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At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

A patient with reversible pupil-sparing Weber's syndrome.

This is a case report of a lady who presented with pupil-sparing Weber's syndrome. She had left oculomotor nerve palsy with normal pupil and right hemiparesis. The patient subsequently made a good recovery. An ischemic lesion of the lower mid-brain was demonstrated on the MRI scan of the brain, which corresponds to the motor nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. The article also describes the neuroanatomy of the oculomotor nerve and how its partial lesions lead to sparing of the pupil. In addition, this case report documents that a pupil-sparing Weber's syndrome could be reversible.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

[Study of the prevalence of disturbance of activity and attention and co-morbid psychiatric disorders in the sample of Kaunas city primary school pupils].

Aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of disturbance of activity and attention and co-morbid psychiatric disorders among the primary school children in Kaunas city. Parents and teachers of all pupils of 12 randomly selected primary schools (N=2942) were asked to fill the scales on the presence of disturbance of activity and attention symptoms in their children. Disturbance of activity and attention was diagnosed if at least 6 symptoms of hyperactivity and/or 6 symptoms of inattention were present for at least 6 months according parents reports in DuPaul-IV scale and the result of teachers CAP scale exceeded the norms for age and gender. Both scales were obtained for 2298 pupils--1096 girls and 1202 boys 6-12 years of age. Disturbance of activity and attention was diagnosed for 5.2% of primary school pupils. It was 1.9 times more frequent among boys than among girls. Prevalence of co-morbid psychiatric disorders was estimated individually interviewing suspected children and their parents using M.I.N.I. Kid questionnaire. Out of all disturbance of activity and attention diagnosed children, 52.5% were also diagnosed co-morbid psychiatric disorders, most frequently oppositional defiant disorder (31.3%) and different types of anxiety disorders (18.0%). Prevalent type of disturbance of activity and attention and co-morbid disorders was related with the age of the pupils. Symptoms of hyperactivity and co-morbid psychiatric disorders had influenced motivation of parents to seek treatment for their children. Forty percent of the parents of children, who were diagnosed disturbance of activity and attention, have applied to the mental health care professionals; most of them evaluated the help they received as partly useful (57.9%) or not useful at all (26.3%).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Acceptability of universal hepatitis B vaccination among school pupils and parents.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends universal hepatitis B (hepB) vaccination for all countries, but this policy has not been adopted in the UK and its acceptability there is unknown. We investigated the attitudes of secondary one (S1) school pupils aged 12-13 years (n = 50) and parents (n = 39) using semi-structured focus group discussions. There was a lack of awareness of hepB among most participants prior to the study. Parents sought further information, including the risks of infection and vaccine side effects. No participants identified cultural or socioeconomic barriers to being vaccinated against hepB. The majority of pupils and nearly all parents were in favour of universal hepB vaccination. Offering hepB vaccination to all S1 pupils, in school, should therefore be highly acceptable, providing that sufficient information on the risk of hepB infection and vaccine safety is provided. A facility for answering questions and a forum for pupil education should also be offered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of visual acuity anomalies among pupils in age 7 and 8 years in Westpomeranian Region (Poland).

PURPOSE: Evaluation of visual acuity anomalies among 7 and 8 year olds pupils in Westpomeranian Region in the aspect of school nurses health services quality in that matter. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Representative sample (n=141) from the whole population of 7 and 8 years old pupils of Westpomeranian schools were screened for visual acuity with the use of Snellen standard boards. Classical methods for statistical analysis of results were used. RESULTS: 141 children were examined, among them 59 (42%) from urban areas and 82 (58%) from rural areas. The prevalence of abnormal visual acuity in general population of children in the age of 7 and 8 years in the region was estimated on the base of results from studied sample on the level of 17.7% +/- 5.0% for confidence interval 95% and was in the range 12.3-24.9%. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of visual acuity anomalies in general population of pupils (17.7 +/- 5.0%) indicates that more intensive preventive care is needed, also serving by school nurses. Precision in defining methodical approach in nursing care and procedure standards with respect to the affected pupils will result in improved preventive strategies.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Nebulised ipratropium causing a unilateral fixed dilated pupil in the critically ill patient: a report of two cases.

We describe two cases of a unilateral fixed dilated pupil secondary to the ocular instillation of nebulised ipratropium bromide. In one patient there was no other neurological abnormality. The second patient was unconscious following a cardiac arrest. While a fixed dilated pupil is an alarming sign, if it is caused by ocular instillation of ipratropium bromide the condition will resolve, although it may take up to 24 hours. The differential diagnosis of a unilateral dilated pupil includes partial third nerve palsy, tonic pupil, direct trauma to the eye and pharmacological mydriasis. The diagnosis can often be determined using pilocarpine eye drops.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

[The image of oneself--in the opinion of Cracovian pupils and students].

