Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “PSYCHOSES”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 487 records · Page 27Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

[Personality changes in patients with periodic psychoses].

The author studied some personality changes in 35 patients with psychoses of periodical development (affective and schizoaffective psychoses), which are important for the rehabilitation period. It was demonstrated that following acute psychotic states there may be a significant distortion of the personality traits giving ground to qualify this state as "a defect", which in the opinion of the author is not justified. Adequate treatment to a large degree removes the personality changes. However, during the remission period there may be some irreversible changes of the personality. The author believes that in some cases there may be peculiar postpsychotic reactions and personality development.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Exogenous organic psychoses and their differential diagnosis in the forensic psychiatric clinic].

Forty-two male patients with organic involvement of the brain of various origins with different severity of psycho-organic changes were examined in order to detect the structural and dynamic clinical features of exogenous organic psychoses for forensic psychiatric expert evaluation. Four variants of such psychoses were distinguished (acute, protracted, relapsing, and periodical), depending on the conditions of development and syndrome formation. Their clinical manifestations are described, forensic psychiatric approaches defined, and variants of forensic psychiatric evaluation presented.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

[Role of endogenous and organic factors in the origin of endoform psychoses in the presence of senile-atrophic processes in the brain].

A clinical study of 50 patients with late schizophrenia and 150 with senile dementia demonstrated an involvement of the endogenous predisposition in the origin of schizoform psychoses in senile dementia, as well as close relation of these psychoses with atrophic processes. The author suggests that a slowly developing atrophic process creates specific, especially favourable conditions for the accomplishment of the endogenous predisposition in some cases and for the exacerbation and depending on the already existing endogenous disturbances in other cases.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

[Postpartum psychoses. A case report].

The puerperal period is a critical one in the life of a woman, due to the numerous changes which occur at biological and psychological levels and also at the level of relationships. Various disturbances of a psychiatric nature may emerge during this period which represents a "risky" phase from a psycho-pathological point of view. Among some of these disturbances, so-called "puerperal psychoses", there is an uncertain nosographic connection. According to some authors, these psychoses could be distinct nosographic events, while others prefer to include them in psychotic disturbances which have already been classified. From this point of view the puerperal period would be a stressful event. Risk factors would be a first birth, previous psychotic puerperal episodes, inherited serious psychiatric disturbances and caesarean section. The therapy used in the case of such disturbances must take into account many aspects and implications which don't exclusively concern the new mother but which also look significantly at the newborn baby, and the patient's family circumstances. All this implies the necessity for a close collaboration between specialists in different medical areas (psychiatry and obstetrics). Particular attention should be given to the type of disturbed relationship which can occur between the mother and the new born child. The analysis of our case has stimulated many reflections from a clinical, therapeutic and prognostic point of view, and as a result we tent to agree with published material on the subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Results of remote follow-up of depressive psychoses at the involutional age].

The author performed follow-up studies of 82 female patients with the onset of the disease at 55-64 years and diagnosed as involutional depression. Subsequently the disease acquired an attack-like character. An analysis of the development and repeated attacks permitted the author to consider most of the cases as late schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychoses, while the remaining part of the cases as organic and reactive disorders. A retrospective analysis demonstrates that in the majority of the cases behind an expressed pathoplastical age-specific features even during the first admission there may be seen signs of a schizophrenic process. Taking this into consideration a correct evaluation of the premanifest period may facilitate a more correct diagnosis. Long-term catamnestical observations revealed the existence of a relatively small group of singular psychoses, which according to their clinical characteristics should be considered as special age-specific disorders.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1976

[Morphologic basis of psychoses associated with vascular and senile pathology].

The paper deals with a study of 100 patients diagnosed as combined senile and vascular psychoses. It is marked that in classical cases of such combinations the disorder has 3 stages. On the first stage there is a predominance of vascular pathology. After 60 years of age (the second stage) the senile sumptomatology disguises many symptoms of vascular lesions. The third stage is characterized by a vascular catastrophe. In many cases of combined psychoses there may be complications of other somatic pathology and mainly of lung and liver disorders.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Variation at the MJD locus in the major psychoses.

