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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

[Equivalence of oral and intramuscular premedication. II. Effect of various conventional premedication drugs].

In a randomised study, 6 different premedications (oral flunitrazepam, oral pentobarbital, oral physiological NaCl solution, intramuscular pethidine, intramuscular droperidol/fentanyl, intramuscular physiological NaCl solution) were administered to 600 patients to determine the equal efficacy of the premedicative drugs in oral or parenteral administration. Patients gave the best rating to the oral application of flunitrazepam. The differences in the assessment of application and effect of the drugs are contrasted by the statement that most patients do not feel any direct influence on their preoperative anxiety by premedication. However, it is easier for them to cope with anxiety because premedication pacifies the patients, whereas each of the dependent variables, such as apprehension, is influenced differently. Oral premedication again proves superior to parenteral premedication.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1983

Nonnutritive sucking during gavage feeding enhances growth and maturation in premature infants.

The effects of nonnutritive sucking (NNS) by means of a pacifier during gavage feeding were studied in 30 premature infants whose birth weight was less than 1,500 g. The addition of NNS accelerated the maturation of the sucking reflex, facilitating a more rapid transition from gavage to oral feedings. Additionally, NNS decreased intestinal transit time and caused a more rapid weight gain despite comparable caloric intake resulting in a shortened hospital stay. Although the physiologic mechanisms resulting from this form of oral stimulation remain to be investigated, our data suggest that NNS may be an important factor to consider in the feeding of premature infants.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1980

Strangulation in childhood: epidemiology and clinical course.

A review of 233 cases of childhood strangulation was made to determine injury epidemiology. Consistent patterns of injury were observed. Crib and playground equipment strangulations are already the subject of Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) preventative regulations. High chair-, playpen mesh-, pacifier cord-, and clothing-related injuries would be amenable to prevention by improved product safety regulation. The CPSC has been petitioned to remedy the first two of these hazards. Many crib and rope strangulations can only be prevented by direct patient counseling. Although Congress empowered and required the CPSC to recognize and correct unsafe products, its surveillance systems may obscure the very design defects that cause injury. Likewise, political considerations may slow enactment of new design regulations. Physicians who treat childhood accident victims are in a position to recognize hazardous products and lobby for their improvement. Of the 233 cases 38 were further evaluated to delineate the clinical course of childhood strangulation. Victims who fail to resume normal cardiopulmonary function by the time of hospitalization have a poor prognosis for neurologic recovery with current modes of therapy. Improved treatment of hypoxic and ischemic cerebral injury might prevent some of the deaths and handicaps resulting from strangulation.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1994

Patents and the nurse scholar, Part I: The basic philosophy of intellectual property.

Patenting intellectual property is important for a number of reasons. Health care products are designed to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of care. Without the patent, the property would most likely never enter into the public market for general use by either health care providers or clients. Products such as the specialized IV pole which also accommodates dependent drains (e.g. urinary drainage bags) (Rebar, 1991) or the premature infant pacifier (Engebretson & Wardell, 1991) are valuable assets to patient care. However, without patents to protect them as property, their value in the commercialization process would be nil. Therefore, the public benefits from this system for three reasons: (1) it encourages the inventor to make the invention; (2) the public is given the opportunity to use the invention; (3) the knowledge of the invention is made available to everyone; and (4) often royalties are returned to the institution for further research and development activities.

Clinical Nursing Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk factors for astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the brain in young children: a report from the Children's Cancer Group.

We conducted a matched case-control study to investigate risk factors for the two most common types of brain tumors in children, astrocytic glioma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Since the study focused on gestational exposures, we restricted it to young children because these exposures would be expected to act early in life. Parents of 155 astrocytic glioma cases, 166 PNET cases, and controls identified by random digit dialing completed telephone interviews. Few associations occurred with the hypothesized risk factors, which were gestational exposure to alcohol, hair coloring products, farms, and substances containing N-nitroso compounds (passive smoking, makeup, incense, new cars, pacifiers, baby bottles, beer). Of the products studied that contain N-nitroso compounds, only beer was associated with a significantly increased risk of either tumor type [odds ratio (OR) for PNET = 4.0; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-22.1; P = 0.04]. Elevated ORs for PNET were observed for farm residence of the mother during the pregnancy (OR = 3.7; 95% CI, 0.8-23.9; P = 0.06) and of the child for at least a year (OR = 5.0; 95% CI, 1.1-46.8; P = 0.04). Significant associations with astrocytoma were observed for mother's use of kerosene (OR = 8.9; 95% CI, 1.1-71.1; P = 0.04) and birth by Caesarean section (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2; P = 0.03). History of miscarriage was associated with a lower risk of PNET (OR = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9; P = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1994

The effect of hypertrophic adenoids and tonsils on the development of posterior crossbite and oral habits.