A proper and of many directions development of young person's personality requires the acceptance of oneself with the skill of individual identity building and being autonomic person. With the end with safety time in childhood young man has to make a confrontation of formed by over-protective parents image of oneself with perception of him/herself by persons at the same age or by adults. This confrontation may often appear to be disadvantageous. It may lead to the development of acquired emotional deficiency syndrome. Young person loses self confidence, cannot lose, does not undertake any risk or actions requiring obstinacy and endurance. The examination embraced 857 persons (457 pupils of second and third classes of Cracovian secondary schools and 400 students of Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Cracow. On the basis of selected questions from "Eating Disorders Inventory" questionnaire being a part of "Woman Self Image and Social Ideal" inquiry it was stated that: 1. About 1/3 of examined persons wanted to avoid their parents being disappointed but the safety of childhood time was desired (always or usually) by 10% of pupils and 8% of students--more often women than men. Half of the examined persons both pupils and students rarely or never show such desires. 2. 13% of examined persons think that the requires of adult life are far too big--more often in the group of men that in the group of women. 3. Approximately 8% of examined persons want to be somebody else. 56% of examined women and 83% of examined men want to be who they are. 4. High level of expectations towards oneself show more or less 26% of pupils and students, a little bit less give contrary answer. The examinations did not show important differences in the aspect of analyzed problems between students and schoolchildren.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Pupil capture of the posterior chamber intraocular lens: cause and management].

Pupil capture is a rare complication in posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Among 259 eyes with PC IOLs, pupil capture was noted in 6 eyes (2.3%), all J-loop planar lenses (6/119 or 5%), while none of the other 140 eyes with angled or modified J-loop lenses had pupil capture. The complication was successfully corrected by a loop compression maneuver through the sclera, and the patients had visual acuities over 1.0 on follow-up. Based on clinical observations and an experimental model, it was presumed that the arching forward of planar lenses could be the major cause of pupil capture.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Myasthenia gravis associated with tonic pupil].

A 41 year-old female patient with acquired autoimmune myasthenia gravis (MG, IIa type) and tonic pupil (Adie's pupil) of the right side was reported. Adie's pupil was pointed out at the same time of the clinical diagnosis of MG in September, 1988. She had the solitary thymoma identified by pneumo-mediastinograph and mediastinal CT scan. Results of the positive anti-nicotinic AChR antibody titer, the positive edrophonium test and the electrophysiological examination gave unambiguous evidences of acquired autoimmune MG with thymoma. Instillations to the eyes of cocaine, pilocarpine and epinephrine, and the pupillary response to the intravenous injection of edrophonium revealed the postganglionic abnormality mainly in the parasympathetic system. There were no other overt symptoms due to dysautonomia. She refused thymectomy. Her myasthenic and pupillary signs became gradually improving without any immunosuppressive medications. It is concluded that two diseases of the patient may be probably caused by multiple organ- or tissue-specific autoantibodies, in addition to pathogenetic significance of Adie's pupil.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Behavioural screening of 10- and 13-year-old pupils in selected schools in the Cape Peninsula.

The outcome of the behavioural screening of 10- and 13-year-old pupils in selected schools in the Cape Peninsula is reported and the implications discussed. According to parents' reports 21% of 10-year-old and 17.6% of 13-year-old children met the criteria for behaviour disorder. The rates according to teachers' reports were 9.5% and 10.5% respectively. Behaviour disorder occurred with significantly greater frequency among boys, pupils older than the expected age for their standard, pupils with an intelligence quotient below 100, and pupils who had a learning disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Tonic pupil: a simple screening test.

The tonic pupil has a typical appearance and characteristic reactions to both light and the near reflex. Testing with Mecholyl (methacholine) is not possible since the drug is no longer manufactured. The reactions of a group of 25 patients with tonic pupil were studied using dilute pilocarpine, and compared with the pupil responses of a separate control group. We found that concentrations of 0.2% pilocarpine produced too many false-positive reactions in the control group and that 0.05% pilocarpine produced an insufficient response. The 0.1% concentration seemed suitable for ordinary clinical examinations and is recommended for pharmacologic confirmation of the diagnosis of tonic (Adie's) pupil.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Teacher accuracy in the identification of pre-school pupils with hearing loss.

Teachers of 110 pre-school pupils used a questionnaire to identify which children they thought would fail a hearing screening. Following screening, the data was compared to both audiometric only, and combined audiometric and tymponometric screening results. Teachers identified one out of six pupils who failed audiometric screening, and one out of seven who failed combined screening. We concluded that teachers could not accurately identify pupils with hearing problems and should not be used to detect hearing losses in pupils without prior education and training.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A guide to the isolated dilated pupil.

The poorly reactive and dilated pupil observed in a comatose patient is often thought to represent an acute third nerve palsy owing to brain herniation or aneurysm. In the well patient, however, the isolated dilated pupil is unlikely to be owing to a third nerve palsy. It is more commonly owing to other benign causes such as local iris sphincter abnormalities, pharmacologic dilation, tonic pupil syndrome, or sympathetic irritation. This article presents a diagnostic flowchart to help the primary care physician analyze this problem and prevent costly and unnecessary imaging of these patients.

Cranial Nerve Diseases↗
PubMed2005

[Diagnosis of horner syndrome by pupil dilation lag].