Expansion of triplet repeats has been seen to underlie several disorders that manifest anticipation. Clinical evidence suggests that anticipation occurs in the major psychoses. We studied the distribution of repeat sizes at the Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) locus in a group of patients with the major psychoses. We did not find any large expansions, though 2 patients had alleles that were two repeats larger than in our controls. The difference in allele sizes was larger in the patient sample as compared to the controls. The effect of such large differences might be of functional significance.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Comparative and interactive human psychopharmacologic effects of ketamine and amphetamine: implications for glutamatergic and dopaminergic model psychoses and cognitive function.

BACKGROUND: In healthy individuals, ketamine hydrochloride and amphetamine sulfate produce cognitive, behavioral, and subjective effects resembling endogenous psychoses. Studying the comparative and interactive effects of these agents may provide insights into the roles of the glutamate and monoamine systems in psychosis and cognition. OBJECTIVES: To directly compare the effects of ketamine and amphetamine and to explore their interactive effects within individuals. DESIGN: Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind psychopharmacologic trial. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one healthy individuals recruited from the community who completed up to 4 test days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: On each test day, participants received amphetamine (a 1-minute infusion of amphetamine sulfate, 0.25 mg/kg, or saline) and ketamine (a 1-minute intravenous infusion of ketamine, 0.23 mg/kg, followed by a 1-hour infusion of 0.5 mg/kg or an identical saline bolus and infusion). The order of amphetamine and ketamine infusions was randomized. RESULTS: At the doses studied, ketamine and amphetamine produced positive symptoms and euphoria. However, perceptual changes were produced only by ketamine, and hostility, grandiosity, and somatic concern were stimulated only by amphetamine. Amphetamine and ketamine produced conceptual disorganization, but only ketamine produced concrete ideation and unusual mannerisms. Ketamine produced negative symptoms and disrupted delayed recall. Ketamine and amphetamine showed 3 types of interactive effects: (1) amphetamine attenuated the impairment of working memory produced by ketamine; (2) amphetamine and ketamine had additive effects on thought disorder, arousal, and euphoria; and (3) amphetamine and ketamine had less-than-additive effects on psychosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors and dopamine systems in psychosis. However, glutamate and dopamine may differentially contribute to psychosis, thought disorder, and euphoria. Regarding medication development for cognitive dysfunction, the pattern of the interactive effects of ketamine and amphetamine is consistent with the hypothesis that facilitation of prefrontal cortical dopamine levels would attenuate some cognitive impairments associated with deficits in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor function.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1994

Remoxipride in the treatment of psychoses.

In Sweden the atypical neuroleptic drug remoxipride has now been used in routine treatment of psychoses for almost two years. Over 7,000 patients have been treated. During that time both advantages and problems, foreseen and unforeseen, have been encountered. This paper is based on clinical experiences and the discussion is illustrated by five short case-histories. The most important points of the discussion are: As expected, remoxipride seems to produce less extrapyramidal side-effects than traditional neuroleptics. Patients experience less, if any, impairment in cognitive functioning than with traditional neuroleptics. Patients experience less inhibition of feelings and emotions than with traditional neuroleptics, which most often is of great positive value but may also create problems when feelings and emotions get overwhelming and difficult to handle. It is very important that patients get adequate psychological support and attention from the psychiatric team when changing from a traditional neuroleptic drug to remoxipride.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A systems model of altered consciousness: integrating natural and drug-induced psychoses.

Increasing evidence from neuroimaging and behavioral studies suggests that functional disturbances within cortico-striato-thalamic pathways are critical to psychotic symptom formation in drug-induced and possibly also naturally occurring psychoses. Recent basic and clinical research with psychotomimetic drugs, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist, ketamine, and the serotonin-2A (5-HT(2A)) receptor agonist, psilocybin, suggest that the hallucinogenic effects of these drugs arise, at least in part, from their common capacity to disrupt thalamo-cortical gating of external and internal information to the cortex. Deficient gating of sensory and cognitive information is thought to result in an overloading inundation of information and subsequent cognitive fragmentation and psychosis. Cross-species studies of homologues gating functions, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, in animal and human models of psychosis corroborate this view and provide a translational testing mechanism for the exploration of novel pathophysiologic and therapeutic hypotheses relevant to psychotic disorders, such as the group of schizophrenias.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[The clinical course of chronic methamphetamine psychoses].