There are a number of studies in the literature, that associate nasopharyngeal airway obstruction, as a result of adenoid enlargement, to the development of skeletal and dental abnormalities. However, the etiologic role of hypertrophied adenoids and tonsils in developing an aberrant dentofacial growth is not clear, yet. The present investigation attempted to study the incidence of maxillary posterior crossbite and oral habits, in a sample of 120 children, that displayed hypertrophied adenoids with or without enlarged tonsils, and underwent adenoidectomy. An attempt was also made to relate the presence of crossbite to the severity of upper respiratory airway obstruction. The severity of airway obstruction was assessed using radiographic and surgical criteria. A lateral cephalometric radiograph was obtained and studied for each patient. Results indicated, that 47% of the children examined, had developed a posterior crossbite. The presence of crossbite was high in children with severe airway obstruction, particularly in those with hypertrophied adenoids and tonsils. On the contrary, most of the children with a posterior crossbite did not have a history of pacifier or finger sucking. It was also concluded, that the study of a lateral cephalometric radiograph can be a valuable diagnostic method in the evaluation of children with upper airway obstruction.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of Chagas' disease in Ayoreo communities of the Paraguayan Chaco.

The prevalence of Chagas' disease in Ayoreo amerindians living in their traditional habitat of the Paraguayan Chaco was assessed by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The Ayoreo is the last hunther-gatherer tribe of the Paraguayan Chaco and was "pacified" between 1965 and 1975. They still maintain a seminomadic way of life. Chagas' disease prevalence in the Ayoreo communities probably represents their natural prevalence in Chaco Amerindians before settlement. Triatoma sordida was identified as the insect vector in the settlements of Gesudi and Chovoreca, while the highly domiciliary Triatoma infestans was found in Campo Loro. The prevalence of Chagas' disease in Gesudi and Chovoreca, based on our serological surveys was 12-13%. Other authors reported a 72.9% of Chagas' disease prevalence in amerindians settled in the Chaco since 1930-1940.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Responding to irritable people in the OR setting.

1. Irritability may be caused by psychologic factors, physiologic factors, external factors, or a combination of factors. 2. If the nurse reacts to another individual's irritability by feeling inadequate, becoming irritable, or any other number of nontherapeutic responses, emotions may be escalated, interpersonal relationships may be irretrievably damaged, and productivity on the job may be diminished. 3. A therapeutic response to irritability can have a steadying effect and lead to a peaceful resolution; appropriate response by the nurse to facilitate positive communication, provide support, and promote effective resolution of problems can assist in pacifying tense situations when irritability becomes a problem.

Emotions↗
PubMed1993

[Maternity ward routines in Barcelona].

Twenty-one maternity wards in Barcelona were visited in order to evaluate the degree of compliance with the OMS/UNICEF guidelines for breast-feeding protection. Breast-feeding is initiated within the first hour after birth in only 2 of these hospitals. In only 5 cases is demand feeding encouraged. In only 6 of these maternity wards do the newborn babies remain with their mothers all day long and in only one are newborn babies not given water or dextrose. In only two hospitals is the pacifier discouraged. Furthermore, only two of the hospitals do not receive free formula supplies from the industry. Immediate changes are needed if the mother's right to breast-feed is to be protected.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1995

[What physicians should currently observe in the area of dental health].

