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PubMed1999

Accuracy of information on printed over-the-counter drug advertisements.

Direct-to-consumer drug advertising is a useful medium for educating people and disseminating product information. Consumers make product purchase decisions based on the information gained from advertisements. If advertisements are misleading, consumers may not have adequate drug knowledge to detect this misinformation. The objective of this study was to evaluate print advertisements for over-the-counter (OTC) products. Five clinical pharmacists evaluated print advertisements appearing in three consumer periodicals. Advertisements were selected over a nine month period beginning January 1994. Accuracy of information on OTC advertisements was determined based on federal guidelines. Additionally, reviewers identified deficiencies in advertisements that may mislead consumers. According to reviewers, around 50% of advertisements lacked accurate statements. Side effects were indicated on only one advertisement. All advertisements were indicated by reviewers to be more promotional than educational. Reviewers indicated that more than 50% of advertisements lacked information essential for consumers to make an informed choice during self-medication decisions. This study indicates that OTC drug advertisements lack information necessary for consumers to make informed purchase decisions. Inaccurate information and lack of information on side effects could mislead consumers causing harmful adverse events.

Advertising↗
PubMed2000

Effects of modified orthography on the identification of printed words.

Research has shown that instructional methods involving pairing pictures with print interfere with identification of written words. Preliminary evidence, however, indicates that use of modified orthography (where a line drawing is superimposed upon the printed word) may be effective for reading instruction with individuals who have mental retardation. In the present study, we used a single-subject parallel treatments design with 4 adults who had moderate to severe mental retardation. They received reading instruction under two conditions--traditional and modified orthography. Results showed that traditional orthography was a more effective method for word identification. The relative advantage of modified orthography over traditional orthography for individuals with mental retardation was not supported.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of mask-roughness on printed contact-size variation in extreme-ultraviolet lithography.

Relying on reflective mask technology, extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) lithography is particularly vulnerable to mask substrate roughness. Previous research has shown mask roughness to play a significant role in printed line-edge roughness (LER). Here the analysis of mask-roughness effects is extended to printed contact-size variations. Unlike LER, illumination partial coherence is found to have little affect on the results for contacts that are near the diffraction limit. Analysis shows that, given the current state-of-the-art EUV mask, mask roughness has a significant effect on the process window for small contacts. The analysis also shows that a significant portion of the contact-size variation observed in recent 0.1-numerical-aperture EUV exposures can be attributed to the mask-roughness effect studied here.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Emission properties of printed organic semiconductor lasers.

We investigated the emission properties of a distributed-feedback resonator based on an organic semiconductor patterned by a novel printing technology. We observed the peak splitting of the photonic bandstructure of the periodic grating and extracted the effective refractive index of the outcoupled guided modes. The laser works at the second diffraction order, exhibiting narrow single-mode emission at 637 nm, with a threshold as low as 37 microJ/cm2. The results suggest that direct printing is a promising fabrication technique for optically confined integrated optoelectronics.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1971

The effects of access to a playroom on the rate and quality of printing and writing of first and second-grade students.

The major dependent variable was the rate at which first and second-grade students printed or wrote daily copying assignments. Data were also taken on the percentage of letters scored as errors according to a set of scoring criteria. Initially, these data were collected during a baseline condition in which each child returned to his seat as soon as his completed work had been scored, to wait for the rest of the class to finish their assignments. When the children were allowed to go to a playroom after their papers had been scored, there was a reliable increase in the mean printing or writing rates. Subsequent introductions of the baseline and playroom conditions replicated the relative effectiveness of access to the playroom to produce higher work rates. Finally, the total amount of time allowed for children to complete their assignments and then play was progressively reduced from 50 to 35 minutes. A progressive increase in work rates was correlated with these changes. Throughout the experiment, there was considerable variability in the mean number of letters scored as errors but there was a clear trend towards fewer errors.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

The validity of claims made in orthopaedic print advertisements.

