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PubMed2005

Towards an intelligent hospital environment: OR of the future.

Patients, providers, payers, and government demand more effective and efficient healthcare services, and the healthcare industry needs innovative ways to re-invent core processes. Business process reengineering (BPR) showed adopting new hospital information systems can leverage this transformation and workflow management technologies can automate process management. Our research indicates workflow technologies in healthcare require real time patient monitoring, detection of adverse events, and adaptive responses to breakdown in normal processes. Adaptive workflow systems are rarely implemented making current workflow implementations inappropriate for healthcare. The advent of evidence based medicine, guideline based practice, and better understanding of cognitive workflow combined with novel technologies including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), mobile/wireless technologies, internet workflow, intelligent agents, and Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) opens up new and exciting ways of automating business processes. Total situational awareness of events, timing, and location of healthcare activities can generate self-organizing change in behaviors of humans and machines. A test bed of a novel approach towards continuous process management was designed for the new Weinburg Surgery Building at the University of Maryland Medical. Early results based on clinical process mapping and analysis of patient flow bottlenecks demonstrated 100% improvement in delivery of supplies and instruments at surgery start time. This work has been directly applied to the design of the DARPA Trauma Pod research program where robotic surgery will be performed on wounded soldiers on the battlefield.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed2003

Intraoperative three-dimensional visualization of the pyramidal tract in a neuronavigation system (PTV) reliably predicts true position of principal motor pathways.

BACKGROUND: This prospective study employs anisotropic diffusion-weighted (ADW) magnetic resonance imaging for the integration of individual spatial information concerning the principal motor pathways into the operating room during microneurosurgery in the central region. We hypothesize that the three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of the pyramidal tract position (PTV) in a neuronavigation system based on ADW provides valid information concerning the position and extension of the principal motor pathways. METHODS: A total of 13 consecutive patients with lesions adjacent to the pyramidal tracts and the central region underwent microneurosurgery with the help of pyramidal tract visualization (PTV). An ADW sequence obtained preoperatively was fused to an anatomic navigation sequence. The 3-D reconstructions of the precentral gyrus (PG), the pyramidal tract, and the tumor were available in a customized neuronavigation system during surgery. Intraoperatively the PG was identified on the basis of the aforementioned data. Electric motorcortex stimulation (CS) was used to directly verify the PG location and indirectly the fiber tract position. RESULTS: In 11 cases (92%) the prediction of the principal motor pathways' position was correct. In one case of a meningioma, according to PTV, the tumor was falsely localized postcentrally. In the case of a precentral cavernoma, no motor response could be elicited by cortical stimulation. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative PTV on the basis of ADW provides the neurosurgeon with reliable information concerning the position of the principal motor pathways during intracranial procedures as proved with intraoperative electrophysiological testing. The technique has the potential to reduce operative morbidity. PTV is straightforward and can be adapted to other customized neuronavigation devices.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Uncertainty in knowing the operating rooms in which cases were performed has little effect on operating room allocations or efficiency.

UNLABELLED: At many US surgical facilities, applying the previously published method that maximizes the efficiency of use of operating room (OR) time is an effective way to optimize the allocation of OR time. Results are resistant to small errors in recorded OR times. However, at some facilities, the OR information systems data have as much as a 10% error in the correct OR where each case took place. This decreases the total OR time attributed to each service, which is the basis for the allocation method. Such errors could result in incorrect OR allocations and increased OR staffing costs. Expensive and time-consuming data-cleaning steps may be required to resolve the actual OR allocation for each case. We used 1 yr of data from a large, tertiary academic hospital to investigate, through simulation, how increasing levels of error in the correct OR affect OR efficiency and allocations. To apply noise to the data, the actual ORs were changed randomly to unique, "unknown" rooms. At a 30% error level, OR allocations decreased by 4.8%, and costs increased by 1.4% relative to knowing the actual location of every case. Only 1 of 11 surgical services had an allocation decrease at room error rates of less than 25%. We conclude that, in most circumstances, data-cleaning steps to resolve uncertainty in OR locations are not necessary to make accurate OR allocations. IMPLICATIONS: Up to a 30% uncertainty in knowing the actual operating room (OR) in which cases were performed had a minor effect on OR allocations to maximize OR efficiency and on the resulting staffing costs. Thus, facilities with this common error in their OR information systems data will generally be able to use their existing data for accurate OR allocations.