Several factors govern the development of human dental caries. The actual caries incidence in children depends greatly on fluoride consumption, reduction of fermentable sugar intake (in favour of the use of sugar substitutes), dental health habits and regular dental check-ups. A significant reduction of dental caries in children and young adults is achieved in many countries following these principles. However, there remains a group, about 25%, with a particularly high incidence of caries. Today, efforts are directed at detecting these risk subjects. Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli are the main causative bacteria of human dental caries. The initiation of dental caries is preceded by colonisation of the dentition by S. mutans, usually in early childhood. The early establishment of these bacteria in the mouth of human infants is dependent on intrafamilial--mainly maternal--transmission of saliva. The higher the level of S. mutans in the maternal saliva, the more likely is the colonisation of primary dentition by cariogenic bacteria. The earlier the colonisation, the higher the incidence of caries. Today we have new diagnostic aids: Simple microbiological tests to detect the individuals with high salivary levels of these cariogenic bacteria, so called SM-millionaires. The tests are also a good educational aid for motivating patients to individual prophylaxis. What could a paediatrician or gynaecologist do to help the dentist? He could inform the parents early enough to avoid saliva contacts. For example, the mother should not take the child's spoon or pacifier in her mouth. The dentist meets the children much later, at an age where they already have caries. The older methods, mentioned at the begin, are also still valuable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Early enhancement of successful breast-feeding.

Fifty-two healthy mother--infant pairs were referred to the paediatric clinic of Malmo General Hospital because of nursing problems. Observation of nursing behaviour showed that almost all these problems were connected to incorrect sucking technique. Only three of the infants sucked correctly, with mouth wide open and tongue under the areola. In a control group of 40 mother--infant pairs without nursing problems, 36 sucked correctly. The introduction of a bottle and the use of pacifiers seemed to interfere with the course of normal nursing.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The actifier: a device for neurophysiological studies of orofacial control in human infants.

A new device for the stimulation of intraoral tissues in human neonates is described. This instrument, known as an actifier, features a wide frequency range for mechanical stimulation, integrated multichannel electomyographic electrode pairs, and the capacity for transducing law compression during non-nutritive sucking behavior. The stimulus/recording interface consists of a modified pacifier. The actifier has been used to investigate the responsiveness of the sucking central pattern generator in human infants to mechanical perturbation.

Electromyography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Racism and perinatal addiction.

Recent publicity and policy have targeted drug use by non-white women, particularly during pregnancy and parenthood. This emphasis on women of color is discordant with the population demographics of substance use and addiction, although morbidity and mortality related to drugs is often greater among nonwhites. Women with addictive disorders that are exacerbated by their social environments are blamed for their behavior. Meanwhile, drug treatment and primary health care services for these women are woefully inadequate. Among newborns testing positive for cocaine, those with black mothers are more likely to be discharged to non-maternal care, which may perpetuate family disruption. There are multiple reasons for true and perceived ethnic differences in substance use, addiction, and related social and medical harm. Such harm may be worsened by the racism inherent in U.S. drug policy. The scapegoating of non-white drug-using women and the paucity of treatment for them may be related to political and economic imperatives of society in maintaining and pacifying exploited groups.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Management of infantile colics].

UNLABELLED: Infantile colic concerns about 10-30% of all newborns and has been defined as a condition characterized by paroxysmal episodes of unexplained full force crying for at least three days a week and continuing for one week or more in a thriving well-nourished infant. The disorder more likely occurs in the evening, without identifiable causes and resolves spontaneously by the fourth month of life. The several factors involved in the etiopathogenesis (food intolerance or allergy to cow's milk protein, intolerance to lactose, intestinal hyperperistalsis, neuro-hormonal immaturity, maternal anxiety and familial stress), make the management of infants with colics difficult. We propose a scoring system for the evaluation of colics in infants based on: 1) crying intensity and duration; 2) accompanying characteristics of crises (e.g. meteorism, family history for allergic disease, type of feeding, type of stools); 3) evaluation of parents' opinion of their infants' crying. Type of management is based on the score: a) crying that is unrelated to colics: treatments referred to specific diagnosis. b) crying that is related to colics but not severe: first and second step of management; c) crying that is related to colics and is severe: third step of management. MANAGEMENT: first step: pacifier, rocking, dull continuous background noise, hot water bottle on the abdomen, herbal tea, simethicone. Second step: pharmacological treatment and periodic controls. Pharmacological treatment include antispastic drugs (e.g. cimetropium bromide). Third step: dietary modification and/or pharmacological treatment: mothers of breast-fed infants are given a diet with no milk or products containing its proteins, or fish, or eggs. Infants who are not breast-fed receive soy milk and if symptoms continue soy milk is substituted with hydrolyzed casein milk formula. Pharmacological treatment include antispastic drugs (e.g. cimetropium bromide and in non responders dicyclomine hydrochloride). Dietary modifications appear more suitable than pharmacological treatment in resolving symptoms, since side effects of drugs have been described and our recent results indicate appropriate dietary modifications offer better results than pharmacological treatment in resolving crises. However, before interrupting dietary modifications and reintroducing cow's milk proteins, infant's tolerance to such proteins is tested. In any case because of the good prognosis and rapid regression of symptoms, dietary regimens or pharmacological treatment should only be applied if really necessary and for brief periods under medical supervision.