PURPOSE: Orthopaedic surgeons are frequently presented with advertisements for orthopaedic and medical products in which companies make claims of clinical and scientific fact. This study was designed to evaluate the statements made in orthopaedic print advertisements and determine whether they are supported by scientific data. METHODS: Fifty statements from fifty advertisements were chosen at random from six peer-reviewed orthopaedic journals. The companies that placed the advertisements were contacted to provide supporting data for the statement of clinical or scientific fact. Three senior orthopaedic surgeons evaluated the data for quality and support. A high-quality study was defined as a study that could be published in the peer-reviewed literature. A well-supported statement was defined as a statement with enough supporting evidence to be used in clinical practice. The evaluating surgeons were blinded to product and company identification. RESULTS: The supporting data were from a published source for eighteen claims (36%), from a presentation at a public forum or a scientific meeting for twelve claims (24%), or were "data on file" only at the company for twelve claims (24%). Interobserver agreement among the surgeons evaluating the advertisements for quality and support was good (the average intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.72). Of the fifty claims, twenty-two were considered unsupported by scientific data, seventeen were classified as possibly supported, seven were well supported, and four were from companies that did not respond despite three requests. Claims that were supported by published data were significantly more likely to be rated as well supported (p < 0.001). All twelve claims that were supported purely by "data on file" at the company were considered to be poorly supported. CONCLUSIONS: Orthopaedic surgeons should interpret claims made in orthopaedic print advertisements with caution. Approximately half of the claims are not supported by enough data to be used in a clinical decision-making process.

Advertising↗
PubMed2003

Method for printing functional protein microarrays.

Piezoelectric dispensing of proteins from borosilicate glass capillaries is a popular method of protein biochip fabrication that offers the advantages of sample recovery and noncontact with the printing substrate. However, little regard has been given to the quantitative aspects of dispensing minute volumes (1 nL or less) at the low protein concentrations (20 micrograms/mL or less) typically used in microprinting. Specifically, loss of protein sample due to nonspecific adsorption to the glass surface of the dispensing capillaries can limit the amount of protein delivered to the substrate. We demonstrate the benefits of a low ionic strength buffer containing the carrier protein BSA that effectively minimizes the ionic strength-dependent phenomenon of nonspecific protein adsorption to borosilicate glass. Over the concentration range of 20-2.5 micrograms/mL, the dispensing of a reference IgG in 10 mM PBS including 0.1% BSA resulted in the deposition of 3.6- to 44-fold more IgG compared to the deposition of IgG in standard 150 mM PBS in the absence of BSA. Furthermore, when the IgG was dispensed with carrier protein, the resulting spots exhibited a more uniform morphology. In a direct immunoassay for cholera toxin, capture antibody spots dispensed in 10 mM PBS containing 0.1% BSA produced fluorescent signals that were 2.8- to 4.3-fold more intense than antibody spots that were dispensed in 150 mM PBS without BSA. Interestingly, no differences were observed in the specific activities of the capture antibodies as a result of printing in the different buffers. The implications of these results on the future development of protein biochips are discussed.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The health of host communities: missing from printed travel health advice.

Travelers are becoming increasingly used to the need to seek appropriate health advice before embarking on trips, particularly to developing countries. Travel health advice is given in various ways and through various media.1 Printed material often accompanies a travel health professional's oral explanations. Leaflets, booklets, brochures and other printed material have been used for a long time. Some are customized by the travel health provider, some are produced by commercial bodies such as the pharmaceutical industry or travel goods producers, and some are given out by health authorities. All are either distributed by the health professional or are accessible to travelers for collection in clinics, in surgeries, in pharmacies or on the web.

Global Health↗
PubMed1989

Fundus polaroid screening for diabetic retinopathy. Is one print per patient enough?

The CR3-45 NM Canon nonmydriatic fundus camera detects relevant diabetic retinopathy with high sensitivity. To determine whether examination of one eye per patient would suffice for screening purposes, 473 pairs of standard 45 degree fundus Polaroid prints obtained with the Canon camera were assessed from 167 patients with and 306 without diabetic retinopathy. On the basis of considering only one eye per patient, absence of retinopathy would have been diagnosed in 336 patients, with 9% of the diagnoses false negative. One hundred thirty-seven of the 167 patients with retinopathy in at least one eye would have been diagnosed correctly by considering one eye per patient (sensitivity 82%, specificity 100%). Thus, a standard 45 degree fundus Polaroid print from one eye per patient may suffice for screening purposes if the picture is free from diabetic abnormalities. Otherwise, both eyes should be examined immediately, and the patient should be referred to an expert ophthalmologist who specializes in diabetic retinopathy for confirmation of the diagnosis and staging of diabetic retinopathy status.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Evoked potentials by letters in printed and script forms.