BACKGROUND: In the first seconds after switching off the lights, Horner pupils often show a dilation lag. This dilation lag is diagnostic for Horner syndrome. We investigated whether the visibility of the dilation lag can be improved by increasing the amplitude of pupil dilation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In four patients with pharmacologically confirmed Horner syndrome pupil sizes were registered bilaterally simultaneously with an infrared camera. Dilation lag was induced by switching off the light while the patient was fixating at distance or by turning off the light and changing fixation from near to far at the same time. An increase of anisocoria of 0.5 mm or more within the first 4 seconds was interpreted as dilation lag. RESULTS: Dilation lags were seen in one patient with both methods, in two patients only with the second method, and in one patient with neither method. CONCLUSIONS: Dilation lag visibility can be improved by asking the patient to change fixation from near to far at the moment when the lights are switched off.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Physiology, assessment, and disorders of the pupil.

Proper examination of the pupil provides an objective measure of the integrity of the pregeniculate afferent visual pathway and allows assessment of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the eye. Infrared videography and pupillography are increasingly used to study the dynamic behavior of the pupil in common disorders, such as Horner's syndrome and tonic pupil.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sinus arrhythmia and pupil size in Chiari I malformation: evidence of autonomic dysfunction.

In a prospective study on latent autonomic dysfunction in the Chiari type I malformation, 15 patients were examined for degree of sinus arrhythmia in the supine and the sitting positions with a deep breathing test, and for pupil size and function with electronic pupillometry after sympathicomimetic eyedrop stimulation. The 5 patients with brainstem signs had a marked disturbance of sinus arrhythmia, which was more pronounced in the supine than in the sitting position. The clinical signs suggested a dysfunction of the reflex centers in the medulla rather than of the lower cranial nerves. The patients also tended to have more anisocoria than healthy controls, but no clear-cut pattern existed as to pupil dysfunction. Of the 4 patients with syringomyelia, however, the two with the most extensive cord cavitations had a Horner-like pupil reaction ipsilaterally to a marked hand wasting, indicating a sympathetic lesion at the T1 level of the cord.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Response of the pupil to tropicamide is not a reliable test for Alzheimer disease.

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the putative hypersensitivity of the pupil to a weak mydriatic in persons with Alzheimer dementia. DESIGN: Twenty patients with Alzheimer dementia and 20 control subjects were examined. Automated binocular infrared pupillography was performed in the dark after instillation of 0.01% tropicamide or placebo. Ocular penetration of eye drops was assessed simultaneously using 2% fluorescein sodium as a tracer. SETTING: Rochester, Minn. SUBJECTS: Twenty patients and 20 cognitively normal control subjects from the Alzheimer's Disease Patient Registry of the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Percent change in the diameter of the pupil following topical ocular instillation of a diluted concentration of the mydriatic drug tropicamide and penetration of topically applied fluorescein into the aqueous humor. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between patients with Alzheimer disease and control subjects in either the mydriatic response of the pupil or in the rate of penetration of topically applied fluorescein. CONCLUSION: No evidence of pupillary hypersensitivity to an anticholinergic mydriatic drug was found in patients with Alzheimer disease or any evidence that this putative hypersensitivity could be used as an early, simple diagnostic test for Alzheimer disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Improved photographic assessment of the pupils in the syndromes of Horner and Holmes-Adie.

The use of photographic methods to assess pupillary abnormalities has usually been restricted to the measurement of anisocoria in light and darkness. An improved, accurate and relatively inexpensive photographic technique of recording pupillary movement was described, and tested in normal individuals and in the Horner and Holmes-Adie syndromes. A modern SLR camera, preprogrammable for exposure frequency and interval, was used for serial flash-lit photographs of the eyes during the course of darkness and near vision/accommodation reflexes. Measurement of pupillary diameter from these photographs permitted graphs of pupillary reflexes to be drawn that resemble traces obtained by other authors, who used less readily available and cumbersome cinematographic and electronic infra-red pupillometric methods. In Horner's syndrome, the affected pupil was invariably smaller, and the anisocoria was more marked in bright light or darkness, depending on the individual. The rate of dark mydriasis was abnormally slow, and most effectively quantified by measuring the pupillary 'half opening time', which was the interval required for the initial 50% of dark-induced pupillary dilatation. Constriction of tonic pupils during near vision/accommodation in subjects with the Holmes-Adie syndrome was consistently slow, and these pupils also failed to dilate fully in darkness. The amplitude of the darkness and near vision accommodation reflexes correlated significantly. The diverse pathophysiological mechanisms implicated by these changes were discussed.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Respiratory fluctuations of the human pupil.

We simultaneously recorded respiration and pupil size in six normal subjects with an age range of 23-40 years (mean = 30.1), to study the relationship between the respiratory rhythm and changes in pupil size. In all subjects, respiratory fluctuations of the pupil (inspiratory mydriasis and expiratory miosis) were observed during normal spontaneous respirations. The amplitude of these pupillary changes was closely proportional to the tidal volume.

Adult↗