Colic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Supralingual temperatures compared to tympanic and rectal temperatures.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the PaciTemp supralingual digital pacifier thermometer as compared to the Thermoscan Instant tympanic and glass-mercury rectal thermometers. METHOD: Eighty-one children under the age of 2 years had temperatures taken sequentially at three body sites: supralingual, tympanic, and rectal. Corrections were calculated between the readings of the three types of thermometers. Percentage of agreement was done to examine sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Using the glass-mercury measurement as the standard, both the supralingual and tympanic measurements showed an overall specificity of 62.8% and sensitivity of 63.3%. Correlation between rectal and supralingual was 0.62, and correlation between rectal and tympanic was 0.71. CONCLUSIONS: The Paci-Temp provides temperature readings that are similar to the tympanic method as compared to the rectal method. Further research on at-home thermometers is needed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1997

Attitudes to the use of dummies in New Zealand; a qualitative study.

AIMS: To explore experiences with, and attitudes to, the use of dummies (pacifiers). METHODS: Seven focus group discussions were held with groups of mothers and of health professionals. RESULTS: Most mothers and health care workers had a generally negative view of dummy use. This related particularly to dislike of toddlers with them and practical issues such as getting lost or dirty. All would allow their use in a very unsettled baby. No mothers had personally experienced problems with breastfeeding due to the use of a dummy, but concern about this possibility was expressed by some health care workers. Recommendations varied about the length of time that dummies need to be avoided. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers in New Zealand use dummies selectively for their infants and were concerned with issues of weaning the baby from the dummy, keeping it clean and not losing it. In analysing the relationships between dummy use and breastfeeding it is important to take into consideration the context of dummy use.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of the change in the knowledge of community regarding infant dental care subsequent to intervention strategies through existing health manpower in rural areas of Haryana (India).

The knowledge about infant dental care (as a part of primary preventive programme) was delivered by the existing health team of CHC viz. medical doctors, multipurpose workers, health workers, Anganwadi workers (ICDS scheme), after due training from the dental experts, in the rural community of Raipur Rani (Haryana). The knowledge of community regarding infant dental care subsequent to intervention strategies when evaluated and compared to baseline values three years after intervention revealed that 72 percent of the community had the correct knowledge of prolonged breast/bottle feeding causing nursing bottle caries. 94 per cent had correct knowledge about harmful effects of thumb/finger sucking on teeth and jaw bones and 77 percent about harmful effects of mouth breathing. 98 percent of expecting mothers knew when to clean the gum pads and 62 percent how to clean the gum pads in an infant. 100 percent of the expecting mothers had the correct knowledge that pacifiers should not be used in small children.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experiences with introduction of the UNICEF program "10 steps for successful breast feeding"].

UNICEF's program "The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative" launched in 1990 has met with some criticism in various places of Central Europe, since breast-feeding has already reached a high level in these areas. Despite that fact the Hospital Limmattal decided to introduce the program. Although the frequency of breast-feeding had attained over 90% at discharge from our clinic before the program was introduced, it could be further improved after four months. Prior to the introduction of the 10-step initiative, 56% (103) of the mothers had still been fully breast-feeding their babies after four months (82 women had completely or partially weaned their babies, 54 women did not respond). After the introduction the number of fully breast-feeding mothers rose to 61% (129) (83 women had partially or completely weaned their babies, 27 did not respond). Chi-square test: p = 0.01. At present the frequency of breast-feeding at clinical discharge is 97% (92% full breast-feeding); in 83% tea is also fed during childbed (50% thereof with less than the total of 50 ml), 66% of the babies can do without pacifiers, and in 82% the use of the bottle is superfluous. The combination of individual care with the introduction of the 10-step initiative has certainly rendered work in the maternity ward more demanding, but also more satisfactory owing to the staff's improved competence.

Breast Feeding↗