Visual evoked potentials were recorded for 6 adult male subjects in response to single vowels and consonants in printed and script forms. Analysis showed the vowels in the printed form to have evoked responses with shorter latency (component P1 at about 133 msec.) and larger amplitude (component P1-N1) than the other letter-typeface combinations. No hemispheric asymmetries were found. The results partially agree with the behavioral data on the visual information-processing of letters.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Acquisition of linguistic procedures for printed words: neuropsychological implications for learning.

A microcomputerized experiment, administered to 45 children in the 2nd, 5th, and 8th month of first grade, manipulated three variables: (a) stimulus unit (whole word or letter-by-letter presentation), (b) nature of stimulus information (phonically regular words, phonically irregular words, nonsense words, and letter strings, which differ in whether phonemic, orthographic, semantic, and/or name codes are available), and (c) linguistic task (lexical decision, naming, and written reproduction). Letter-by-letter presentation resulted in more accurate lexical decision and naming but not more accurate written reproduction. Interactions between nature of stimulus information and linguistic task occurred. Throughout the year, accuracy was greater for lexical decision than for naming or written reproduction. The superiority of lexical decision cannot be attributed to the higher probability of correct responses on a binary choice task because only consistently correct responses on repeated trials were analyzed. The earlier development of lexical decision, a receptive task, than of naming or written reproduction, production tasks, suggests that hidden units (Hinton & Sejnowski, 1986) in tertiary cortical areas may abstract visual-linguistic associations in printed words before production units in primary cortical areas can produce printed words orally or graphically.

Awareness↗
PubMed2006

Recursive reminding: effects of repetition, printed frequency, connectivity, and set size on recognition and judgments of frequency.

In the present experiments, predictions of common path and recursive-reminding models of recognition (RG) and judgments of frequency (JOFs) were contrasted. The results indicated that each task is affected by study frequency, printed frequency, and associative connectivity. However, effect size analyses indicated that study frequency and item attributes show a double dissociation over tasks. Study frequency has a greater effect on JOFs than on RG, whereas printed frequency and associative connectivity have greater effects on RG than on JOFs. The recursive-reminding model predicts differential effects of study frequency, because it assumes that although both tasks are influenced by familiarity, JOF is more likely to be affected by recollective reminding as a procedure for encoding event frequency. Associative set size effects were absent in each task, suggesting that competitors play no role in either task.

Association Learning↗
PubMed2005

Graphemic complexity and multiple print-to-sound associations in visual word recognition.

It has recently been reported that words containing a multiletter grapheme are processed slower than are words composed of single-letter graphemes (Rastle & Coltheart, 1998; Rey, Jacobs, Schmidt-Weigand, & Ziegler, 1998). In the present study, using a perceptual identification task, we found in Experiment 1 that this graphemic complexity effect can be observed while controlling for multiple print-to-sound associations, indexed by regularity or consistency. In Experiment 2, we obtained cumulative effects of graphemic complexity and regularity. These effects were replicated in Experiment 3 in a naming task. Overall, these results indicate that graphemic complexity and multiple print-to-sound associations effects are independent and should be accounted for in different ways by models of written word processing.

Association↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficiency of printed materials in worksite health promotion.

