD system of recording credits currently in use by the Royal Colleges of Physicians in the UK is also described.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗
PubMed1993

The assessment of ego development in borderline personality disorders.

The purpose of the study was to assess levels of ego functioning in a cohort of patients who met the criteria for borderline personality disorder. The Sentence Completion Test (SCT) and the Descriptions of Significant Others (DSO) test were used to measure dimensions of ego maturity. The borderline patients' responses on the SCT were compared with the responses of an outpatient sample of psychiatric patients and with general population norms established for the test. The scores on the SCT for a selected subgroup of five subjects were compared with their scores on the DSO. Contrary to expectation, the responses on the SCT by those with borderline personality disorder did not differ from those for the psychiatric outpatient sample or the general population norms. However the within-group comparisons between the SCT and the DSO for the subgroup of five subjects showed comparable trends between tests. Discussion of the results focuses on the interpretations of the borderline patients' responses to the two tests. Emphasis is placed on the need to distinguish subsets of ego functions, which can be assessed separately using a variety of measurement strategies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Development and family environment in compulsive neurotic children and adolescents: a retrospective and comparative study].

In a retrospective study the patient histories of 113 children and adolescents who received outpatient (89 cases) or inpatient (24 cases) treatment from 1973 to 1984 in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Tübingen with the diagnosis "compulsive neurosis" were examined in terms of the criteria personality development, family structure, frequency of certain forms and contents of compulsory behavior, significance and symbolism of the compulsive behavior within the family dynamics. In addition, a comparison was made with the other patients (n = 8,774) receiving child and adolescent psychiatric treatment during this period. The ratio of boys to girls was 7.3. The average age was 13.8 years in the boys and 12.6 years in the girls. The youngest patient was four years old. Compulsive washing was the predominant compulsive behavior in all age groups. Compulsive fears were most frequently manifested in fears about the mother, followed by poisoning and hypochondriac fears. Compulsive impulses were only found from prepuberty. In the girls they were always directed to killing the mother. The analysis of personality development revealed that there were indications of special features in the anal phase in only three cases. On the other hand, special events of pathoplastic significance were found in half of the patients. In about 33%, anancastic characteristics were present in the parents (eight parents were manifestly subject to compulsive neurosis). Conflict avoidance and ambitious demands on the children concerned were typical in the families. In contrast to the reference population, the compulsively neurotic children and adolescents were of average intelligence, frequently attended higher schools and belonged to a higher social class.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Disorders in neuropsychological development and their relation to computed tomography brain scan in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in long-term remission.

In a group of 71 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in long-term remission lasting 4 to 15 years different disorders in their neuropsychological development were found. The disturbances observed were as follows: Emotional disorders in 88%, personality development disorders in 65%, mental retardation in 58%, signs of CNS dysfunction in 54%, and neurological disorder in 31% of children. Abnormal computed tomography brain scans were present in 49% of patients. They consisted mainly of two types: Hypodense areas of the white matter were observed in 23% and widening of the ventricular system and subarachnoidal spaces was present in 26% of children. Statistical evaluation showed significant relations between CT brain scan abnormalities (mainly hypodense changes) and neurological disorders as well as the presence of signs of CNS dysfunction and disorders of personality development. Emotional and mental changes did not correlate with abnormalities of CT brain scan findings.

Adolescent↗