Efficiency↗
PubMed2004

Lessons learned from the operating room about procedure efficiency.

The driving force for increasing efficiency in most endoscopy suites is to accommodate the flood of patients requiring screening colonoscopy. It is likely that in the next 5 to 10 years, another, less invasive screening test, will replace this demand. This article reviews some of the lessons learned from surgeon's and anesthesiologist's efforts to improve operating room (OR) efficiency and suggests ways to apply this information to running the endoscopy suite.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

INFORM: development of information management and decision support systems for High Dependency Environments.

The long-term aim in the INFORM Project is to develop, evaluate and implement a new generation of Information Systems for hospital High Dependency Environments (HDE-Intensive Care Units, Neonatal Units, Burns Units. Operating and Recovery Rooms, and other specialised areas). The distinguishing feature of the HDE is the very large amount of data that is collected through monitors and paper records about the state of critically ill patients; this has made the role of the staff a technical one in addition to a caring one. The INFORM System will integrate Decision Support with on-line, off-line and observed patient data and, in addition, will incorporate and integrate unit management features. In the Exploratory Phase of the Project, functional requirements have been set out. These are based on four components: conceptual model of the HDE; evaluation of existing HDE Information Systems; development of a novel software architecture using a Knowledge-Based Systems (KBS) methodology, and based on a critical review of KBS applied to the HDE: monitoring of appropriate leading-edge technological developments. The conceptual model has two components: a patient-related information model, and a department-related cost model. The patient-related model is identifying key and difficult areas of decision making. A key aspect of INFORM is integration of clinical Decision Support for these areas into the Information System through a layered software architecture. The lower layers are concerned with monitoring and alarming and the higher levels with patient assessment and therapy planning. The functionality and interconnection of these layers are being determined.

Decision Support Systems, Management↗
PubMed1992

Intelligent alarms reduce anesthesiologist's response time to critical faults.

The proliferation of monitors and alarms in the operating room may lead to increased confusion and misdiagnosis unless the information provided is better organized. Intelligent alarm systems are being developed to organize these alarms, on the assumption that they will shorten the time anesthesiologists need to detect and correct faults. This study compared the human response time (the time between the sounding of an alarm and the resolution of a fault) when anesthesiologists used a conventional alarm system and when they used an intelligent alarm system. In a simulated operating room environment, we asked 20 anesthesiologists to resolve seven breathing circuit faults as quickly as possible. Human response time was 62% faster, decreasing from 45 to 17 s, when the intelligent alarm system was used. The standard deviations in response time were only half as large for the intelligent alarm system. It appears that the computer-based neural network in the intelligent alarm system diagnosed faults more rapidly and consistently than did the anesthesiologists. This study indicates that breathing circuit faults may be more rapidly corrected when the anesthesiologist is guided by intelligent alarms.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1993

Issues in the optimal selection of a cranial nerve monitoring system.

Intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) is a safe technique that is of clear clinical value in the preservation of cranial nerves in skull base surgery and is rapidly becoming the standard of care. Available nerve monitoring systems vary widely in capabilities and costs. A well-informed surgeon may best decide on monitoring needs based on surgical case selection, experience, operating room space, availability of monitoring personnel, and cost. Key system characteristics that should be reviewed in the decision-making process include the monitoring technique (electromyography, pressure transducer, direct nerve monitoring, brainstem auditory evoked potential) and the stimulus technique (stimulating parameters, probe selection). In the past, IONM has been primarily employed in posterior fossa and temporal bone surgery, but the value of IONM is being recognized in more skull base and head and neck surgeries. Suggested IONM strategies for specific surgeries are presented.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

[Neurophysiologic monitoring in neurosurgical vascular operations: specific technical requirements and their conversion].

Several authors have presented evidence for a strict relation between regional cerebral blood flow and EEG. Therefore the EEG can serve as an adequate physiological parameter when monitoring cerebral function in the operating room. However, to exploit the inherent information as far as possible, both multichannel EEG and somatosensory evoked potentials should be recorded simultaneously. In the present article we describe a monitoring system which is capable to handle this task under the conditions of an operating room. In the first step some numerically simple algorithms are applied to detect gross artifacts. In the subsequent processing stage an analysis procedure is performed which is robust with respect to the remaining more subtile artifacts. In addition the raw signals are continually displayed on a monitor to allow for a visual evaluation of the EEG. The results of a trend analysis procedure are presented on the same graphical display by means of a compact topographical scheme. The system has been running under routine conditions for approximately two years now.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of PACS display systems.