BACKGROUND: Printed health promotion materials are widely believed to be an efficient means of achieving basic health promotion objectives, such as increasing knowledge of risk factors. This study examined the efficiency of cardiovascular health promotion leaflets in reaching employees in a heterogeneous sample of worksites. METHODS: Two types of distribution were used: copies of the leaflets were either made available centrally or distributed to each individual employee. Interviews were conducted with 272 employees in six worksites. Respondents were asked whether they recognized, had read, and had learned something from the leaflets. RESULTS: Only one-quarter of respondents recognized the leaflets and only 14% stated that they had learned something. The efficiency of the leaflets was therefore much lower than expected. Z-tests for proportions showed that recognition, reading, and learning were significantly greater among those employees who had been given individual copies of the material. Among those who had been given individual copies, 45% reported recognizing the leaflet, 36% reading it, and 23% learning something from it. Among those who had only central access, the respective scores were 11%, 7% and 6%. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that the potential cost-effectiveness of printed materials such as leaflets and brochures should be weighed against alternative forms of intervention, given specific program objectives and characteristics of the target population. They also suggest that the cost and effort required in organizing the distribution of individual copies may be recouped in greater penetration.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Finger print deposits of the kidney in pure monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulinemia.

In a male patient with pure monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulin associated with the nephrotic syndrome, finger print deposits were observed in the subendothelial space and mesangial matrix of the kidney by electron microscopy. The structure was similar to a unique tubular crystal structure of IgGl kappa cryoglobulin which was reported by Bogaars et al. [1973] in the serum of a patient with multiple myeloma. It was therefore supposed that the finger print deposits in the kidney of this patient were the precipitation of the monoclonal IgG kappa cryoglobulin in serum.

Cryoglobulins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interference-free biosensor based on screen-printing technology and sol-gel immobilization for determination of acetaldehyde in wine.

A monoenzymatic amperometric biosensor was developed for the detection of acetaldehyde. The sensor is based on the association of screen-printed carbon electrodes and aldehyde dehydrogenase immobilized by a sol-gel entrapment method. Modification of screen-printed carbon electrodes with Reinecke salt of Meldola's Blue (MBRS) resulted in highly sensitive and interference-free nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) detectors. Based on MBRS-mediated oxidation of NADH at -150 mV versus pseudo Ag/AgCl, acetaldehyde was determined in the range 10-260 microM, compatible with wine quality monitoring. The method of immobilization based on sol-gel entrapment was optimized to obtain the best compromise between sensitivity and operational stability. The sensor response was stable for 40 consecutive assays with methyltrimethoxysilane used as alkoxide precursor, thus allowing a possible calibration of the sensor before each measurement. The biosensors were used to analyze French wines. The method was validated with a commercially available enzymatic kit based on a standard spectrophotometric method.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed2003

The effects of latent print processing on questioned documents produced by office machine systems utilizing inkjet technology and toner.

Counterfeiting of currency and identity documents, death threats, illegitimate business transactions, and terrorist-related activities are some examples of the types of crimes that often involve documents produced from printers and copiers. Although standard protocol typically requires a questioned document (QD) examination prior to latent print (LP) processing, occasionally, items of evidence may be submitted for a QD examination following the application of a series chemicals utilized in the development of latent fingerprints. In such cases, the forensic examiner must take into account any previous treatments prior to initiating an examination on documents produced with a printer or copier. This study was devised to examine the effects of a latent print development technique [ninhydrin, physical developer, and a bleach enhancer] on the physical and chemical examination of documents produced from copiers and printers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Accommodative response to PRIO Computer Vision Tester versus printed text.

BACKGROUND: Video display terminals (VDTs) have Gaussian display characteristics. Research suggests that patients accommodate differently to Gaussian images. In the present study, we asked if the accommodative response to the PRIO Computer Vision Tester (a Gaussian image) is different than the accommodative response to a Monocular Estimation Method (MEM) printed text target. METHOD: A normally sighted prepresbyopic group of subjects (N = 60) was recruited from the student body of Nova Southeastern University. Low neutral retinoscopy was performed on each subject at a distance of 50 cm. using both the PRIO vision tester and an MEM target. RESULTS: The PRIO vision tester and the printed text provided essentially the same measures of accommodative response. In addition, the luminance of the PRIO dropped by nearly 40% over the course of 1 hour of intermittent use. CONCLUSION: The PRIO vision tester and traditional nearpoint retinoscopy provided essentially the same measures of accommodative response in prepresbyopic subjects. Further studies should be considered to evaluate whether the change in luminance of the PRIO system has any effect on the measurement of accommodative response.

Accommodation, Ocular↗