3 cases with chronic methamphetamine psychoses (MAP-P) were studied from the clinical psychiatric point of view and discussed: 1.) The average time of occurrence of psychotic symptoms in our 3 cases after beginning of MAP abuse was two or three years. 2.) Although the psychotic states (often schizophrenia-like) were stable for a short time, the symptoms recurred promptly after reinjection of a small amount of MAP, unspecific stress or drinking sake (flashback phenomenon). The recurrence may happen even after several years. 3.) In cases of chronic MAP-P disturbances of consciousness are rare. Chronic process of MAP-P cases may show acute transient disturbances of consciousness (flashback phenomenon). 4.) The change of affects and behaviour ranges between irritable and indifferent attitudes. While there are close connections between the disturbance of feeling and change of personality (Wesensänderung), it is very difficult to decide whether premorbid character traits are dominant or there is a change of personality or emotional disturbance. 5.) About acute psychic symptoms which are responsible for recurrence of MAP-P, MAP-abusers make the experience that their intimate personal affairs are overlooked and become public (uncovered defensive experiences). In chronic cases of MAP-P we often meet patients with hypertrophic self-feeling or delusion of grandeur predominant in the symptomatology. 6.) In our cases sensations were amalgamated into each other and there were hallucinatory experiences without clear division between them. 7.) In chronic cases the auditory hallucinations criticized or censured the patients for their behaviour. Thought echoing (Gedankenlautwerden) was found. We found signs of mind reading (Gedankenausbreitung).

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Toxic psychoses from atropine and scopolamine].

Psychoses caused by an intoxication with atropine or scopolamine are rarely published. Nevertheless atropine and scopolamine were being used in the ancient civilisations and are still in use today. The intoxication is characterised by dose-dependent and substance-dependent syndrome with specific central and peripheral symptoms. Atropine and scopolamine cause a central and peripheral anticholinergic blockade of the muscarine receptor. Psychiatric symptoms include restlessness, excitement, hallucinations, euphoria, disorientation but also stupor, coma and respiratory depression. History, pathophysiology and clinical symptoms of the intoxication due to the alkaloids of the solanaceae are presented. A review of literature is given and four own cases observed in one year are introduced.

Atropine↗
PubMed1991

The management of the levodopa psychoses.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequently associated with psychiatric problems. Depression generally responds to antidepressant medications or to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The nondepressive psychoses generally require a reduction in parkinsonian medications, or possibly a "drug holiday." In patients whose psychosis fails to respond to a reduction in medication or who cannot tolerate the worsening parkinsonism, an antipsychotic drug should be added. Clozapine is probably the drug of choice, with low potency neuroleptics being second-line options.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1994

Phenomenologic comparison of the idiopathic psychosis of schizophrenia and drug-induced cocaine and phencyclidine psychoses: a retrospective study.

Both stimulant-induced and phencyclidine (PCP)-induced psychoses have been proposed as models of the idiopathic psychosis of schizopherenia. In this two-part study, the phenomenology of the psychosis associated with a period of cocaine intoxication was evaluated retrospectively in 34 male crack cocaine-dependent patients without concomitant psychiatric disorder and then was compared with the psychosis of 16 actively psychotic schizophrenic men (without a history of drug or alcohol abuse in the past year). Certain First Rank Schneiderian Symptoms (FRSS) were more commonly observed in the schizophrenic patients (e.g., thought broadcasting, thought withdrawal) than in the cocaine addicts. In the second part of this study, we retrospectively examined the cocaine and PCP experiences of an additional 22 cocaine addicts who had a past history of separate periods of cocaine and PCP use. Overall, the frequency of FRSS recalled during periods of cocaine and PCP intoxication was similar. However, the psychosis related to cocaine intoxication was more associated with an intense suspiciousness and paranoia related to a fear of being discovered or harmed while using cocaine. PCP-induced psychosis was less associated with suspiciousness and more associated with delusions of physical power, altered sensations, and unusual experiences [e.g., out of body experiences, experiencing religious figures or events directly (e.g., being with Noah at the time of the Arc)]. As elements of both cocaine and PCP psychosis can be found in schizophrenia, a model integrating the mechanisms of several psychotogenic drugs may be more informative. Such an integrative model might better capture the heterogeneity of psychotic symptoms that can be seen in schizophrenia. Furthermore, different pharmacologic interventions (e.g., "anti-stimulant" versus "anti-PCP") might address different aspects of the positive symptom picture in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Cocaine psychoses: a continuum model.