This work describes our experience in reviewing the performance criteria for display systems and how we have implemented a practical approach to the assessment of the workstation environment in a large tertiary care hospital. The acceptance criteria contained in the draft report of Topic Group 18 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) were used as a basis for assessment of primary and secondary displays. A telescopic photometer was used to measure the maximum luminance and the contrast ratio of the image for the displays used in our radiology department and in the operating and emergency rooms using the standard Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) pattern, in ambient light and with light decreased as much as possible. About half of the displays met the AAPM criteria for minimum luminance and contrast ratio in low light. None of the systems met the contrast ratio criteria in ambient light. The challenges in improving the performance and calibrating displays are discussed.

Computer Terminals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Integrating digital systems: commitment and collaboration.

One year ago, the radiology department at Ball Memorial Hospital, a 350-bed facility in Muncie, IN, was completely film-based. The need to support a new all-digital, 35-room emergency department (ED) hastened the facility's transition to a digital environment. Today, with the exception of mammography, the hospital's imaging services are now digital. To develop and implement the project, the hospital formed an internal implementation team. An independent consultant was also hired to evaluate the impact of these new technologies and to provide an estimated cost payback. After research, site visits, and vendor demonstrations, the hospital selected a single vendor for its picture archiving and communication system (PACS), digital radiography (DR), computed radiography (CR), and overall project management. The DR system was installed in the ED to provide digital image capture for a full range of trauma exams. The ED also initially began utilizing a Web-based PACS distribution originally implemented for after-hours teleradiology. The majority of the hospital's imaging studies are captured with 2 multi-cassette CR systems that serve 7 exam rooms in the radiology department. The hospital also installed remote operations panels to expedite entry of patient and exam information. Technologists readily embraced both CR and DR systems. The Web distribution system now transmits images to hospital-based computers and to 150 remote referring physicians. The PACS platform automatically e-mails key images and radiology reports to referring physicians. Authorized physicians can also request reports and images on an as-needed basis. The PACS vendor had previously performed multiple integrations with the radiology information system (RIS) vendor; the integration of PACS and RIS was extremely smooth. One of the critical components of a successful conversion is experienced, dedicated management. The hospital retained professional project management services to facilitate implementation and to ensure adequate training for all users.

Cooperative Behavior↗
PubMed1987

A case study of hospital operations management.

This paper discusses a study to investigate various operations management problems in a newly opened, modern regional hospital in Hong Kong. The findings of the study reveal that there exist in the hospital a number of current and potential problem areas. Recommendations for solving these problems are suggested with a view to improving the overall operational efficiency and effectiveness of the hospital.

Appointments and Schedules↗
PubMed2004

[Risk injuries at operating and delivery rooms. EPINETAC Project 1996-2000].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Surgical areas have long been considered risky with regard to occupational exposures to blood-borne pathogens. The objective of study was to describe and evaluate the risk of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens at operating and delivery rooms, from reports of injuries in health care workers. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Transversal study of percutaneous injuries occurring in operating and delivery rooms which were registered in the Spanish surveillance system EPINETAC (Exposure Prevention Information Network Accidents) between 1996 and 2000. We recorded data from the exposed health care worker, from the accident itself and from the exposure source. The risk of exposition was calculated by logistic regression. The dependent variable was the exposition in operating/delivery rooms. We calculated the rate of exposure, total and by occupational categories, per 10,000 surgical procedures in 3 surgical specialties. RESULTS: There were 3,625 percutaneous injuries reported. The exposure risk was higher in midwives [OR 36.6 (CI 95% 19.61-68.52)] than in staff [OR 12.6 (CI 95% 10.21-15.71)] or training doctors [OR 12.8 (CI 95% 10.34-15.98)]. The highest risk turned up during use of material [OR 1.37 (CI 95% 1.05-1.79)] and during preparation of material for reuse [OR 1.81 (CI 95% 1.27-2.59)]. The exposure rate, in gynecologic procedures, was 34.36 injuries per 10,000, in digestive surgery it was 24.61 per 10,000, and in trauma surgery it was 18.92 per 10,000 surgical procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens in staff and training doctors was higher in operating and delivery rooms than in others areas. Obstetric and gynecologic procedures exhibited the highest risk of exposure.

Accidents, Occupational↗