The author describes an orderly progression of clinical syndromes (euphoria, dysphoria, paranoid psychosis) with cocaine use that is related to dosage, chronicity, and genetic and experiential predispositions. That affective alternations are caused by a drug which also produces a schizophreniform psychosis suggests a continuum with implications for understanding the endogenous psychoses. The author emphasizes that alternations in the same neurotransmitter substances may be involved in these multiple psychiatric syndromes, which contrasts with previous "one illness, one transmitter" models.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

[Seasonal incidence of alcoholic psychoses].

Analysis of the incidence of alcoholic psychoses in Moscow in 1982-1993 revealed a considerable increase of their number during the period from March till July-August and a decrease by October-November. It was found that such increase resulted from low-concentration atmospheric oxygen in spring-summer period. Hypoxia as a factor provoking alcoholic psychosis is responsible for 10-12% of the cases. The highest sensitivity to hypoxia occurred in the last days of the abuse.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed1975

[Non-delirious toxic psychoses in children (author's transl)].

There is an increasing occurrence of drug-intoxications in infancy, thus psychopathological changes due to intoxication also occur more frequently in children. 6 children were described with cases of acute and reversible toxic psychoses whose--mainly visual--hallucinations together with conditions of excitation and hyperactivity were the most striking features of the psychopathological picture; in contrast to the more frequent delirious confusion (delirium) disturbances of consciousness and orientation were missing. The phenomenological characteristics of halucinosis in children-a condition so far not specified in the case of infants and children-have been elaborated with regard to other psychotic phenomena during infancy and adult age. Relevant neurophysiological and psychodevelopmental findings lead to the following four theorems: 1. Drugs with hallucinotic effects facilitate the occurrence of "internal" pictures independent of external perceptions which are described phenomenologically as hallucinations. This theory is based on the fact that hallucinogenic drugs intensify the electrical potentials which are evoked by optic stimulation in the visual area, while an intracortical impulse propagation is inhibited. 2. A change in emotion either caused by situation or by exogenous or endogenous factors facilitates the development of hallucinations, especially if emotions dominate to such a degree that rational control of reality is being suppressed. Since hallucinogenic drugs exert their effects not only on the sensory system but also on brain structures which influence directly or indirectly emotional functions, hallucinations might also be evoked via this mechanism. 3. Brain stem has-apart from its importance in emotional processes-a filter effect and a controlling function of sensoric stimuli originating in the periphery. Hallucinogenic drugs can influence this screening function and have a disinhibitory effect which cause an inundation of the brain cortex by sensoric stimuli which again facilitate hallucinations. 4. The neurophysiological actions discussed above which are caused by intoxications have a synergistic effect together with the psycho-developmental facts relevant to infancy. This synergism can explain the frequent occurrence of fever hallucinoses as well as the fact that agents primarily not hallucinogenic as e.g. benzydamine can also cause hallucinations in infancy.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2006

[Alcohol brain disease: systematization of metalcohol psychoses].

Based on the own clinical observations, the author analyzes pathogenetic hypotheses and contemporary typology of metalcohol psychoses, proposes a concept of alcohol brain disease, including typical and atypical forms. It is suggested that typical forms rest on specific neurometabolic disturbances while the constitutional predisposition plays a main role in the forming of atypical variants. The principles of effective treatment of alcohol brain disease are considered.

Disease Progression↗